Pulmonary hypertension in left heart disease

European Respiratory Review

Volumn 21, Issue 126, 2012, Pages 338-346

  Guazzi, Marco ^a   Galiè, Nazzareno ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Left heart disease; Preserved ejection fraction; Pulmonary hypertension

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BOSENTAN; DARUSENTAN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ENDOTHELIN 1; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; NITRIC OXIDE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; PLACEBO; PROSTACYCLIN; PROSTAGLANDIN E1; SILDENAFIL; TEZOSENTAN; VASODILATOR AGENT;

ACUTE HEART FAILURE; CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION; EXERCISE TEST; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; HEART DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION; HEART FAILURE WITH REDUCED LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE ENDDIASTOLIC PRESSURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FILLING PRESSURE; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LEFT HEART DISEASE; LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE; LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; LUNG HEMODYNAMICS; LUNG VASCULAR RESISTANCE; MITRAL VALVE DISEASE; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE; SIDE EFFECT; SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, DOPPLER; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; ENDOTHELIN-1; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; EXERCISE TEST; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; MITRAL VALVE; NITRIC OXIDE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITORS; PULMONARY WEDGE PRESSURE; RADIOGRAPHY, THORACIC; RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A; STROKE VOLUME; SULFONAMIDES; VASCULAR RESISTANCE; VASODILATOR AGENTS; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 84870760431     PISSN: 09059180     EISSN: 16000617     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00004612     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Guazzi M, Arena R. Pulmonary hypertension with left-sided heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010; 7: 648-659.
2. Simonneau G, Robbins IM, Beghetti M, et al. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: Suppl. 1, S43-S54.
3. Galie' N, Hoeper MM, Humbert M, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 2493-2537.
4. Rosenkranz S, Bonderman D, Buerke M, et al. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease: updated recommendations of the Cologne Consensus Conference 2011. Int J Cardiol 2011; 154: Suppl. 1, S34-S44.
5. Guazzi M, Borlaug BA. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. Circulation 2012; 126: 975-990.
6. Bhatia RS, Tu JV, Lee DS, et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 260-269.
7. Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM, et al. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 251-259.
8. Haddad F, Kudelko K, Mercier O, et al. Pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease: characteristics, emerging concepts, and treatment strategies. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 54: 154-167.
9. Bursi F, McNallan SM, Redfield MM, et al. Pulmonary pressures and death in heart failure: a community study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59: 222-231.
10. West JB, Mathieu-Costello O. Vulnerability of pulmonary capillaries in heart disease. Circulation 1995; 92: 622-631.
11. Kurdak SS, Namba Y, Fu Z, et al. Effect of increased duration of high perfusion pressure on stress failure of pulmonary capillaries. Microvasc Res 1995; 50: 235-248.
12. Tsukimoto K, Mathieu-Costello O, Prediletto R, et al. Ultrastructural appearances of pulmonary capillaries at high transmural pressures. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71: 573-582.
13. Townsley MI, Fu Z, Mathieu-Costello O, et al. Pulmonary microvascular permeability. Responses to high vascular pressure after induction of pacing-induced heart failure in dogs. Circ Res 1995; 77: 317-325.
14. Guazzi M. Alveolar gas diffusion abnormalities in heart failure. J Card Fail 2008; 14: 695-702.
15. Rich S, Rabinovitch M. Diagnosis and treatment of secondary (non-category 1) pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2008; 118: 2190-2199.
16. Cooper CJ, Jevnikar FW, Walsh T, et al. The influence of basal nitric oxide activity on pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 609-614.
17. Ooi H, Colucci WS, Givertz MM. Endothelin mediates increased pulmonary vascular tone in patients with heart failure: demonstration by direct intrapulmonary infusion of sitaxsentan. Circulation 2002; 106: 1618-1621.
18. Cody RJ, Haas GJ, Binkley PF, et al. Plasma endothelin correlates with the extent of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Circulation 1992; 85: 504-509.
19. Rodeheffer RJ, Lerman A, Heublein DM, et al. Increased plasma concentrations of endothelin in congestive heart failure in humans. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67: 719-724.
