In-between: Adolescent refugees in exile

Broken Spirits: The Treatment of Traumatized Asylum Seekers, Refugees and War and Torture Victims

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 521-546

  Adam, Hubertus ^a   van Essen, Jelly ^b  

^a Center Hamburg Eppendorf   (Germany)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84870550807     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (67)

1. Adam, H. (1993). Terror und Gesundheit - Ein medizinischer Ansatz zum Verständnis von Folter, Flucht und Exil [Terror and health-a medical approach to understand torture, flight and exile]. Weinheim: Beltz.
2. Adam, H., Aßhauer, M., Walter, J., & Riedesser, P. (2003). Patient Flüchtlingskind: Beschreibung einer Inanspruchnahmepopulation einer kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Universitätsklinik im Vergleich zu Nicht-Flüchtlingspatienten [Patient refugee child: description of a population of a child and adolescent psychiatry university clinic compared with non-refugee patients]. Paper presented at the Common Scientific Congress of the German Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Austrian Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vienna, April 2-5, 2003.
3. Adam, H., Lucas, T., Möller, B., & Riedesser, P. (2002). Recommendations for the treatment of child-refugees and -migrants. Theoretical and practical aspects. In B. Brandt-Wilhelmy, D. Irmler, H. Adam, T. Lucas, B. Möller, & P. Riedesser (Eds.), Refugee children in Europe. Good practice guidelines: Psychosocial context, assessment and interventions for traumatized children and adolescents. London: European Council on Refugees and Exile.
4. Adelmann, A. (1995). Traumatic memory and the intergenerational transmission of Holocaust narratives. In A. Solnit, P. Neubauer, S. Abrams, & S. Dowling (Eds.), The psychoanalytic study of the child (pp. 343-367). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
5. Akhtar, S. (1995). A third individuation: Immigration, identity and the psychoanalytic process. Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association, 43, 1051-1084.
6. Almqvist, K., & Broberg, A. G. (1999). Mental health and social adjustment in young refugee children 3 years after their arrival in Sweden. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(6), 723-730.
7. American Psychiatric Association (APA). (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
8. Angel, B., Hjern, A., & Ingleby, D. (2001). Effects of war and organized violence on children: A study of Bosnian refugees in Sweden. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(1), 4-15.
9. Angenendt, S. (2000). Kinder auf der Flucht - Minderjährige Flüchtlinge in Deutschland [Children on flight-minor refugees in Germany]. Opladen: Leske & Budrich.
10. Arroyo, W., & Eth., S. (1985). Children traumatized by central American warfare. In S. Eth & R. S. Pynoos (Eds.), Post-traumatic stress disorder in children (pp. 103-117). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
11. Bala, J. (2001). Mother does not laugh any more. Therapeutic interventions with traumatised families. In M. Verwey (Ed.), Trauma and empowerment (pp. 157-169). Berlin: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung.
12. Bar-On, D. (1989). Legacy of silence. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
13. Bloch, D., Silber, E., & Perry, S. (1956). Some factors in the emotional reaction of children to disaster. American Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 416-422.
14. Bohleber, W. (Ed.). (1996). Introduction to the psychoanalytical research of adolescence. In Adolescence and identity. Stuttgart: Verlag.
15. Brucks, U. (2001). Migration in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland [Migration to the Federal Republic of Germany]. In T. Hegemann & S. Salman, (Eds.), Transkulturelle psychiatrie [Transcultural psychiatry] (pp. 41-51). Bonn: Psychiatrie-Verlag.
16. Danieli, Y. (1981, September-October). Different adaptational styles in families of survivors of the nazi Holocaust: Some implications for treatment. Children Today, 10, 6-10.
17. Di Nicola, V. (1997). A stranger in the family: Culture, families, and therapy. New York and London: W. W. Norton.
18. Eisenbruch, M. (1991). From posttraumatic stress disorder to cultural bereavement: Diagnosis of Southeast Asian refugees. Social Science & Medicine, 33, 673-680.
19. Erdheim, M. (1988). Psychoanalysis and the unconciousness of the culture. Frankfurt: M. Suhrkamp.
20. Eth, S., & Pynoos, R. (Eds.). (1985). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
