Electromodulated doping of the hole transport layer in a small molecule organic light-emitting diode

Journal of Photonics for Energy

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2011, Pages

  Lane, Paul A ^a   Chen, Song ^b   Sob, Franky ^b  

^a NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b University of Florida   (United States)

Author keywords

Doping; Electroabsorption; Organic electroluminescence; Organic light emitting diode; Spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

BUILT-IN POTENTIAL; CARRIER INJECTION; ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH; ELECTRO-ABSORPTION; ELECTROMODULATION; ELECTRON TRANSPORT LAYERS; EXCITED STATE ABSORPTION; FORWARD BIAS; HOLE INJECTION LAYERS; HOLE TRANSPORT LAYERS; ORGANIC ELECTRO LUMINESCENCE; ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES(OLEDS); REVERSE BIAS; SMALL MOLECULES; TRANSPORT LAYERS; TRAP DENSITY; TRAPPED CHARGE;

ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; CHARGE INJECTION; DOPING (ADDITIVES); ELECTRIC FIELDS; ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT; ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (OLED); SPECTROSCOPY;

HOLE MOBILITY;

EID: 84870618498     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19477988     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1117/1.3569109     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. C. W. Tang, S. A. VanSlyke, and C. H. Chen, "Electroluminescence of doped organic films", J. Appl. Phys. 65(9), 3610-3616 (1989).
2. J. H. Burroughes, D. D. C. Bradley, A. R. Brown, R. N. Marks, K. MacKay, R. H. Friend, P. L. Burn, and A. B. Holmes, "LEDs based on conjugated polymers", Nature (London) 347(6293), 539-541 (1990).
3. See http://www.oled-display.net for a current summary of the active matrix OLED display market.
4. A. R. Duggal, D. F. Foust, W. F. Nealon, and C. M. Heller, "Fault-tolerant, scalable organic light-emitting device architecture", Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(16), 2580-2582 (2003).
5. S. A. Van Slyke, C. H. Chen, and C. W. Tang, "Organic electroluminescent devices with improved stability", Appl. Phys. Lett. 69(15), 2160-2162 (1996). (Pubitemid 126592802)
6. F. Nüesch, D. Berner, E. Tutis, M. Schaer, C. Ma, X. Wang, B. Zhang, and L. Zuppiroli, "Doping-induced charge trapping in organic light-emitting devices", Adv. Funct. Mater. 15(2), 323-330 (2005). (Pubitemid 40384686)
7. 3 anodic buffer layer", Synth. Met. 151(2), 141-146 (2005). (Pubitemid 40844996)
8. H. You, Y. F. Dai, Z. Q. Zhang, and D. Q. Ma, "Improved performances of organic lightemitting diodes with metal oxide as anode buffer", J. Appl. Phys. 101(2), 026105 (2007).
9. S. A. Carter, M. Angelopoulos, S. Karg, P. J. Brock, and J. C. Scott, "Polymeric anodes for improved polymer light-emitting diode performance", Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(16), 2067-2069 (1997). (Pubitemid 127611267)
10. Y. Cao, G. Yu, C. Zhang, R. Menon, and A. J. Heeger, "Polymer light-emitting diodes with polyethylene dioxythiophenepolystyrene sulfonate as the transparent anode", Synth. Met. 87(2), 171-174 (1997). (Pubitemid 127438515)
11. A. J. Mäkinen, I. G. Hill, R. Shashidhar, N. Nikolov, and Z. H. Kafafi, "Hole injection barriers at polymer anode/small molecule interfaces", Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(5), 557-559 (2001). (Pubitemid 33606867)
12. N. Koch, A. Elschner, J. Schwartz, R. L. Johnson, and A. Kahn, "Organic molecular films on gold versus conducting polymer: Influence of injection barrier height and morphology on current-voltage characteristic", Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(14), 2281-2283 (2003).
13. T. M. Brown, J. S. Kim, R. H. Friend, F. Cacialli, R. Daik, and W. J. Feast, "Builtin field electroabsorption spectroscopy of polymer light-emitting diodes incorporating a doped poly (3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene) hole injection layer", Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(12), 1679-1681 (1999). (Pubitemid 129562464)
14. H. Kim, J. Park, S. Lee, C.-S. Ha, and Y. Kim, "Effect of strong base addition to holecollecting buffer layer in polymer solar cells", Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95(1), 349-351 (2011).
15. S. A. Choulis, V.-E. Choong, M. K. Mathai, and F. So, "The effect of interfacial layer on the performance of organic light-emitting diodes", Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(11), 113503 (2005).
