Transgender in Africa: Invisible, inaccessible, or ignored?

Sahara J

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 160-163

  Jobson, Geoffrey A ^a   Theron, Liesl B ^b   Kaggwa, Julius K ^c   Kim, He Jin ^d  

^a ANOVA HEALTH INSTITUTE   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^c Support Initiative for People with atypical sex Development (SIPD)   (South Africa)

^d Gender DynamiX   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Africa; HIV AIDS; Transgender

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICA; ARTICLE; EPIDEMIC; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LESBIANISM; MALE; MALE HOMOSEXUALITY; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS; TRANSSEXUALITY;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICA; EPIDEMICS; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HOMOSEXUALITY, FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE; HUMANS; MALE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; TRANSGENDERED PERSONS;

EID: 84870802636     PISSN: 17290376     EISSN: 18134424     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17290376.2012.743829     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Arnott, C. & Crago, A.L. (2009). Rights not Rescue: A Report on Female, Male, and Trans Sex Workers' Human Rights in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa. Johannesburg, Open Society Institute.
2. Baral, S., Burrell, E., Scheibe, A., Brown, B., Beyrer, C. & Bekker, L.-G. (2011). HIV risk and associations of HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Peri-Urban Cape Town, South Africa. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 766, doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-766.
3. Baral, S., Trapence, G., Motimedi, F., Umar, E., Iipinge, S., Dausab, F., et al. (2009). HIV prevalence, risks for HIV infection, and human rights among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. PLoS One, 4(3), e4997.
4. Beyrer, C. (2008). Hidden yet happening: The epidemics of sexually transmitted infections and HIV among men who have sex with men in developing countries. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 84(6), 410-412, doi: 10.1136/ sti.2008.033290.
5. Beyrer, C., Baral, S.D., Walker, D., Wirtz, A.L., Johns, B. & Sifakis, F. (2010). The expanding epidemics of HIV type 1 among men who have sex with men in low-and middle-income countries: Diversity and consistency. Epidemiologic Reviews, 32(1), 137-151, doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxq011.
6. Beyrer, C., Trapence, G., Motimedi, F., Umar, E., Iipinge, S., Dausab, F., et al. (2010). Bisexual concurrency, bisexual partnerships, and HIV among Southern African men who have sex with men (MSM). Sexually Transmitted Infections, 86(4), 323-327, doi:10.1136/sti.2009.040162.
7. Bockting, W.O., Robinson, B.E., Forberg, J., & Scheltema, K. (2005). Evaluation of a sexual health approach to reducing HIV/STD risk in the transgender community. AIDS Care, 17(3), 289-303, doi: 10.1080/09540120412331299825.
8. Boyce, P. & Isaacs, G. (2012). An Exploratory Study of the Social Contexts, Practices and Risks of Men who Sell Sex in Southern and Eastern Africa, OxfamGB, Oxford. http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/Exploratory%20Study% 20of%20the%20Social%20Contexts,%20Practices%20and%20Risks%20of% 20Men%20Who%20Sell%20Sex%20in%20Southern%20and%20Eastern% 20Africa.pdf (Accessed 21 May 2012).
9. Bradford, J.B., Cahill, S., Grasso, C., & Makadon, H.J. (2012). Policy Focus: How to gather Data on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Clinical Settings, Boston, The Fenway Institute.
10. Burrell, E., Mark, D., Grant, R., Wood, R., & Bekker, L. (2010). Sexual risk behaviours and HIV-1 prevalence among urban men who have sex with men in Cape Town, South Africa. Sexual Health, 7(2), 149-153.
11. Caceres, C.F., Konda, K., Segura, E.R., & Lyerla, R. (2008). Epidemiology of male same-sex behaviour and associated sexual health indicators in low-and middle-income countries: 2003-2007 estimates. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 84(Supplement 1), i49-i56, doi: 10.1136/sti.2008.030569.
