Cervical Cancer Screening in the Era of Human Papillomavirus Testing and Vaccination

Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health

Volumn 57, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 569-576

  Murphy, Jeanne ^a   Mark, Hayley ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF NURSING   (United States)

Author keywords

Cervical cancer screening; Guidelines; Human papillomavirus; Papanicolaou test

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; WART VIRUS VACCINE;

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ANUS CANCER; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CHLAMYDIASIS; COLPOSCOPY; CONDOM; CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM; CYTOLOGY; DIET; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FAMILY HISTORY; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; HEALTH STATUS; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HISPANIC; HUMAN; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TESTING; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 16; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 18; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 4; MULTIPLE PREGNANCY; PAPANICOLAOU TEST; POVERTY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SMOKING; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR IMMUNITY; UNITED STATES; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; UTERINE CERVIX CARCINOMA IN SITU; UTERINE CERVIX DYSPLASIA; VACCINATION; WART VIRUS; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER; FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINES; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; UNITED STATES; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS; VACCINATION;

EID: 84870707431     PISSN: 15269523     EISSN: 15422011     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-2011.2012.00207.x     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Centers for Disease Control. Genital HPV Infection. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2009. http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm. Accessed April 27, 2012.
2. Scarinci IC, Garcia FAR, Kobetz E, et al. Cervical cancer prevention: new tools and old barriers. Cancer. 2010;116:2531-2542.
3. Massad LS, Seaberg EC, Watts HD, et al. Long-term incidence of cervical cancer in women with HIV. Cancer. 2009;115(3):524-530.
4. Arbyn M, Castellsagué X, de Sanjosé S, et al. Worldwide burden of cervical cancer in 2008. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(12):2675-2686.
5. Centers for Disease Control. Cervical cancer screening rates. 2010. Centers for Disease Control Web site. http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/statistics/screening.htm. Updated May 19, 2011. Accessed April 27, 2012.
6. Horner MJ, Altekruse SF, Zou Z, et al. US geographic distribution of prevaccine era cervical cancer screening, incidence, stage, and mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev. 2011;20:591-599.
7. Koshiol J, Lindsay L, Pimenta JM, et al. Persistent human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidem. 2008;168(2):123-137.
8. Dunne EF, Unger ER, Sternberg M, et al. Prevalence of HPV among females in the United States. JAMA. 2007;297:813-819.
9. Ho GY, Bierman R, Beardsley L, et al. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(7):423-428.
10. Schiffman M, Wentzensen N, Wacholder S, et al. Human papillomavirus testing in the prevention of cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(5):368-383.
11. Insinga RP, Liaw KL, Johnson LG, et al. A systematic review of the prevalence and attribution of human papillomavirus types among cervical, vaginal, and vulvar precancers and cancers in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev. 2008;17:1611-1622.
12. Wheeler CW, Hunt WC, Joste NE, et al. Human papillomavirus genotype distributions: implications for vaccination and cancer screening in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101:475-487.
13. Castle PE, Rodriguez EC, Burk RD, et al. Long-term persistence of prevalently detected human papillomavirus infections in the absence of detectable cervical precancer and cancer. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:824-822.
14. Moscicki AB, Shiboski S, Broering J, et al. The natural history of human papillomavirus infection as measured by repeated DNA testing in adolescents and young women. J Pediatrics. 1998;132:277-284.
15. Franco EL, Villa LL, Sobrinho JP, et al. Epidemiology of acquisition and clearance of cervical human papillomavirus infection in women from a high-risk area for cervical cancer. J Inf Dis. 1999;180:1415-1423.
16. American Cancer Society. What are the risk factors for cervical cancer? American Cancer Society Web site. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/detailedguide/cervical-cancer-risk-factors. Updated March 4, 2012. Accessed April 27, 2012.
17. Syrjänen K, Shabalova I, Podistov T, et al. Smoking is an independent risk factor for oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections but not for high-grade CIN. Eur J Epidemiol. 2007;22(10):723-735.
18. Sarian LO, Hammes LS, Longatto-Filho A, et al. Increased risk of oncogenic human papillomavirus infections and incident high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among smokers experience from the Latin American Screening Study. Sex Trans Dis. 2009;36(4):241-248.
19. Collins S, Rollason TP, Young LS, et al. Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in young women: a longitudinal study. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46:405-411.
20. Gadducci A, Barsotti C, Cosio S. Smoking habit, immune suppression, oral contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy use and cervical carcinogenesis: a review of the literature. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2011;27(8):597-604.
