Engineering substantially prolonged human lifespans: Biotechnological enhancement and ethics

Valuing Older People: A Humanist Approach to Ageing

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 177-198

  Derkx, Peter ^a  

^a University for Humanistics   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870661775     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (89)

1. Aboderin, I. (2006) ‘Ageing in Africa’, in Wellcome Focus 2006: Ageing: Can we stop the clock, London: The Wellcome Trust.
2. Arking, R. (2004) ‘Extending human longevity: a biological probability’, in S.G. Post and R.H. Binstock (eds) The fountain of youth: Cultural, scientific, and ethical perspectives on a biomedical goal, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 177-200.
3. Austad, S.N. (1997) Why we age: What science is discovering about the body’s journey through life, New York: John Wiley.
4. Baars, J. (2006) Het nieuwe ouder worden: paradoxen en perspectieven van leven in de tijd, Amsterdam: SWP, Humanistics University Press.
5. Baltes, P.B. (2003) ‘Extending longevity: dignity gain - or dignity drain?’ , MaxPlanckResearch, vol 2003, no 3, pp 14-19.
6. Basu, A.M. (2004) ‘Towards an understanding of the emotions in the population of 2300’ , in Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations, Population Division (ed) World population to 2030, New York: United Nations, pp 89-98.
7. Baumeister, R.F. (1991) Meanings of life, New York: Guilford Press.
8. Beauchamp, T.L. and Childress, J.F. (2001) Principles of biomedical ethics (5th edn), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9. Benhabib, S. (ed) (1996) Democracy and difference: Contesting the boundaries of the political, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
10. Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (1998) ‘The demographic transition: are we any closer to an evolutionary explanation?’ Tree, vol 13, no 7, pp 266-70.
11. Bostrom, N. (2003) ‘Human genetic enhancements: a transhumanist perspective’, Journal of Value Inquiry, vol 37, no 4, pp 493-506.
12. Bostrom, N. (2005) ‘Transhumanist values’, in F. Adams (ed) Ethical issues for the 21st century, Charlottesville, VA: Philosophical Documentation Center (no page numbers available).
13. Brandt, R.B. (1959) Ethical theory: The problems of normative and critical ethics, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
14. Brock, D.W. (1998) ‘Enhancements of human function: some distinctions for policymakers’, in E. Parens (ed) Enhancing human traits: Ethical and social implications, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp 48-69.
15. Buitenweg, R. (2007) Human rights, human plights in a global village, Atlanta, GA:Clarity Press.
16. Callahan, D. (1995a) ‘Aging and the life cycle: a moral norm?’ , in D. Callahan, R.H. J. ter Meulen and E. Topinková (eds) A world growing old: The coming health care challenges, Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, pp 20-7.
17. Callahan, D. (1995b) Setting limits: Medical goals in an aging society (expanded edn), Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
18. Caplan, A.L. (2004) ‘An unnatural process: why it is not inherently wrong to seek a cure for aging’, in S.G. Post and R.H. Binstock (eds) The fountain of youth:Cultural, scientific, and ethical perspectives on a biomedical goal, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 271-85.
19. Caplan, A.L. (2005) ‘Death as an unnatural process: why is it wrong to seek a cure for ageing?’ , EMBO Reports, vol 6, July, pp 72-5.
20. Carens, J.H. (2000) Culture, citizenship, and community: A contextual exploration of justice as evenhandedness, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. Cole, T.R. (2002) ‘On the possibilities of spirituality and religious humanism in gerontology or reflections of one aging American cultural historian’, in L. Andersson (ed) Cultural gerontology, Westport, CT: Auburn House, pp 25-44.
22. Davis, J.K. (2004) ‘Collective suttee: is it unjust to develop life extension if it will not be possible to provide it to everyone?’ , in A.D.N.J. de Grey (ed) Strategies for engineered negligible senescence: Why genuine control of aging may be foreseeable, New York: New York Academy of Sciences, pp 535-41.