16. D. W. Laird, S. Vaidya, S. Li, M. Mathai, B. Woodworth, E. Sheina, S. Williams, and T. Hammond "Advances in PlexcoreTM active layer technology systems for organic photovoltaics: Roof-top and accelerated lifetime analysis of high performance organic photovoltaic cells", Proc. SPIE 6656, 66560X (2007).
17. X. Jiang, H. Yan, E. H. Klingenberg, and D. L. Elder, "Enhanced lifetime of polymer lightemitting diodes using poly (thieno[3, 4-b]thiophene)-based conductive polymers", Proc. SPIE 6333, 633304 (2006).
18. K. R. Choudhury, J. Lee, N. Chopra, A. Gupta, X. Jiang, F. Amy, and F. So, "Highly efficient hole injection using polymeric anode materials for small-molecule organic light-emitting diodes", Adv. Funct. Mater. 19(3), 491-496 (2009).
19. K. Murata, S. Cina, and N. C. Greenham, "Barriers to electron extraction in polymer light-emitting diodes", Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(8), 1193-1195 (2001). (Pubitemid 33596879)
20. T. van Woudenbergh, P. W. M. Blom, and J. N. Huiberts, "Electro-optical properties of a polymer light-emitting diode with an injection-limited hole contact", Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(6), 985-987 (2003).
21. P. A. Lane, P. J. Brewer, J. Huang, D. D. C. Bradley, and J. C. de Mello, "Elimination of hole injection barriers by conducting polymer anodes in polyfluorene light-emitting diodes", Phys. Rev. B 74(12), 125320 (2006).
22. J. Morgado, R. H. Friend, and F. Cacialli, "Improved efficiency of light-emitting diodes based on polyfluorene blends upon insertion of a poly (p-phenylene vinylene) electronconfinement layer", Appl. Phys. Lett. 80(14), 2436-2438 (2002).
23. I. H. Campbell, T. W. Hagler, D. L. Smith, and J. P. Ferraris, "Direct measurement of conjugated polymer electronic excitation energies using metal/polymer/metal structures", Phys. Rev. Lett. 76(11), 1900-1903 (1996). (Pubitemid 126638895)
24. I. H. Campbell, D. L. Smith, C. J. Neef, and J. P. Ferraris, "Optical properties of single carrier polymer diodes under high electrical injection", Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(3), 270-272 (2001). (Pubitemid 33731950)
25. T. M. Brown, R. H. Friend, I. S. Millard, D. J. Lacey, T. Butler, J. H. Burroughes, and F. Cacialli, "Electronic line-up in light-emitting diodes with alkali-halide metal cathodes", J. Appl. Phys. 93(10), 6159-6172 (2003).
26. J. C. deMello, J. J. M. Halls, S. C. Graham, N. Tessler, and R. H. Friend, "Electric field distribution in polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells", Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(2), 421-424 (2000).
27. C. Giebeler, S. A. Whitelegg, D. G. Lidzey, P. A. Lane, and D. D. C. Bradley, "Device degradation of polymer light emitting diodes studied by electroabsorption measurements", Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(14), 2144-2146 (1999). (Pubitemid 129562575)
28. P. A. Lane, J. C. de Mello, R. B. Fletcher, and M. Bernius, "Electric field screening by injected charge in polymer light-emitting diodes", Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(17), 3611-3613 (2003).
29. F. Rohlfing, T. Yamada, and T. Tsutsui, "Electroabsorption spectroscopy on tris-8-hydroxyquinoline-aluminum-based light emitting diodes", J. Appl. Phys. 86(9), 4978-4984 (1999). (Pubitemid 129647723)
30. S. J. Martin, G. L. B. Verschoor, M. A. Webster, and A. B. Walker, "The internal electric field distribution in bilayer organic light emitting devices", Org. Electron. 3(3-4), 129-141 (2003).
31. L. Sebastian and G. Weiser, "One-dimensional wide energy-bands in a polydiacetylene revealed by electroreflectance", Phys. Rev. Lett. 46(17), 1156-1159 (1981).
32. 3 injection layer", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41(8), 085108 (2008).
33. P. A. Lane, X. Wei, and Z. V. Vardeny, "Studies of charged excitations in π-conjugated oligomers and polymers by optical modulation", Phys. Rev. Lett. 77(8), 1544-1547 (1996). (Pubitemid 126625731)
34. J. Endo, T. Matsumoto, and J. Kido, "Organic electroluminescent devices with a vacuumdeposited Lewis-acid-doped hole-injecting layer", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41(3B), L358-L360 (2002). (Pubitemid 34751767)
35. V.-E. Choong, M. G. Mason, C. W. Tang, and Y. Gao, "Investigation of the interface formation between calcium and tris-(8-hydroxy quinoline) aluminum", Appl. Phys. Lett. 72(21), 2689 (1998).
36. X. Jiang, K. Campbell, F. Amy, B. Han, F. So, K. R. Choudhury, and A. Gupta, "Tuning the properties of polythienothiophene conductive polymers for hole injection layer application", SPIE Proc. 6655, 665505 (2007).
37. S. Naka, H. Okada, H. Onnagawa, Y. Yamaguchi, and T. Tsutsui, "Carrier transport properties of organic materials for EL device operation", Synth. Met. 111-112, 331-333 (2000).