21. Marks M, Gravitt P, Gupta SB, et al. The association of hormonal contraceptive use and HPV prevalence. Int J Cancer. 2011;128:2962-2970.
22. Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. U.S. medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2010. Adapted from the World Health Organization Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 4th ed. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; MMWR: Recommendations and reports. June 18, 2010;59(RR-4):1-6.
23. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin: Cervical cytology screening. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114(6):1409-1420.
24. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG Committee Opinion. Health care for undocumented immigrants. Obstet Gynecol. 2009a;113(1):251-254.
25. Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiya M, et al. Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2007;56(RR-2):1-24.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FDA Licensure of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV2, Cervarix) for use in females and updated HPV vaccination recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2010;59(20):626-629.
27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FDA Licensure of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV4, Gardasil) for use in males and guidance from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2010;58(20):630-632.
28. Giuliano AR, Palefsky JM, Goldstone S, et al. Efficacy of quadrivalent vaccine against HPV infection and disease in males. NEJM. 2011;364(5):401-411.
29. Laz TH, Rahman M, Berenson AB. An update on human papillomavirus vaccine uptake among 11-17 year old girls in the United States: National Health Interview Survey, 2010. Vaccine. 2012;30(24):3534-3540.
30. Department of Health, United Kingdom Web site. Key vaccine information: HPV. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Immunisation/Keyvaccineinformation/DH_104010#_2. Updated April 2, 2012. Accessed April 27, 2012.
31. Crosbie EJ, Brabin L. Cervical cancer: problem solved? Vaccinating girls against human papillomavirus. BJOG. 2009;117:137-142.
32. Gowda C, Dempsey AF. Medicaid reimbursement and the uptake of adolescent vaccines. Vaccine. 2012;30:1682-1689.
33. Kaiser Family Foundation and The George Washington University Medical Center School of Public Health and Health Services. State Medicaid Coverage of Family Planning Services: Summary of State Findings. http://www.kff.org/womenshealth/8015.cfm. November 2009, Table 6. Accessed April 27, 2012.
34. Franco EL, Mahmud SM, Tota J. The expected impact of HPV vaccination on the accuracy of cervical cancer screening: The need for a paradigm change. Arch Med Res. 2009;40:478-485.
35. Wright TC. Cervical cancer screening in the 21st century: Is it time to retire the Pap smear? Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;50(20):313-323.
36. Cong X, Cox DD, Cantor SB. Bayesian meta-analysis of Pap smear accuracy. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;107:S133-S137.
37. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion: cervical cancer in adolescents: screening, evaluation and management. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(2):469-472.
38. Saslow D, Solomon D, Lawson HW, et al. American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology Screening Guidelines for the Prevention and Early Detection of Cervical Cancer. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2012;16(3):1-29.
39. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for cervical cancer. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspscerv.htm. Updated March 2012. Accessed April 27, 2012.
40. Wright TC Jr, Massad LS, Dunton CJ, et al. 2006 consensus guidelines for the management of women with abnormal cervical screening tests. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2007;11(4):201-222.
41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Recommendations from the CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR. 2009;58(RR-4) 1-207.
42. Paramsothy P JD, Heilig CM, Schuman PC, et al. The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on human papillomavirus clearance and cervical cytology. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113(1):26-31.
43. Ahdieh-Grant L, Li R, Levine AM, et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-positive women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(14):1070-1076.
44. Clifford GM, Polesel J, Rickenbach M, et al. Cancer risk in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: associations with immunodeficiency, smoking and highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(6):425-432.
45. Schuman P, Ohmit SE, Klein RS, et al. Longitudinal study of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and at-risk HIV-seronegative women. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:128-136.
46. Denny L, Boa R, Williamson AL, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and cervical disease in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected women. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;11(6):1380-1387.
47. Leitao MM Jr, White PM, Cracchiolo BM. Cervical cancer in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Cancer. 2008;112(12):2683-2689.
48. Massad LS, Seaberg EC, Watts HD, et al. Long-term incidence of cervical cancer in women with HIV. Cancer. 2009;115(3):524-530.
49. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Bulletin: Gynecologic care of women with human immunodeficiency virus. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(6):1492-1509.
50. Merck & Co. Gardasil Web site. http://www.merckvaccines.com/Products/Gardasil/Pages/home.aspx. Accessed July 27, 2012.
51. Tiro JA, Meissner HI, Kobrin S, et al. What do women in the U.S. know about human papillomavirus and cervical cancer? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev. 2007;16:288-294.
