An African account of ecosystem service provision: Use, threats and policy options for sustainable livelihoods

Ecosystem Services

Volumn 2, Issue , 2012, Pages 71-81

  Egoh, Benis N ^a   O'Farrell, Patrick J ^b   Charef, Aymen ^a   Josephine Gurney, Leigh ^a   Koellner, Thomas ^c   Nibam Abi, Henry ^d   Egoh, Mody ^e   Willemen, Louise ^a  

^a JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

^b Future production Chemicals Cluster   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH   (Germany)

^d Co operative For Research and Education ^*  (Italy)

^e NONE   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Africa; Biodiversity; CBNRM; Developing countries; Land grabbing; Natural resources; PES; Protected areas

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870554776     PISSN: 22120416     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.09.004     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Allison E.H., Perry A.L., Badjeck M.C., Adger W.N., Brown K., Conway D., Halls A.S., Pilling G.M., Reynolds J.D., Andrew N.L., Dulvy N.K. Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 2009, 10:173-196.
2. Blackie, R. 1999. Communities and Natural Resources: Trends in equitable and efficient use. Research discussion paper. Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Namibia.
3. Blignaut, J., Christo, M., Rouget, M., Mander, M., Turpie, J., Klassen, T., Preston, G. 2008. Making Markets Work For People and the Environment: Employment Creation from Payment for Eco-Systems Services Combating Environmental Degradation and Poverty on a Single Budget while Delivering Real Services to Real People. Trade and Industry Strategy Report. South Africa. (accessed September 2012.). http://www.tips.org.za/files.
4. Bohensky E.L., Reyers B., van Jaarsveld A.S. Future ES in a Southern African river basin: a scenario planning approach to uncertainty. Conservation Biology 2006, 20:1051-1061.
5. 2004, African Sun Media, Stellenbosch, South Africa. E. Bohensky, B. Reyers, A.S. van Jaarsveld, C. Fabricius (Eds.).
6. Boutraa T. Improvement of water use efficiency in irrigated Agriculture. Journal of Agronomy 2010, 9:1-8.
7. Bowen-Jones E., Brown D., Robinson E.J. Economic commodity or environmental crisis? An interdisciplinary approach to analyzing the bush-meat trade in central and West Africa. Area 2003, 35:390-402.
8. Brashares J., Arcese P., Sam M., Coppolillo P. Bush-meat hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in West Africa. Science (New York, NY) 2004, 306:1180-1183.
9. Brinkmann K., Schumacher J., Dittrich A., Kadaore I., Buerkert A. Analysis of landscape transformation processes in and around four West African cities over the last 50 years. Landscape and Urban Planning 2012, 105:94-105.
10. Brown, K., Daw, T., Sergio, R., Bunce, M., Cherrett, N., 2008. Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation: Marine & Coastal Situational. http://www.nerc.ac.uk.
11. Brown O., Hammill A., McLeman R. 'Climate change as the 'new' security threat: implications for Africa'. International Affairs 2007, 83:1141-1154.
12. Bryceson D.F. The scramble in Africa: reorienting rural livelihoods. World Development 2002, 30:725-739.
13. Campbell, D., Gichohi, H., Mwangi, A., Chege, L., Sawin, T., 1999. Interactions Between People and Wildlife in SE Kajiado District, Kenya. Ford Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya.
14. CBD. 2010. The Convention on Biological Diversity and the 10th Meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP 10): Decision X/2 on Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. Online: http://www.cbd.int/decision/cop.
15. Chen, S., Ravallion, M., 2004. How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (WPS 3341) World Bank, Washington.
16. Cocks M.L.T., Dold, Vetter S. 'God is my forest'-Xhosa cultural values provide untapped opportunities for conservation. South African Journal of Science 2012, 108.
17. Costanza R., Kubiszewski I. The authorship structure of "ecosystem services" as a transdisciplinary field of scholarship. Ecosystem Services 2012, 1:16-25.
18. Cotula, L., Vermeulen, S., Leonard, R., Keeley, J., 2009. Land grab or development opportunity? Agricultural investment and international land deals in Africa. London/Rome: IIED/FAO/IFAD.
19. Cotula L. Securing land rights in Africa-trends in National and international law. Fair land Governance: How to Legalize Land Rights for Rural Development 2012, Leiden University Press. Otto, Hoekema (Eds.).
