메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 478-484

Heart rate and blood pressure: Any possible implications for management of hypertension

Author keywords

Antihypertensive agents; Augmentation index; Beta blockers; Cardiovascular disease; Central blood pressure; Chronic kidney disease; CKD; Heart rate; Hypertension; Peripheral blood pressure; Pulse wave velocities; PWV; Stroke

Indexed keywords

AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CARVEDILOL; DIHYDROPYRIDINE; DILTIAZEM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; FOSINOPRIL; ISOPRENALINE; LOSARTAN; METOPROLOL; NEBIVOLOL; PERINDOPRIL; PLACEBO; RAMIPRIL; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; VALSARTAN; VERAPAMIL;

EID: 84870518727     PISSN: 15226417     EISSN: 15343111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-012-0306-3     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (87)

References (59)
  • 1
    • 84864717733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in prevalence, awareness, management, and control of hypertension among united states adults, 1999 to 2010
    • Guo F, He D, Zhang W, Walton RG. Trends in prevalence, awareness, management, and control of hypertension among United States adults, 1999 to 2010. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(7):599-606.
    • (2012) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.60 , Issue.7 , pp. 599-606
    • Guo, F.1    He, D.2    Zhang, W.3    Walton, R.G.4
  • 2
    • 79952444246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the united states: A policy statement from the american heart association
    • Heidenreich PA, Trogdon JG, Khavjou OA, et al. Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123(8):933-44.
    • (2011) Circulation , vol.123 , Issue.8 , pp. 933-44
    • Heidenreich, P.A.1    Trogdon, J.G.2    Khavjou, O.A.3
  • 3
    • 0030034592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure and endstage renal disease in men
    • Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Randall BL, et al. Blood pressure and endstage renal disease in men. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(1):13-8.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.334 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-8
    • Klag, M.J.1    Whelton, P.K.2    Randall, B.L.3
  • 4
    • 0037079309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agespecific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: A meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies
    • Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Agespecific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1903-13.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , Issue.9349 , pp. 1903-13
    • Lewington, S.1    Clarke, R.2    Qizilbash, N.3    Peto, R.4    Collins, R.5
  • 5
    • 0347423198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure
    • Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42 (6):1206-52.
    • (2003) Hypertension , vol.42 , Issue.6 , pp. 1206-52
    • Chobanian, A.V.1    Bakris, G.L.2    Black, H.R.3
  • 6
    • 0035922441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy
    • Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):861-9.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , Issue.12 , pp. 861-9
    • Brenner, B.M.1    Cooper, M.E.2    De Zeeuw, D.3
  • 7
    • 0035922447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes
    • Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345 (12):851-60.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , Issue.12 , pp. 851-60
    • Lewis, E.J.1    Hunsicker, L.G.2    Clarke, W.R.3
  • 8
    • 15244356578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do elderly systolic heart failure patients benefit from beta blockers to the same extent as the non-elderly? Meta-analysis of >12,000 patients in largescale clinical trials
    • Dulin BR, Haas SJ, Abraham WT, Krum H. Do elderly systolic heart failure patients benefit from beta blockers to the same extent as the non-elderly? Meta-analysis of >12,000 patients in largescale clinical trials. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(7):896-8.
    • (2005) Am J Cardiol , vol.95 , Issue.7 , pp. 896-8
    • Dulin, B.R.1    Haas, S.J.2    Abraham, W.T.3    Krum, H.4
  • 9
    • 83155181579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of elevated heart rate in the development of cardiovascular disease in hypertension
    • This article provides a comprehensive review of the current literature regarding heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension
    • Palatini P. Role of elevated heart rate in the development of cardiovascular disease in hypertension. Hypertension. 2011;58 (5):745-50. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current literature regarding heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension.
    • (2011) Hypertension. , vol.58 , Issue.5 , pp. 745-50
    • Palatini, P.1
  • 10
    • 33747380968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate as a predictor of development of sustained hypertension in subjects screened for stage 1 hypertension: The harvest study
    • Palatini P, Dorigatti F, Zaetta V, et al. Heart rate as a predictor of development of sustained hypertension in subjects screened for stage 1 hypertension: the HARVEST Study. J Hypertens. 2006;24 (9):1873-80.