52. Cooper CP, Polonec L, Gelb CA. Women's knowledge and awareness of gynecologic cancer: a multisite qualitative study in the United States. J Womens Health. 2011;20(4):517-525.
53. Gerend MA, Sheperd JE. Correlates of HPV knowledge in the era of HPV vaccination: a study of unvaccinated young adult women. Womens Health. 2011;51(1):25-40.
54. Luque JS, Castaneda H, Tyson DM. HPV awareness among Latina immigrants and Anglo-American women in the southern United States: cultural models of cervical cancer risk factors and beliefs. NAPA Bull. 2010;34:84-104.
55. Massad LS. Assessing new technologies for cervical screening: beyond sensitivity. J Low Gen Tract Dis. 2008;12(4):311-315.
56. Friedman AL, Shepeard H. Exploring the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and communication preferences of the general public regarding HPV: findings from CDC focus group research and implications for practice. Health Educ Beh. 2007;34(3):471-485.
57. Daley EM, Perrin KM, McDermott RJ, et al. The psychosocial burden of HPV: a mixed-method study of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors among HPV + Women. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(2):279-290.
58. Pirotta M, Ung L, Stein A, et al. The psychosocial burden of human papillomavirus related disease and screening interventions. Sex Trans Inf. 2009;85(7):508-513.
59. Kitchener HC, Fletcher I, Roberts C, et al. The psychosocial impact of human papillomavirus testing in primary cervical screening-a study within a randomized trial. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2008;18:743-748.
60. Waller J, Marlow LAV, Wardle J. The association between knowledge of HPV and stigma, shame and anxiety. Sex Trans Inf. 2007;83:155-159.
61. Papa D, Simas TAM, Reynolds M, et al. Assessing the role of education in women's knowledge and acceptance of adjunct high-risk human papillomavirus testing for cervical cancer screening. J Low Gen Tract Dis. 2009;13(2):66-71.
62. Huang AJ, Perez-Stable EJ, Kim SE, et al. Preferences for human papillomavirus testing with routine cervical cancer screening in diverse older women. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(9):1324-1329.
63. Sawaya GF, Iwaoka-Scott Y, Kim S, et al. Ending cervical cancer screening: attitudes and beliefs from ethnically diverse older adults. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:40.e1-40.e7.
64. Han PKJ, Klabunde CN, Breen N, et al. Multiple clinical practice guidelines for breast and cervical cancer screening perceptions of US primary care physicians. Medical Care. 2011;49(2):139-148.
65. Yabroff KR, Saraiya M, Meissner HI. Specialty differences in primary care physician reports of Papanicolaou test screening practices: a national survey, 2006 to 2007. Ann Int Med. 2009;151:602-611.
66. Murphy PA, Schwartz EB, Dyer JM. Cervical cancer screening practices of certified nurse-midwives in the United States. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2008;53:11-18.
67. Gravitt P, Peyton CL, Alessi TQ, et al. Improved amplification of genital human papillomaviruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(1):357-361.
68. American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology Web site. HPV Genotyping Clinical Update. http://www.asccp.org/ConsensusGuidelines/HPVGenotypingClinicalUpdate/tabid/5963/Default.aspx. Accessed April 27, 2012.
69. Cattani P, Zannoni GF, Ricci C, et al. Clinical performance of human papillomavirus E6 and E7 mRNA testing for high-grade lesions of the cervix. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(12):3895-3901.
70. Gravitt PE, Coutlée F, Iftner T, et al. New technologies in cervical cancer screening. Vaccine. 2008;26(S):K42-K52.
71. Gravitt PE, Belinson JL, Salmeron J, et al. Looking ahead: a case for HPV testing of self-sampled vaginal specimens as a cervical cancer screening strategy. Int J Cancer. 2011;129(3):517-527.
72. Sauvaget C, Fayette J, Muwonge R, et al. Accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical cancer screening. Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;113:14-24.
73. Sankaranarayanan R, Nene BN, Shastri SS, et al. HPV screening for cervical cancer in rural India. NEJM. 2009;360(14):1385-1394.
74. Hobbs MM, Van der Pol B, Totten P, et al. From the NIH: proceedings of a workshop on the importance of self-obtained vaginal specimens for detection of sexually transmitted infections. Sex Trans Dis. 2008;35(1):8-13.
75. Huynh J, Howard M, Lytwyn A. Self-collection for vaginal human papillomavirus testing: systematic review of studies asking women their perceptions. J Low Gen Tract Dis. 2010;14(4):356-362.
76. Gok M, Heideman DM, Kemenade FJ, et al. HPV testing on self collected cervicovaginal lavage specimens as screening method for women who do not attend cervical screening: cohort study. BMJ. 2010;340:1040-1047.
77. Castle PE, Rausa A, Walls T, et al. Comparative community outreach to increase cervical cancer screening in the Mississippi Delta. Prev Med. 2011;52(6):452-455.
78. Petignat P, Faltin D, Bruchim I, et al. Are self-collected samples comparable to physician-collected cervical specimens for human papillomavirus DNA testing? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;105:530-535.
79. Levin CE, Sellors J, Shi JF, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of cervical cancer prevention based on a rapid human papillomavirus screening test in a high-risk region of China. Int J Cancer. 2010;127(6):1404-1411.
80. Armarnik S, Sheiner E, Piura B, et al. Obstetric outcome following cervical conization. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;283:765-769.
81. Westhoff CL, Jones HE, Guiahi M. Do new guidelines and technology make the routine pelvic examination obsolete? J Womens Health. 2011;20(1):5-10.
82. American College of Nurse-Midwives Web site. Our philosophy of care. http://www.midwife.org/Our-Philosophy-of-Care. Accessed May 27, 2011.