20. Giaid A, Yanagisawa M, Langleben D, et al. Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1732-1739.
21. Wagenvoort CA, Wagenvoort N, eds. The Pathology of Pulmonary Circulation. New York, John Wiley, 1977.
22. Neuman Y, Kotliroff A, Bental T, et al. Pulmonary artery pressure and diastolic dysfunction in normal left ventricular systolic function. Int J Cardiol 2008; 127: 174-178.
23. Lam CS, Roger VL, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a communitybased study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 1119-1126.
24. Damman K, Voors AA, Hillege HL, et al. Congestion in chronic systolic heart failure is related to renal dysfunction and increased mortality. Eur J Heart Fail 2010; 12: 974-982.
25. Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Francis GS, et al. Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 589-596.
26. Shin JT, Semigran MJ. Heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Heart Fail Clin 2010; 6: 215-222.
27. Leung CC, Moondra V, Catherwood E, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of pulmonary hypertension in patients with elevated pulmonary venous pressure and preserved ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106: 284-286.
28. Abramson SV, Burke JF, Kelly JJ Jr, et al. Pulmonary hypertension predicts mortality and morbidity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 888-895.
29. Costard-Jäckle A, Fowler MB. Influence of preoperative pulmonary artery pressure on mortality after heart transplantation: testing of potential reversibility of pulmonary hypertension with nitroprusside is useful in defining a high risk group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19: 48-54.
30. Ghio S, Gavazzi A, Campana C, et al. Independent and additive prognostic value of right ventricular systolic function and pulmonary artery pressure in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 183-188.
31. Grigioni F, Potena L, Galie' N, et al. Prognostic implications of serial assessments of pulmonary hypertension in severe chronic heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25: 1241-1246.
32. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease). Circulation 2006; 114: e84-e231.
33. Hart SA, Krasuski RA, Wang A, et al. Pulmonary hypertension and elevated transpulmonary gradient in patients with mitral stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis 2010; 19: 708-715.
34. Silver K, Aurigemma G, Krendel S, et al. Pulmonary artery hypertension in severe aortic stenosis: incidence and mechanism. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 146-150.
35. Johnson LW, Hapanowicz MB, Buonanno C, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in isolated aortic stenosis. Hemodynamic correlations and follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988; 95: 603-607.
36. Melby SJ, Moon MR, Lindman BR, et al. Impact of pulmonary hypertension on outcomes after aortic valve replacement for aortic valve stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 141: 1424-1430.
37. Ristow B, Ali S, Ren X, et al. Elevated pulmonary artery pressure by Doppler echocardiography predicts hospitalization for heart failure and mortality in ambulatory stable coronary artery disease: the Heart and Soul Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 43-49.
38. Møller JE, Hillis GS, Oh JK, et al. Prognostic importance of secondary pulmonary hypertension after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96: 199-203.
39. Kjaergaard J, Akkan D, Iversen KK, et al. Prognostic importance of pulmonary hypertension in patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99: 1146-1150.
40. Rickenbacher PR, Trindade PT, Haywood GA, et al. Transplant candidates with severe left ventricular dysfunction managed with medical treatment: characteristics and survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 1192-1197.
41. Polak JF, Holman BL, Wynne J, et al. Right ventricular ejection fraction: an indicator of increased mortality in patients with congestive heart failure associated with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983; 2: 217-224.
42. Di Salvo TG, Mathier M, Semigran MJ, et al. Preserved right ventricular ejection fraction predicts exercise capacity and survival in advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1143-1153.
43. Gavazzi A, Ghio S, Scelsi L, et al. Response of the right ventricle to acute pulmonary vasodilation predicts the outcome in patients with advanced heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Am Heart J 2003; 145: 310-316.
44. Gavazzi A, Berzuini C, Campana C, et al. Value of right ventricular ejection fraction in predicting short-term prognosis of patients with severe chronic heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997; 16: 774-785.
45. de Groote P, Millaire A, Foucher-Hossein C, et al. Right ventricular ejection fraction is an independent predictor of survival in patients with moderate heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 948-954.
46. Meyer P, Filippatos GS, Ahmed MI, et al. Effects of right ventricular ejection fraction on outcomes in chronic systolic heart failure. Circulation 2010; 121: 252-258.
47. Aronson D, Eitan A, Dragu R, et al. Relationship between reactive pulmonary hypertension and mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4: 644-650.
48. Thenappan T, Shah SJ, Gomberg-Maitland M, et al. Clinical characteristics of pulmonary hypertension in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4: 257-265.