23. de Grey, Aubrey D.N.J. (2003) ‘The foreseeability of real anti-aging medicine:focusing the debate’, Experimental Gerontology, vol 38, no 9, pp 927-34.
24. de Grey, Aubrey D.N.J. (2005) ‘Foreseeable and more distant rejuvenation therapies’, in S.I.S. Rattan (ed) Aging interventions and therapies, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, pp 379-95.
25. de Grey, A.D.N.J., Ames, B.N., Andersen, J.K., Bartke, A., Campisi, J., Heward, C.B., McCarter, R.J.M. and Stock, G. (2002) ‘Time to talk SENS: critiquing the immutability of human aging’, in D. Harman (ed) Increasing healthy life span:Conventional measures and slowing the innate aging process, New York: New York Academy of Sciences, pp 452-62.
26. Derkx, P. (2006) ‘Ouder worden: te aanvaarden natuurlijk proces of te bestrijden ziekte?’ , Tijdschrift voor Humanistiek - Journal for Humanistics, vol 7, no 28, pp 82-90.
27. Dworkin, R. (2000) Sovereign virtue: The theory and practice of equality, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
28. Dykstra, P.A. (2002) ‘Ageing in the Netherlands in a macro and micro perspective’, in R. de Bok (ed) Ageing in Europe: The social demographic and financial consequences of Europe’s ageing population, Breda: PlantijnCasparie, pp 6-17.
29. Estep, P.W. III, Kaeberlein, M., Kapahi, P., Kennedy, B.K., Lithgow, G.J., Martin, G.M., Melov, S., Powers, R.W. and Tissenbaum, H.A. (2006) Life extension pseudoscience and the SENS plan, Technology Review (MIT), www.technologyreview.com/sens/index.aspx
30. Frankford, D.M. (1998) ‘The treatment/enhancement distinction as an armament in the policy wars’, in E. Parens (ed) Enhancing human traits: Ethical and social implications, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp 70-94.
31. Fries, J.F. (1980) ‘Aging, natural death, and the compression of morbidity’, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol 303, 17 July, pp 130-5.
32. Garrett, L. (2007) ‘The challenge of global health’, Foreign Affairs, vol 86, no 1, pp 14-38.
33. Glannon, W. (2001) Genes and future people: Philosophical issues in human genetics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
34. Habermas, J. (1998) Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
35. Harris, J. (2003) ‘Intimations of immortality: the ethics and justice of life extending therapies’, in M.D.A. Freeman (ed) Current legal problems 2002, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 65-95.
36. Hayflick, L. (1994) How and why we age, New York: Ballantine Books.
37. Holliday, R. (1995) Understanding ageing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Holliday, R. (2006) ‘Aging is no longer an unsolved problem in biology’, in S.I.S. Rattan, P. Kristensen and B.F.C. Clark (eds) Understanding and modulating aging, Boston, MA: Blackwell, pp 1-9.
39. Holm, S. (2004) ‘I want to live forever - a review of [Christine Overall’s] Aging, death and human longevity: A philosophical inquiry’, Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, vol 7, no 1, pp 105-07.
40. Horrobin, S. (2005) ‘The ethics of aging intervention and life-extension’, in S.I.S. Rattan (ed) Aging interventions and therapies, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, pp 1-27.
41. Horrobin, S. (2006) ‘The value of life and the value of life extension’, in S.I.S. Rattan, P. Kristensen and B.F.C. Clark (eds) Understanding and modulating aging, Boston, MA: Blackwell, pp 94-105.
42. Hrdy, S.B. (1999) Mother nature: A history of mothers, infants, and natural selection, New York: Random House (Pantheon Books).
43. Hughes, J. (2004) Citizen cyborg: Why democratic societies must respond to the redesigned human of the future, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
44. Izaks, G.J. and Westendorp, R.G.J. (2003) ‘Ill or just old? Towards a conceptual framework of the relation between ageing and disease’, BMC Geriatrics, vol 3, no 7 (no page numbers available).