    • (2006) J Hypertens. , vol.24 , Issue.9 , pp. 1873-80
    • Palatini, P.1    Dorigatti, F.2    Zaetta, V.3
  • 11
    • 0032800958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between heart rate and other risk factors in a large french population
    • Morcet JF, Safar M, Thomas F, Guize L, Benetos A. Associations between heart rate and other risk factors in a large French population. J Hypertens. 1999;17(12 Pt 1):1671-6.
    • (1999) J Hypertens , vol.17 , Issue.12 PART 1 , pp. 1671-6
    • Morcet, J.F.1    Safar, M.2    Thomas, F.3    Guize, L.4    Benetos, A.5
  • 12
    • 0038711037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective investigation of autonomic nervous system function and the development of type 2 diabetes: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study, 1987-1998
    • Carnethon MR, Golden SH, Folsom AR, Haskell W, Liao D. Prospective investigation of autonomic nervous system function and the development of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study, 1987-1998. Circulation. 2003;107(17):2190-5.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , Issue.17 , pp. 2190-2195
    • Carnethon, M.R.1    Golden, S.H.2    Folsom, A.R.3    Haskell, W.4    Liao, D.5
  • 13
    • 84857626451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of heart rate to predict cardiac events in treated patients with high-risk systemic hypertension
    • A secondary analysis of the VALUE trial indicates that baseline and in-trial heart rate are risk factors for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. The findings are consistent in subjects with controlled and uncontrolled blood pressure.
    • Julius S, Palatini P, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Usefulness of heart rate to predict cardiac events in treated patients with high-risk systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:685-92. A secondary analysis of the VALUE trial indicates that baseline and in-trial heart rate are risk factors for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. The findings are consistent in subjects with controlled and uncontrolled blood pressure.
    • (2012) Am J Cardiol. , vol.109 , pp. 685-92
    • Julius, S.1    Palatini, P.2    Kjeldsen, S.E.3
  • 14
    • 33746318124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in subjects with prehypertension
    • King DE, Everett CJ, Mainous 3rd AG, Liszka HA. Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in subjects with prehypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19(8):796-800.
    • (2006) Am J Hypertens. , vol.19 , Issue.8 , pp. 796-800
    • King, D.E.1    Everett, C.J.2    Mainous III, A.G.3    Liszka, H.A.4
  • 15
    • 75949148922 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of central aortic and peripheral artery pressure curves
    • Kavanagh-Gray D. Comparison of central aortic and peripheral artery pressure curves. Can Med Assoc J. 1964;90:1468-71.
    • (1964) Can Med Assoc J , vol.90 , pp. 1468-71
    • Kavanagh-Gray, D.1
  • 16
    • 33750318148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: Methodological issues and clinical applications
    • Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, et al. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(21):2588-605.
    • (2006) Eur Heart J , vol.27 , Issue.21 , pp. 2588-605
    • Laurent, S.1    Cockcroft, J.2    Van Bortel, L.3
  • 17
    • 76749127509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aortic pwv in chronic kidney disease: A cric ancillary study
    • In 2564 subjects in CRIC, increased aortic PWV was found to be associated with older age, elevated blood pressure, and lower eGFR.
    • Townsend RR, Wimmer NJ, Chirinos JA, et al. Aortic PWV in chronic kidney disease: a CRIC ancillary study. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(3):282-9. In 2564 subjects in CRIC, increased aortic PWV was found to be associated with older age, elevated blood pressure, and lower eGFR.
    • (2010) Am J Hypertens , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 282-9
    • Townsend, R.R.1    Wimmer, N.J.2    Chirinos, J.A.3
  • 18
    • 0035714567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients
    • Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2001;37(5):1236-41.
    • (2001) Hypertension. , vol.37 , Issue.5 , pp. 1236-41
    • Laurent, S.1    Boutouyrie, P.2    Asmar, R.3
  • 19
    • 38049063083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markers of arterial stiffness are risk factors for progression to end-stage renal disease among patients with chronic kidney disease stages 4 and 5
    • Taal MW, Sigrist MK, Fakis A, Fluck RJ, McIntyre CW. Markers of arterial stiffness are risk factors for progression to end-stage renal disease among patients with chronic kidney disease stages 4 and 5. Nephron Clin Pract. 2007;107(4):c177-81.