49. Paulus WJ, Tschöpe C, Sanderson JE, et al. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 2539-2550.
50. HoeperMM, Barbera' JA, Channick RN, et al. Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of non-pulmonary arterial hypertension pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: Suppl. 1, S85-S96.
51. Nagueh SF, Bhatt R, Vivo RP, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of hemodynamics in patients with decompensated systolic heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4: 220-227.
52. Nagueh SF, Middleton KJ, Kopelen HA, et al. Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 1527-1533.
53. Bhella PS, Pacini EL, Prasad A, et al. Echocardiographic indices do not reliably track changes in left-sided filling pressure in healthy subjects or patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4: 482-489.
54. Halpern SD, Taichman DB. Misclassification of pulmonary hypertension due to reliance on pulmonary capillary wedge pressure rather than left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Chest 2009; 136: 37-43.
55. Ryan JJ, Rich JD, Thiruvoipati T, et al. Current practice for determining pulmonary capillary wedge pressure predisposes to serious errors in the classification of patients with pulmonary hypertension. Am Heart J 2012; 163: 589-594.
56. Champion HC, Michelakis ED, Hassoun PM. Comprehensive invasive and noninvasive approach to the right ventricle-pulmonary circulation unit: state of the art and clinical and research implications. Circulation 2009; 120: 992-1007.
57. Tolle JJ, Waxman AB, Van Horn TL, et al. Exercise-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2008; 118: 2183-2189.
58. Borlaug BA, Nishimura RA, Sorajja P, et al. Exercise hemodynamics enhance diagnosis of early heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail 2010; 3: 588-595.
59. Naeije R, Mélot C, Niset G, et al. Mechanisms of improved arterial oxygenation after peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation during hypoxic exercise. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74: 1666-1671.
60. Argiento P, Chesler N, Mule' M, et al. Exercise stress echocardiography for the study of the pulmonary circulation. Eur Respir J 2010; 35: 1273-1278.
61. Tumminello G, Lancellotti P, Lempereur M, et al. Determinants of pulmonary artery hypertension at rest and during exercise in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 569-574.
62. Miller WL, Mahoney DW, Michelena HI, et al. Contribution of ventricular diastolic dysfunction to pulmonary hypertension complicating chronic systolic heart failure. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4: 946-954.
63. Ghio S, Recusani F, Klersy C, et al. Prognostic usefulness of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in patients with congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 837-842.
64. Arkles JS, Opotowsky AR, Ojeda J, et al. Shape of the right ventricular Doppler envelope predicts hemodynamics and right heart function in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: 268-276.
65. McLaughlin VV, Archer SL, Badesch DB, et al. ACCF/AHA 2009 expert consensus document on pulmonary hypertension: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2009; 119: 2250-2294.
66. Loh E, Stamler JS, Hare JM, et al. Cardiovascular effects of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1994; 90: 2780-2785.
67. Bocchi EA, Bacal F, Auler Jú nior JO, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide leading to pulmonary edema in stable severe heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74: 70-72.
68. Argenziano M, Choudhri AF, Moazami N, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of inhaled nitric oxide in LVAD recipients with pulmonary hypertension. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 340-345.
69. Kieler-Jensen N, Lundin S, Ricksten SE. Vasodilator therapy after heart transplantation: effects of inhaled nitric oxide and intravenous prostacyclin, prostaglandin E1, and sodium nitroprusside. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995; 14: 436-443.
70. Hare JM, Shernan SK, Body SC, et al. Influence of inhaled nitric oxide on systemic flow and ventricular filling pressure in patients receiving mechanical circulatory assistance. Circulation 1997; 95: 2250-2253.
71. Yui Y, Nakajima H, Kawai C, et al. Prostacyclin therapy in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1982; 50: 320-324.
72. Haraldsson A, Kieler-Jensen N, Nathorst-Westfelt U, et al. Comparison of inhaled nitric oxide and inhaled aerosolized prostacyclin in the evaluation of heart transplant candidates with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Chest 1998; 114: 780-786.
73. Sueta CA, Gheorghiade M, Adams KF Jr, et al. Safety and efficacy of epoprostenol in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Epoprostenol Multicenter Research Group. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 34A-43A.