20. Cowling R.M.B., Egoh A.T., Knight P.J., O'Farrell B., Reyers M., Rouget D.J., Roux A., Welz A., Wilhelm-Rechman A. An operational model for mainstreaming ES for implementation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008, 105:9483-9488.
21. Davies G. Bushmeat and international development. Conservation Biology 2002, 16:587-589.
22. De Boer W.F., Baquete D.S. Natural resource use, crop damage and attitudes of rural people in the vicinity of the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique. Environmental Conservation 1998, 25:208-218.
23. De Kock, M. 2007. Exploring the Efficacy of Community-based Natural Resource Management in Salambala Conservancy, Caprivi Region, Namibia. M.Phil. Thesis. Stellenbosch University.
24. Deininger K. Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction 2003, World Bank, Washington, DC.
25. Driver, A., Maze, K., Rouget, M., Lombard, A.T., Nel, J., Turpie, J.K., Cowling, R.M., Desmet, P., Goodman, P., Harris, J., Jonas, Z., Reyers, B., Sink, K., Strauss, T., 2005. National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: priorities for biodiversity conservation in South Africa. Strelitzia 17. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa. http://www.sanbi.org/biodiversity/nsba.htm.
26. Dudley N. Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories 2008, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
27. EFTEC. 2005. The Economic, Social and Ecological Value of Ecosystem Services: A Literature Review. Final report for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
28. Egoh, B.N. 2002. Spatial Pattern of Natural Resource Use by Local Community in Eastern Caprivi, Namibia. M.Sc. Thesis submitted to University of Cape Town.
29. Egoh B., Rouget M., Reyers B., Knight A.T., Cowling M.R., van Jaarsveld A.S., Welz A. Integrating ecosystem services into conservation assessments: a review. Ecological Economics 2007, 63:714-721.
30. Egoh B.N., Reyers B., Rouget M., Richardson D.M., Le Maitre D.C., van Jaarsveld A.S. Mapping ES for planning and management. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 2008, 127:135-140.
31. Egoh B.N., Reyers B., Rouget M., Richardson D.M. Identifying priority areas for ecosystem service management in South African grasslands. Journal of Environmental Management 2011, 92:1642-1650.
32. Egoh B.N., Drakou E.G., Dunbar M.B., Maes J., Willemen L. Indicators For Mapping Ecosystem Services: A Review. EUR 25456 EN 2012, Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg JRC73016.
33. Emerton L. The nature of benefits and the benefits of nature: why wildlife conservation has not economically benefited communities in Africa.". African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation. Cape Town, David Philips 2001, D. Hulme, M. Murphree (Eds.).
34. Fa J.E., Peres C.A., Meeuwig J. Bushmeat exploitation in tropical forests: an intercontinental comparison. Conservation Biology 2001, 16:232-237.
35. Fabricius C. The fundamentals of community-based natural resource management. Rights, Resources and Rural Development: Community-based Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa 2004, 3-43. Earthscan, London, UK. C. Fabricius, E. Koch, H. Magome, S. Turner (Eds.).
36. FAO. 2002. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000-Main Report. FAO Forestry Paper No.140. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
37. Fenske J. Land tenure and investment incentives: evidence from West Africa. Journal of Development Economics 2011, 95:137-156.
38. Grundy I., Turpie J., Jagger P., Witkowski E., Guambe I., Semwayo D., Solomon A. Implications of comanagement for benefits from natural resources for rural households in north-western Zimbabwe. Ecological Economics 2000, 33:369-381.
39. Hauck M., Sweijd N.A. A case study of abalone poaching in South Africa and its impact on fisheries management. ICES Journal of Marine Science 1999, 56:1024-1032.
40. Hilborn R. Defining success in fisheries and conflicts in objectives. Marine Policy 2007, 31:153-158.
41. Jenkins C., Joppa L. Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system. Biological Conservation 2009, 142:2166-2174.
42. Jones B., Murphree M.W. Community-based natural resource management as a conservation mechanism: lessons and directions. Parks in Transition: Biodiversity, Rural Development and the Bottom Line 2004, Published for IUCN and SASUSG by Earthscan Publications Limited, London, UK. B. Child (Ed.).