12. Chakrapani, V., Newman, P.A., Shunmugam, M., & Dubrow, R. (2011). Barriers to free antiretroviral treatment access among kothi-identified men who have sex with men and aravanis (transgender women) in Chennai, India. AIDS Care, 23(12), 1687-1694, doi: 10.1080/09540121.2011.582076.
13. De Santis, J.P. (2009). HIV infection risk factors among male-to-female transgender persons: A review of the literature. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, 20(5), 362-372, doi: 10.1016/j.jana.2009.06.005.
14. Haufiku, A., De Villiers, A., Betesta, Mubanga, C., Mavuma, C., Gerald, et al. (2010). HIV & Transgender Identity-Towards Inclusion and Autonomy. http://www.genderdynamix.co.za/content/view/519/199/ (Accessed 21 May 2012).
15. Herbst, J.H., Jacobs, E.D., Finlayson, T., McKleroy, V.S., Neumann, M.S., & Crepaz, N. (2008). Estimating HIV prevalence and risk behaviors of transgender persons in the United States: A systematic review. AIDS and Behavior, 12(1), 1-17.
16. Hwahng, S.J. & Nuttbrock, L. (2007). Sex workers, fem queens, and cross-dressers: Differential marginalizations and HIV vulnerabilities among three ethnocultural male-to-female transgender communities in New York City. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 4(4), 36-59, doi: 10.1525/srsp.2007.4.4.36.
17. Murray, S.O. (2004). Africa: Sub-Saharan, Pre-Independence, In C. J. Summers (Ed.), glbtq: An encyclopedia of gay, Lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and queer culture. Chicago, West Adams http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/africa_ pre.html (Accessed 21 May 2012).
18. Nel, J. & Judge, M. (2009). Exploring homophobic victimisation in Gauteng, South Africa: Issues, impacts and responses. Acta Criminologica, 21(3), 19-37.
19. Nuttbrock, L., Hwahng, S., Bockting, W., Rosenblum, A., Mason, M., Macri, M., et al. (2009). Lifetime risk factors for HIV/sexually transmitted infections among male-to-female transgender persons. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 52(3), 417-421, doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181ab6ed8.
20. Onyango-Ouma, W., Birungi, H., & Geibel, S. (2006). Understanding the HIV/ STI Risks and Prevention Needs of Men Who have Sex with Men in Nairobi, Kenya. Washington, DC, Population Council.
21. Operario, D., Soma, T., & Underhill, K. (2008). Sex work and HIV status among transgender women: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 48(1), 97-103.
22. Sausa, L.A., Keatley, J., & Operario, D. (2007). Perceived risks and benefits of sex work among transgender women of color in San Francisco. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36(6), 768-777, doi: 10.1007/s10508-007-9210-3.
23. Sausa, L. A., Sevelius, J., Keatley, J., Iniguez, J. R. & Reyes, M. (2009). Policy recommendations for inclusive data collection of trans people in HIV prevention, care & services. http://transhealth.ucsf.edu/trans?page=lib-data-collection (Accessed 23 March 2012).
24. Silva-Santisteban, A., Raymond, H. F., Salazar, X., Villayzan, J., Leon, S., McFarland, W., et al. (2011). Understanding the HIV/AIDS epidemic in transgender women of Lima, Peru: Results from a sero-epidemiologic study Using respondent driven sampling. AIDS and Behavior. doi: 10.1007/s10461-011-0053-5
25. Stephens, S. C., Bernstein, K. T. & Philip, S. S. (2010). Male to female and female to male transgender persons have different sexual risk behaviors yet similar rates of STDs and HIV. AIDS and Behavior. doi: 10.1007/s10461-010-9773-1
26. World Health Organisation (2011). Guidelines: Prevention and Treatment of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Men Who have Sex with Men and Transgender People: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach, Geneva: World Health Organisation. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2011/9789241501750_eng.pdf (Accessed 21 May 2012).