    • (2007) Nephron Clin Pract , vol.107 , Issue.4
    • Taal, M.W.1    Sigrist, M.K.2    Fakis, A.3    Fluck, R.J.4    McIntyre, C.W.5
  • 20
    • 84870257287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical assessment of central blood pressure
    • Miyashita H. Clinical assessment of central blood pressure. Curr Hypertens Rev. 2012;8(2):80-90.
    • (2012) Curr Hypertens Rev , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 80-90
    • Miyashita, H.1
  • 21
    • 84863749504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central blood pressure and chronic kidney disease progression
    • Cohen DL, Townsend RR. Central blood pressure and chronic kidney disease progression. Int J Nephrol. 2011;2011:407801.
    • (2011) Int J Nephrol , vol.2011 , pp. 407801
    • Cohen, D.L.1    Townsend, R.R.2
  • 22
    • 0026645065 scopus 로고
    • Increased systolic pressure in chronic uremia. Role of arterial wave reflections
    • London G, Guerin A, Pannier B, et al. Increased systolic pressure in chronic uremia. Role of arterial wave reflections. Hypertension. 1992;20(1):10-9.
    • (1992) Hypertension , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 10-9
    • London, G.1    Guerin, A.2    Pannier, B.3
  • 23
    • 40049099871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of heart rate on wave reflections may be determined by the level of aortic stiffness: Clinical and technical implications
    • Papaioannou TG, Vlachopoulos CV, Alexopoulos NA, et al. The effect of heart rate on wave reflections may be determined by the level of aortic stiffness: clinical and technical implications. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(3):334-40.
    • (2008) Am J Hypertens , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 334-40
    • Papaioannou, T.G.1    Vlachopoulos, C.V.2    Alexopoulos, N.A.3
  • 24
    • 34248650961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociation between central augmentation index and carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity: When and why?
    • Protogerou AD, Safar ME. Dissociation between central augmentation index and carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity: when and why? Am J Hypertens. 2007;20(6):648-9.
    • (2007) Am J Hypertens , vol.20 , Issue.6 , pp. 648-9
    • Protogerou, A.D.1    Safar, M.E.2
  • 25
    • 77954814318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with central haemodynamics: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, O'Rourke MF, et al. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with central haemodynamics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(15):1865-71.
    • (2010) Eur Heart J , vol.31 , Issue.15 , pp. 71
    • Vlachopoulos, C.1    Aznaouridis, K.2    O'Rourke, M.F.3
  • 26
    • 34250875202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than does brachial pressure: The strong heart study
    • Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kizer JR, et al. Central pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than does brachial pressure: the Strong Heart Study. Hypertension. 2007;50(1):197-203.
    • (2007) Hypertension , vol.50 , Issue.1 , pp. 197-203
    • Roman, M.J.1    Devereux, R.B.2    Kizer, J.R.3
  • 27
    • 0032709652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similarities and differences between augmentation index and pulse wave velocity in the assessment of arterial stiffness
    • Yasmin, Brown MJ. Similarities and differences between augmentation index and pulse wave velocity in the assessment of arterial stiffness. QJM. 1999;92(10):595-600.
    • (1999) QJM , vol.92 , Issue.10 , pp. 595-600
    • Yasmin1    Brown, M.J.2
  • 28
    • 0036158334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate dependency of pulse pressure amplification and arterial stiffness
    • Wilkinson IB, Mohammad NH, Tyrrell S, et al. Heart rate dependency of pulse pressure amplification and arterial stiffness. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15(1 Pt 1):24-30.
    • (2002) Am J Hypertens , vol.15 , Issue.1 PART 1 , pp. 24-30
    • Wilkinson, I.B.1    Mohammad, N.H.2    Tyrrell, S.3
  • 29
    • 0034657775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of heart rate on augmentation index and central arterial pressure in humans
    • Wilkinson IB, MacCallum H, Flint L, et al. The influence of heart rate on augmentation index and central arterial pressure in humans. J Physiol. 2000;525(Pt 1):263-70.