43. King, N., Damon, M., Forsyth, G., 2005. An Inventory of Current Ecosystem Service Payments, Markets, and Capacity Building in South Africa. CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa, and Forest Trends, Washington D.C., USA.
44. Kondo H., Seo N., Yasuda T., Hasizume M., Koido Y., Ninomiya N., Yamamoto Y. Post-flood-infectious disease in Mozambique. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 2002, 17:126-133.
45. Layke, C., 2009. Measuring Nature's Benefits: A Preliminary Roadmap for Improving Ecosystem Service Indicators. WRI Working Paper. World Resources Institute, Washington DC. Available online at http://www.wri.org/project/ecosystem-service-indicators.
46. Locke H., Dearden P. Rethinking protected area categories and the new paradigm. Environmental Conservation 2005, 32:1-10.
47. Machethe, C.L., Mollel, N.M., Ayisi, K., Mashatola, M.B., Anim, F.D.K., Vanasche, F., 2004. Smallholder Irrigation and Agricultural Development in the Olifants River Basin of Limpopo Province: Management Transfer, Productivity, Profitability and Food Security Issues. Report to the Water Research Commission on the Project "Sustainable Local Management of Smallholder Irrigation in the Olifants River Basin of Limpopo Province". Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
48. Marzouki M., Froger G., Ballet J. Ecotourism versus mass tourism. A comparison of environmental impacts based on ecological footprint analysis. Sustainability 2012, 4:123-140.
49. Mittermeier, R.A., Gil, P.R., Hoffmann, M., Pilgrim, J., Brooks, T., Mittermeier, C.G., Lamoreux, J., da Fonseca, G.A.B. 2005Hotspots Revisited: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions CEMEX, Mexico City.
50. Msuya F.E. The impact of seaweed farming on the socioeconomic status of coastal communities in Zanzibar, Tanzania. World Aquaculture 2011, 42:45-48.
51. Myers N., Mittermeier R.A., Mittermeier C.G., Fonseca G.A.B., Kent J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 2000, 403:853-858.
52. Naidoo R., Adamowicz W.L. Economic benefits of biodiversity exceed costs of conservation at an African rainforest reserve. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005, 102:16712-16716.
53. Naimir M. Community Forestry-Herders' decision-making in Natural Resources Management in Arid and Semi-arid Africa 1990, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome.
54. Ndoye O., Tieguhong J.C. Forest resources and rural livelihoods: the conflict between timber and non-timber forest products in the Congo Basin. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 2004, 19:36-44.
55. Nelson F., Agrawal A. Patronage or participation? community-based natural resource management reform in Sub-Saharan Africa. Development and Change 2008, 39:557-585.
56. O'Farrell P.J., De Lange W.J., Le Maitre D.C., Reyers B., Blignaut J.N., Milton S.J., Atkinson D., Egoh B., Maherry A., Colvin C., Cowling R.M. The possibilities and pitfalls presented by a pragmatic approach to ecosystem service valuation in an arid biodiversity hotspot. Journal of Arid Environments 2011, 75:612-623.
57. O'Farrell P.J., Anderson P.M.L., Le Maitre D.C., Holmes.P.M. Insights and opportunities offered by a rapid ecosystem service assessment in promoting a conservation agenda in an urban biodiversity hotspot. Ecology and Society 2012, 17(3):C7-27.
58. Pagiola S., Arcenas A., Platais G. Can payments for environmental services help reduce poverty? An exploration of the issues and the evidence to date from Latin America. World Development 2005, 33:237-253.
59. Parry M.L., Rosenzweig C., Iglesias A., Livermore M., Fischer G. Effects of climate change on global food production under SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change A 2004, 14:53-67.
60. Patz J.A., Campbell-Lendrum D., Holloway T., Foley J.A. Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature 2005, 438:310-317.
61. Powell, M.J. 2009. Restoration of Degraded Subtropical Thickets in the Baviaanskloof Mega reserve, South Africa. The role of carbon stocks and Portulacaria afra survivorship. M.Sc. Thesis. Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
62. Raemaekers S., Hauck M., Burgener M., Mackenzie A., Maharaj G., Plaganyi E.E., Britz P.J. Review of the causes of the rise of the illegal South African abalone fishery and consequent closure of the rights-based fishery. Ocean and Coastal Management 2011, 54:433-445.