45. Juengst, E.T. (1997) ‘Can enhancement be distinguished from prevention in genetic medicine?’ , The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, vol 22, no 2, pp 125-42.
46. Juengst, E.T. (1998) ‘What does enhancement mean?’ , in E. Parens (ed) Enhancing human traits: Ethical and social implications, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp 29-47.
47. Juengst, E.T. (2004) ‘Anti-aging research and the limits of medicine’, in S.G. Post and R.H. Binstock (eds) The fountain of youth: Cultural, scientific, and ethical perspectives on a biomedical goal, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 321-39.
48. Juengst, E.T., Binstock, R.H., Melhman, M., Post, S.G. and Whitehouse, P. (2003) ‘Biogerontology, “anti-aging medicine”, and the challenge of human enhancement’, Hastings Center Report, vol 33, no 4, pp 21-30.
49. Kalache, A., Aboderin, I. and Hoskins, I. (2002) ‘Compression of morbidity and active ageing: key priorities for public health policy in the 21st century’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol 80, no 3, pp 243-44.
50. Kalache, A., Barreto, S.M. and Keller, I. (2005) ‘Global ageing: the demographic revolution in all cultures and societies’, in M.L. Johnson, V.L. Bengtson, P.G. Coleman and T.B.L. Kirkwood (eds) The Cambridge handbook of age and ageing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 30-46.
51. Kass, L.R. (2004) ‘L’chaim and its limits: why not immortality?’ , in S.G. Post and R.H. Binstock (eds) The fountain of youth: Cultural, scientific, and ethical perspectives on a biomedical goal, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 304-20.
52. Kirkwood, T.B.L. (1999) Time of our lives: The science of human aging, Oxford:Oxford University Press.
53. Kirkwood, T.B.L. (2005) ‘Understanding the odd science of aging’, Cell, vol 120, pp 437-47.
54. Knook, D.L. (2002) ‘Europe’s ageing population and consequences for health care’, in R. de Bok (ed) Ageing in Europe: The social, demographic and financial consequences of Europe’s ageing population, Breda: PlantijnCasparie, pp 18-26.
55. Köhler, W. (2004) '“Ouderdom is groeiende chaos”, interview met Rudi Westendorp’, M: het maandblad van NRC Handelsblad, August, pp 34-9.
56. Korten, D.C. (2000) The post-corporate world: Life after capitalism, West Hartford, CT/San Francisco, CA: Kumarian Press/Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
57. Kurzweil, R. and Grossmann, T. (2004) Fantastic voyage: Live long enough to live forever, Emmaus, PA: Rodale.
58. Legato, M.J. (2005) Why men never remember and women never forget, Emmaus, PA:Rodale, pp 199-221.
59. Lerner, M. (2006) The left hand of God: Taking back our country from the religious Right, New York: HarperCollins, HarperSanFrancisco.
60. Mackenbach, J.P. and Bakker, M.J. (2003) ‘Tackling socioeconomic inequalities in health: analysis of European experiences’, The Lancet, vol 362, 25 October, pp 1409-14.
61. Marmot, M. (2004) The status syndrome: How social standing affects our health and longevity, New York: Henry Holt, Times Books.
62. Marmot, M. (2005) Social determinants of longevity and mortality, SAGE Crossroads, 28 June, www.SageCrossroads.net
63. Marres, N.S. (2005) ‘No issue, no public: democratic deficits after the displacement of politics’, Universiteit van Amsterdam, http://dare.uva.nl/document/17061
64. Mauron, A. (2005) ‘The choosy reaper: from the myth of eternal youth to the reality of unequal death’, EMBO Reports, vol 6, July, pp 67-71.
65. McConnel, C. and Turner, L. (2005) ‘Medicine, ageing, and human longevity:the economics and ethics of anti-ageing interventions’, EMBO Reports, vol 6, July, pp 59-62.
66. Miller, R.A. (2004) ‘Extending life: scientific prospects and political obstacles’, in S.G. Post and R.H. Binstock (eds) The fountain of youth: Cultural, scientific, and ethical perspectives on a biomedical goal, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 228-48.