    • (2000) J Physiol , vol.525 , Issue.PART 1 , pp. 263-70
    • Wilkinson, I.B.1    MacCallum, H.2    Flint, L.3
  • 30
    • 1642297408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validity of pulse pressure and augmentation index as surrogate measures of arterial stiffness during beta-adrenergic stimulation
    • Lemogoum D, Flores G, Van den Abeele W, et al. Validity of pulse pressure and augmentation index as surrogate measures of arterial stiffness during beta-adrenergic stimulation. J Hypertens. 2004;22 (3):511-7.
    • (2004) J Hypertens , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 511-7
    • Lemogoum, D.1    Flores, G.2    Van Den Abeele, W.3
  • 31
    • 0029005591 scopus 로고
    • Different effects of fosinopril and atenolol on wave reflections in hypertensive patients
    • Chen CH, Ting CT, Lin SJ, et al. Different effects of fosinopril and atenolol on wave reflections in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 1995;25(5):1034-41.
    • (1995) Hypertension , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 1034-41
    • Chen, C.H.1    Ting, C.T.2    Lin, S.J.3
  • 32
    • 1642575219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of different antihypertensive drug classes on central aortic pressure
    • Morgan T, Lauri J, Bertram D, Anderson A. Effect of different antihypertensive drug classes on central aortic pressure. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17(2):118-23.
    • (2004) Am J Hypertens , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 118-23
    • Morgan, T.1    Lauri, J.2    Bertram, D.3    Anderson, A.4
  • 33
    • 77952950611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amlodipinevalsartan combination decreases central systolic blood pressure more effectively than the amlodipine-atenolol combination: The explor study
    • Among patients already on amlodipine, a larger decrease in aortic systolic blood pressure, central pulse pressure, and augmentation index was observed with the addition of valsartan compared to atenolol. Brachial blood pressure reduction was similar in both arms.
    • Boutouyrie P, Achouba A, Trunet P, Laurent S. Amlodipinevalsartan combination decreases central systolic blood pressure more effectively than the amlodipine-atenolol combination: the EXPLOR study. Hypertension. 2010;55(6):1314-22. Among patients already on amlodipine, a larger decrease in aortic systolic blood pressure, central pulse pressure, and augmentation index was observed with the addition of valsartan compared to atenolol. Brachial blood pressure reduction was similar in both arms.
    • (2010) Hypertension , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 1314-22
    • Boutouyrie, P.1    Achouba, A.2    Trunet, P.3    Laurent, S.4
  • 34
    • 51449099674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-blockers for primary prevention of heart failure in patients with hypertension. Insights from a meta-analysis
    • Bangalore S, Wild D, Parkar S, et al. Beta-blockers for primary prevention of heart failure in patients with hypertension. Insights from a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1062-72.
    • (2008) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.52 , pp. 1062-72
    • Bangalore, S.1    Wild, D.2    Parkar, S.3
  • 35
    • 83055180598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carvedilol reduces aortic wave reflection and improves left ventricularvascular coupling: A comparison with atenolol (central study)
    • The authors demonstrated an increase in augmentation pressure and augmentation index in atenolol treated patients compared to those treated with carvedilol after 4 weeks of therapy. Reductions in central blood pressure and brachial pressures were similar in both groups.
    • Shah NK, Smith SM, Nichols WW, et al. Carvedilol reduces aortic wave reflection and improves left ventricular/vascular coupling: a comparison with atenolol (CENTRAL Study). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13(12):917-24. The authors demonstrated an increase in augmentation pressure and augmentation index in atenolol treated patients compared to those treated with carvedilol after 4 weeks of therapy. Reductions in central blood pressure and brachial pressures were similar in both groups.