21. Fazel, M., & Stein, A. (2002). The mental health of refugee children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 87(5), 366-370.
22. Finkelhor, D. (1995). The victimization of children: A developmental perspective. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65, 177-193.
23. Freud, A. (1949). Kriegskinder [Children in war]. In A. Freud (Ed.), Die Schriften der Anna Freud [ The writings of Anna Freud], Bd. 2 (pp. 496-561). München: Kindler.
24. Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1996). The effects of political violence on Palestinian children's behavior problems: A risk accumulation model. Child Development, 67, 33-45.
25. Garmezy, N., & Rutter, M. (1985). Acute reaction to stress. In M. Rutter & L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern approaches (2nd ed., pp. 152-176). London: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
26. German Committee for UNICEF [Deutsches Komitee für UNICEF] (Ed.). (2001). Zur Situation der Kinder in der Welt [The situation of the world's children]. Frankfurt/M.: Fischer.
27. Geuns, H. (1987). The concept of organized violence. In Ministry of Welfare, Health and Cultural Affairs (Eds.), Health hazards of organized violence (pp. 7-10). The Hague, Netherlands: Ministry of Welfare, Health and Cultural Affairs.
28. Grinberg, L., & Grinberg, R. (1989). Psychoanalytic perspectives on migration and exile. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
29. Groen-Prakken, H. (1997). Traumatisering en ontwikkelingsinterferenties bij kinderen in en na de Tweede Wereldoorlog [Traumatisation and developmental interferences in children during and after World War 2]. In T. de Ridder & S. vd Veen (Eds.), Oorlogskinderen toen en nu. Aspecten van problematiek en behandeling (pp. 10-26). Utrecht: Icodo.
30. Herzog, J. M. (1996). Übermittlung eines Traumas: Unbewußte Phantasie und deren Auslösung durch die äußere Realität, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung auf den Holocaust [Transmission of trauma: fantasy and external reality in view of the fact of the Holocaust]. Psyche, 6, 548-563.
31. Hjern, A., & Angel, B. (2000). Organized violence and mental health of refugee children in exile: A six-year follow-up. Acta Paediatrica, 89(6), 722-727.
32. Jensen, P., & Shaw, J. (1993). Children as victims of war: Current knowledge and future research needs. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 697-708.
33. Keilson, H. (1979). Sequentielle Traumatisierung bei Kindern [Sequential trauma-tization of children]. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag.
34. Kestenberg, J. (1983). Survivor parents and their children. In M. Bergmann & M. Jucovy (Eds.), Generations of the Holocaust (pp. 83-101). New York: Basic Books.
35. Kinzie, J. D., Sack, W. H., Angell, R., Clarke, G., & Rath, B. (1989). A three-year follow-up of Cambodian young people traumatized as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 501-504.
36. Kinzie, J. D., Sack, W. H., Angell, R. H., Manson, S., & Rath, B. (1986). The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children: I. The children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 370-376.
37. Kogan, I. (1995). Listening to the sound of mute children. In Stiftung für Kinder (Ed.), selected and compiled by H. Adam, P. Riedesser, H. Riquelme, A. Verderber, & J. Walter, Children - War and persecution (pp. 95-102). Osnabrück: Secolo.
38. Kouratovsky, V. (1996). Migratie- en etnisch/cultuur-specifieke aspecten bij de diagnostiek en therapie van kinderen en jeugdigen [Migration and ethnic/ cultural specific aspects in diagnosis and treatment of children and youngsters]. In J. Joop & M.vd Berg (Eds.), Transculturele psychiatrie en psychotherapie (pp. 185-203). Lisse: Swets en Zeitlinger.
39. Kuterovac, G., Dyregrov, A., & Stuvland, R. (1994). Children in war: A silent majority under stress. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 67, 363-375.
40. Macksoud, M. S., & Aber, J. L. (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67, 70-88.
41. Maltas, C., & Shay, J. (1995). Trauma contagion in partners of survivors of childhood sexual abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65(4), 529-539.
42. Papageorgiou, V., Frangou-Garunovic, A., Iordanidou, R., Yule, W., Smith, P., & Vostanis, P. (2000). War trauma and psychopathology in Bosnian refugee children. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 9, 84-90.
43. Perrin, S., Smith, P., & Yule, W. (2000). Practitioner review: The assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41 (3), 277-289.