63. Rebelo L.M., McCartneyand M.P., Finlayson C.M. Wetlands of Sub-Saharan Africa: distribution and contribution of agriculture to livelihoods. Wetlands Ecology and Management 2010, 8:557-572.
64. Reyers, B., Nel, J., Egoh, B., Rouget, M., Jonas, Z., 2005. A Conservation Assessment of South Africa's Grassland Biome: Integrating Terrestrial, River, Ecosystem Services and Fine Scale Priorities. CSIR Report Number: ENV-S-C 2005-102, CSIR, Stellenbosch, Cape Town.
65. Reyers B., O'Farrell P., Cowling R.M., Egoh B.N., Le Maitre D., Vlok J.H. Ecosystem services, land cover change, and stakeholders: finding a sustainable foothold for a semiarid biodiversity hotspot. Ecology and Society 2009, 14:38.
66. Rodger J.G., Balkwill K., Gemmill B. African pollination studies: where are the gaps?. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 2004, 24:5-28.
67. Rouget M., Blignaut J., Egoh B. Creating markets for ecosystem services. South African Journal of Botany 2010, 76:415.
68. Shackleton C.M., Shackleton S.E., Buiten E., Bird N. The importance of dry forests and woodlands in rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa. Forest Policy and Economics 2007, 9:558-577.
69. Sheridan M. Tanzanian ritual perimetrics and African landscapes: the Case of Dracaena. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 2008, 41:491-521.
70. Shyamsundar P., Kramer R.A. Tropical forest protection: an empirical analysis of the costs borne by local people. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 1996, 31:129-144.
71. Suich, H., Murphy, C. 2002. Crafty Women: The Livelihood Impact of Craft Income in Caprivi". DEA Research Discussion Paper 48. 31 pp. (accessed July 2012.). http://www.the-eis.com/data/RDPs/RDP48.pdf.
72. Suich H. The livelihood impacts of the Namibian community-based natural resource management programme: a meta-synthesis. Environmental Conservation 2010, 37:45-53.
73. Turpie, 1., Smith, B., Emerton, L., Barnes, I., 1999. Economic Value of the Zambezi Basin Wetlands. Report submitted to IUCN Regional Office, South Africa. pp 332.
74. Turpie J.K., Heydenrych B.J., Lamberth S.J. Economic value of terrestrial and marine biodiversity in the Cape Floristic Region: implications for defining effective and socially optimal conservation strategies. Biological Conservation 2003, 112:233-251.
75. Turpie J., Marais C., Blignaut J. The working for water programme: evolution of a payments for ES mechanism that addresses both poverty and ecosystem service delivery in South Africa. Ecological Economics 2008, 65:788-798.
76. UNEP, 2006, Africa Environment Outlook 2 (Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Program).
77. UNEP-CBD, 2012. Capacity Building Workshop for North Africa and Middle East on Economy of Biodiversity and ES. UNEP-CBD Report http://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings.
78. UNFPA 2007. State of the World Population 2007. Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth. United Nations Population Fund. New York.
79. UN-HABITAT. 2008. The State of African Cities: A framework for addressing urban challenges in Africa. United Nations Human Settlement Programme, Nairobi.
80. van Jaarsveld A.S., Biggs R., Scholes R.J., Bohensky E., Reyers B., Lynam T., Musvoto C., Fabricius C. Measuring conditions and trends in ES at multiple scales: the Southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (SAfMA) experience. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 2005, 360:425-441.
81. van Wilgen B.W., Le Maitre D.C., Cowling R.M. ES, efficiency, sustainability and equity: South Africa's working for water programme. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1998, 13:378.
82. Western D. Conservation science in Africa and the role of international collaboration. Conservation Biology 2003, 17:11-19.
83. Wise, R.M., Reyers, B., Guo, C., Midgley, G.F., de Lange, W., 2012. Costs of expanding the network of protected areas in the Cape Floristic region. Conservation Biology.
84. WRI. 2002. Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia. WRI, Washington DC.
85. Yemiru T., Roos A., Campbell B.M., Bohlin F. Forest incomes and poverty alleviation under participatory forest management in the Bale Highlands, Southern Ethiopia. International Forestry Review 2010, 12:66-77.
86. Zoomers A. Globalisation and the foreignisation of space: seven processes driving the current global land grab. Journal of Peasant Studies 2010, 37:429-447.