    • (2011) J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) , vol.13 , Issue.12 , pp. 917-24
    • Shah, N.K.1    Smith, S.M.2    Nichols, W.W.3
  • 36
    • 79956343749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of nebivolol and metoprolol on central aortic pressure and left ventricular wall thickness
    • Kampus P, Serg M, Kals J, et al. Differential effects of nebivolol and metoprolol on central aortic pressure and left ventricular wall thickness. Hypertension. 2011;57(6):1122-8. Randomized controlled trial of 80 patients comparing the vasodilating beta-blocker nebivolol to metoprolol. Both agents similarly reduced brachial blood pressure and heart rate; however reductions in central blood pressure and pulse pressure were seen in the nebivolol arm.
    • (2011) Hypertension. , vol.57 , Issue.6 , pp. 1122-8
    • Kampus, P.1    Serg, M.2    Kals, J.3
  • 37
    • 44349118138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-blockers reduce aortic stiffness in hypertension but nebivolol, not atenolol, reduces wave reflection
    • Mahmud A, Feely J. Beta-blockers reduce aortic stiffness in hypertension but nebivolol, not atenolol, reduces wave reflection. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(6):663-7.
    • (2008) Am J Hypertens , vol.21 , Issue.6 , pp. 663-7
    • Mahmud, A.1    Feely, J.2
  • 38
    • 0345492460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The international verapamil-trandolapril study (invest): A randomized controlled trial
    • Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, et al. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290(21):2805-16.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , Issue.21 , pp. 2805-16
    • Pepine, C.J.1    Handberg, E.M.2    Cooper-DeHoff, R.M.3
  • 39
    • 0034730027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and betablockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: The nordic diltiazem (nordil) study
    • Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, et al. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and betablockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet. 2000;356 (9227):359-65.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , Issue.9227 , pp. 359-65
    • Hansson, L.1    Hedner, T.2    Lund-Johansen, P.3
  • 40
    • 0037160968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (life): A randomised trial against atenolol
    • Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359(9311):995- 1003.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , Issue.9311 , pp. 995-1003
    • Dahlof, B.1    Devereux, R.B.2    Kjeldsen, S.E.3
  • 41
    • 0026512315 scopus 로고
    • Medical research council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: Principal results
    • Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. MRC Working Party. BMJ. 1992;304(6824):405-12.
    • (1992) MRC Working Party. BMJ , vol.304 , Issue.6824 , pp. 405-12
  • 42
    • 70049104365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baseline heart rate antihypertensive treatment and prevention of cardiovascular outcomes in ascot (anglo-scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial)
    • Poulter NR, Dobson JE, Sever PS, et al. Baseline heart rate, antihypertensive treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular outcomes in ASCOT (Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(13):1154-61. This large sub-study of the ASCOT trial analyzed the effect of heart rate in hypertensive patients without CVD. The authors compared amlodipine-based antihypertensive regimens to atenolol-based antihypertensive regimens and demonstrated a reduction in cardiovascular events in the amlodipine arms at all levels of heart rate.
    • (2009) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.54 , Issue.13 , pp. 1154-61
    • Poulter, N.R.1    Dobson, J.E.2    Sever, P.S.3
  • 43
    • 53949086528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of beta-blockerinduced heart rate lowering and cardioprotection in hypertension
    • Bangalore S, Sawhney S, Messerli FH. Relation of beta-blockerinduced heart rate lowering and cardioprotection in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(18):1482-9.
    • (2008) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.52 , Issue.18 , pp. 1482-9
    • Bangalore, S.1    Sawhney, S.2    Messerli, F.H.3
  • 44
    • 60749084417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should nephrologists use beta-blockers? A perspective
    • Kalaitzidis R, Bakris G. Should nephrologists use beta-blockers? A perspective. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(3):701-2.
    • (2009) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 701-2
    • Kalaitzidis, R.1    Bakris, G.2
  • 45
    • 33645518432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: Principal results of the conduit artery function evaluation (cafe) study
    • Williams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM, et al. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study. Circulation. 2006;113(9):1213-25.
    • (2006) Circulation , vol.113 , Issue.9 , pp. 1213-25
    • Williams, B.1    Lacy, P.S.2    Thom, S.M.3
  • 46
    • 65649153181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of heart rate on central aortic pressures and hemodynamics: Analysis from the cafe (conduit artery function evaluation) study: Cafe-heart rate
    • Results of this study demonstrate an inverse relationship between heart rate and central aortic pressures, whereas lowering heart rate with treatment for hypertension resulted in elevated central aortic pressure.