74. Califf RM, Adams KF, McKenna WJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of epoprostenol therapy for severe congestive heart failure: the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Am Heart J 1997; 134: 44-54.
75. Shah MR, Stinnett SS, McNulty SE, et al. Hemodynamics as surrogate end points for survival in advanced heart failure: an analysis from FIRST. Am Heart J 2001; 141: 908-914.
76. Mulder P, Richard V, Derumeaux G, et al. Role of endogenous endothelin in chronic heart failure: effect of long-term treatment with an endothelin antagonist on survival, hemodynamics, and cardiac remodeling. Circulation 1997; 96: 1976-1982.
77. Sü tsch G, Kiowski W, Yan XW, et al. Short-term oral endothelinreceptor antagonist therapy in conventionally treated patients with symptomatic severe chronic heart failure. Circulation 1998; 98: 2262-2268.
78. Kalra PR, Moon JC, Coats AJ. Do results of the ENABLE (Endothelin Antagonist Bosentan for Lowering Cardiac Events in Heart Failure) study spell the end for non-selective endothelin antagonism in heart failure? Int J Cardiol 2002; 85: 195-197.
79. Packer M, McMurray J, Massie BM, et al. Clinical effects of endothelin receptor antagonism with bosentan in patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of a pilot study. J Card Fail 2005; 11: 12-20.
80. Kaluski E, Cotter G, Leitman M, et al. Clinical and hemodynamic effects of bosentan dose optimization in symptomatic heart failure patients with severe systolic dysfunction, associated with secondary pulmonary hypertension-a multi-center randomized study. Cardiology 2008; 109: 273-280.
81. Anand I, McMurray J, Cohn JN, et al. Long-term effects of darusentan on left-ventricular remodelling and clinical outcomes in the EndothelinA Receptor Antagonist Trial in Heart Failure (EARTH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 347-354.
82. McMurray JJ, Teerlink JR, Cotter G, et al. Effects of tezosentan on symptoms and clinical outcomes in patients with acute heart failure: the VERITAS randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2007; 298: 2009-2019.
83. Alaeddini J, Uber PA, Park MH, et al. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil in the evaluation of pulmonary hypertension in severe heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 1475-1477.
84. Guazzi M, Tumminello G, Di Marco F, et al. The effects of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition with sildenafil on pulmonary hemodynamics and diffusion capacity, exercise ventilatory efficiency, and oxygen uptake kinetics in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 2339-2348.
85. Guazzi M, Samaja M, Arena R, et al. Long-term use of sildenafil in the therapeutic management of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 2136-2144.
86. Lewis GD, Shah R, Shahzad K, et al. Sildenafil improves exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with systolic heart failure and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 2007; 116: 1555-1562.
87. Behling A, Rohde LE, Colombo FC, et al. Effects of 59-phosphodiesterase four-week long inhibition with sildenafil in patients with chronic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Card Fail 2008; 14: 189-197.
88. Guazzi M, Vicenzi M, Arena R. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition with sildenafil reverses exercise oscillatory breathing in chronic heart failure: a long-term cardiopulmonary exercise testing placebo-controlled study. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14: 82-90.
89. Guazzi M, Vicenzi M, Arena R, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a target of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition in a 1-year study. Circulation 2011; 124: 164-174.
90. Varma A, Shah KB, Hess ML. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, congestive heart failure, and sudden death: time for re-evaluation. Congest Heart Fail 2012; 18: 229-233.
91. Fawzy ME, Hegazy H, Shoukri M, et al. Long-term clinical and echocardiographic results after successful mitral balloon valvotomy and predictors of long-term outcome. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1647-1652.
92. Fawzy ME, Hassan W, Stefadouros M, et al. Prevalence and fate of severe pulmonary hypertension in 559 consecutive patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis undergoing mitral balloon valvotomy. J Heart Valve Dis 2004; 13: 942-947.
93. Mubeen M, Singh AK, Agarwal SK, et al. Mitral valve replacement in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2008; 16: 37-42.
94. Her C, Cerabona T, Baek SH, et al. Increased pulmonary venous resistance in morbidly obese patients without daytime hypoxia: clinical utility of the pulmonary artery catheter. Anesthesiology 2010; 113: 552-559.
95. Lurie A. Cardiovascular disorders associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Adv Cardiol 2011; 46: 197-266.