67. Moody, H.R. (1995) ‘The meaning of old age: scenarios for the future’, in D. Callahan, R.H.J. ter Meulen, and E. Topinková (eds) A world growing old: The coming health care challenges, Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, pp 9-19.
68. Moody, H.R., Caplan, A. and Kondracke, M. (2004) Is aging a disease?, SAGE Crossroads, 22 January, www.SageCrossroads.net
69. More, M. (2004) ‘Superlongevity without overpopulation’, in Immortality Institute and S. Sethe (eds) The scientific conquest of death: Essays on infinite lifespans, Buenos Aires: LibrosEnRed, pp 169-85.
70. Mykytyn, C.E. (2006) ‘Contentious terminology and complicated cartography of anti-aging medicine’, Biogerontology, vol 7, no 4, pp 279-85.
71. Neugarten, B.L. (1996) ‘Social implications of life extension [1978]’, in D.A. Neugarten (ed) The meanings of age: Selected papers of Bernice L. Neugarten, Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, pp 339-45.
72. Nussbaum, M.C. (2001) Women and human development: The capabilities approach, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
73. Nussbaum, M.C. (2006) Frontiers of justice: Disability, nationality, species membership, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press.
74. Olshansky, S.J., Perry, D., Miller, R.A. and Butler, R.N. (2006) ‘In pursuit of the longevity dividend: what should we be doing to prepare for the unprecedented aging of humanity?’ , The Scientist, vol 20, no 3, pp 28-36.
75. Overall, C. (2003) Aging, death, and human longevity: A philosophical inquiry, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
76. Overall, C. (2004) ‘Longevity, identity, and moral character: a feminist approach’, in S.G. Post and R.H. Binstock (eds) The fountain of youth: Cultural, scientific, and ethical perspectives on a biomedical goal, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 286-303.
77. Post, S.G. (2004a) ‘Decelerated aging: should I drink from a fountain of youth?’ , in S.G. Post and R.H. Binstock (eds) The fountain of youth: Cultural, scientific, and ethical perspectives on a biomedical goal, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 72-93.
78. Post, S.G. (2004b) ‘Establishing an appropriate ethical framework: the moral conversation around the goal of prolongevity’, Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences, vol 59, no 6, pp 534-9.
79. President’s Council on Bioethics (2003) Beyond therapy: biotechnology and the pursuit of happiness, New York: HarperCollins, Regan Books.
80. Rawls, J. (1999a) The law of peoples, with ‘the idea of public reason revisited’, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
81. Rawls, J. (1999b) A theory of justice: Revised edition, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
82. Scully, J.L. (2004) ‘What is a disease? Disease, disability and their definitions’, EMBO Reports, vol 5, no 7, pp 650-3.
83. Stock, G. (2002) Redesigning humans: Our inevitable genetic future, Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin.
84. Stock, G., McKibben, B. and Kondracke, M. (2003) Do we want science to reinvent human aging?, SAGE Crossroads, 27 March, www.SageCrossroads.net
85. Turner, L. (2004) ‘Life extension research: health, illness, and death’, Health Care Analysis, vol 12, no 2, pp 117-29.
86. van Tongeren, P. (1995) ‘Life extension and the meaning of life’, in D. Callahan, R.H.J. ter Meulen and E. Topinková (eds) A world growing old: The coming health care challenges, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp 28-38.
87. van Wijnbergen, S.J.G. (2002) ‘Economic aspects of an ageing population’, in R. de Bok (ed) Ageing in Europe: The social, demographic and financial consequences of Europe’s ageing population, Breda: PlantijnCasparie, pp 28-39.
88. Vincent, J.A. (2006) ‘Ageing contested: anti-ageing science and the cultural construction of old age’, Sociology, vol 40, no 4, pp 681-98.
89. Warner, H. et al (2005) ‘Science fact and the SENS agenda: what can we reasonably expect from ageing research’, EMBO Reports, vol 6, no 11, pp 1006-8.