44. Perry, B. D., Pollard, R., Blakely, T., Baker, W., & Vigilante, D. (1995). Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation and "use dependent" development of the brain: How "states" become "traits." Infant Mental Health Journal, 16(4), 271-291.
45. Pfefferbaum, B. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(11), 1503-1511.
46. Punamaki, R. L. (2000). Personal and family resources promoting resiliency among children suffering from military violence. In L. van Willigen (Ed.), Health hazards of organized violence in children (II). Coping and protective factors (pp. 29-42). Utrecht: Stichting Pharos.
47. Pynoos, R. S. (1996, March). The transgenerational repercussions of traumatic expectations. Paper presented at the 6th IPA Conference on Psychoanalytic Research, London.
48. Rosenthal, G. (1995). Erlebte und erzählte Lebensgeschichte. Gestalt und Struktur biographischer Selbstbeschreibungen [Lived and told life history. Form and structure of biographical narratives]. Frankfurt: Campus.
49. Ssikići, W. H., Clarke, G., Him, C., Dickason, D., Goff, B., Lanham, K., & Kinzie J. D. (1993). A 6-year follow-up study of Cambodian refugee adolescents traumatized as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(2), 431-437.
50. Sack, W. H., Him, C., & Dickason, D. (1999). Twelve-year follow-up study of Khmer youths who suffered massive war trauma as children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1173-1179.
51. Saigh, P. A. (1991). The development of post-traumatic stress disorder following four different types of traumatization. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 213-216.
52. Schepker, R. (1997). Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung im Kindesalter - Diagnose, Verlaufsprädiktoren und therapeutische Strategien [Posttraumatic stress disorder in childhood-diagnosis, predictors and therapeutical strategies]. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, 25, 46-56.
53. Seligman, M. E. P., Maier, S. F., & Geer, J. (1968). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco: Freeman.
54. Sikic, N., Javornik, N., Stracenski, M., Bunjevac, T., & Buljan-Flander, G. (1997). Psychopathological differences among three groups of school children affected by the war in Croatia. Acta med. Croatica, 51, 143-149.
55. Smith, P., Perrin, S., Yule, W., Hacam, B., & Stuvland, R. (2002). War exposure among children from Bosnia-Hercegovina: Psychological adjustment in a community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(2), 147-156.
56. Solomon, J. (1942). Reactions of children to blackouts. American Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 12, 361-362.
57. Terr, L. (1979). Children of Chowchilla. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 34, 547-623.
58. Terr, L. (1991). Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 10-20.
59. Thabet, A., & Vostanis, P. (1998). Social adversities and anxiety disorders in the Gaza Strip. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 78(5), 439-442.
60. UNHCR, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2004). http://www.unhcr.de/pdf/355.pdf (3.5.2004).
61. United Nations. (1969). United Nations Treaty Series (translation). Convention concerning the powers of authorities and the law applicable in respect of the protection of infants (concluded at The Hague October 5, 1961). Translation as published in the United Nations Treaty Series, 1969, pp. 145ff.
62. van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, A. C., & Weisaeth, L. (Eds.) (1996). Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York: Guilford Publications.
63. van der Veer, G. (1998). Counseling and therapy with refugees. Psychological problems of victims of war, torture and repression. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
64. van Essen, J. (1998, April 15-20). Of fatherland and motherland: Love and hate in adolescent refugees. Presented at the IPA Conference at the Threshold of the Millennium, Lima, Peru.
65. van Essen, J. (1999). The capacity to live alone: Unaccompanied refugee minors in the Netherlands. Mind and Human Interaction, 10(1), 26-35.
66. World Health Organization (WHO). (1991). Tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases, Chapter V (F): Mental and Behavioural Disorders (including diorders of psychological development). Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. H. Dilling, W. Mombour, & M. H. Schmidt (Eds.). Bern: Hans Huber.
67. Zeiler, J. (1997). Psychiatrische Diagnostik bei Migranten - Typische Fehlerquellen [Psychiatric diagnosis of migrants-typical sources of error]. T-&-E-Neurologie-Psychiatrie, 11, 889-891.