    • Williams B, Lacy PS. Impact of heart rate on central aortic pressures and hemodynamics: analysis from the CAFE (Conduit Artery Function Evaluation) study: CAFE-Heart Rate. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(8):705-13. Results of this study demonstrate an inverse relationship between heart rate and central aortic pressures, whereas lowering heart rate with treatment for hypertension resulted in elevated central aortic pressure.
    • (2009) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.54 , Issue.8 , pp. 705-13
    • Williams, B.1    Lacy, P.S.2
  • 47
    • 67651121815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations of resting heart rate with insulin resistance, cardiovascular events and mortality in chronic kidney disease
    • Beddhu S, Nigwekar SU, Ma X, Greene T. Associations of resting heart rate with insulin resistance, cardiovascular events and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24 (8):2482-8.
    • (2009) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.24 , Issue.8 , pp. 2482-8
    • Beddhu, S.1    Nigwekar, S.U.2    Ma, X.3    Greene, T.4
  • 48
    • 77049112022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in adults with ckd: Results from thechronic renal insufficiency cohort (cric) study
    • Muntner P, Anderson A, Charleston J, et al. Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in adults with CKD: results from theChronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55(3):441-51.
    • (2010) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.55 , Issue.3 , pp. 441-51
    • Muntner, P.1    Anderson, A.2    Charleston, J.3
  • 49
    • 33644855606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients stratified by baseline glomerular filtration rate
    • Rahman M, Pressel S, Davis BR, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients stratified by baseline glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(3):172-80.
    • (2006) Ann Intern Med , vol.144 , Issue.3 , pp. 172-80
    • Rahman, M.1    Pressel, S.2    Davis, B.R.3
  • 50
    • 77955983561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central pulse pressure in chronic kidney disease: A chronic renal insufficiency cohort ancillary study
    • Townsend RR, Chirinos JA, Parsa A, et al. Central pulse pressure in chronic kidney disease: a chronic renal insufficiency cohort ancillary study. Hypertension. 2010;56(3):518-24.
    • (2010) Hypertension , vol.56 , Issue.3 , pp. 518-24
    • Townsend, R.R.1    Chirinos, J.A.2    Parsa, A.3
  • 51
    • 0037145856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: Results from the aask trial
    • Wright Jr. JT, Bakris G, Greene T, et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA. 2002;288(19):2421-31.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , Issue.19 , pp. 2421-31
    • Wright Jr., J.T.1    Bakris, G.2    Greene, T.3
  • 52
    • 0029928495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task force of the european society of cardiology and the north american society of pacing and electrophysiology
    • Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation. 1996;93(5):1043-65.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.93 , Issue.5 , pp. 1043-65
  • 53
    • 77956548299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability predicts esrd and ckd-related hospitalization
    • Brotman DJ, Bash LD, Qayyum R, et al. Heart rate variability predicts ESRD and CKD-related hospitalization. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(9):1560-70.
    • (2010) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.21 , Issue.9 , pp. 1560-70
    • Brotman, D.J.1    Bash, L.D.2    Qayyum, R.3
  • 54
    • 0036888350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marked abnormalities in heart rate variability are associated with progressive deterioration of renal function in type i diabetic patients with overt nephropathy
    • Burger AJ, D'Elia JA, Weinrauch LA, Lerman I, Gaur A. Marked abnormalities in heart rate variability are associated with progressive deterioration of renal function in type I diabetic patients with overt nephropathy. Int J Cardiol. 2002;86(2-3):281-7.
    • (2002) Int J Cardiol , vol.86 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 281-7
    • Burger, A.J.1    D'Elia, J.A.2    Weinrauch, L.A.3    Lerman, I.4    Gaur, A.5
  • 55
    • 0034641646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low heart rate variability in a 2-minute rhythm strip predicts risk of coronary heart disease and mortality from several causes: The aric study. Atherosclerosis risk in communities
    • Dekker JM, Crow RS, Folsom AR, et al. Low heart rate variability in a 2-minute rhythm strip predicts risk of coronary heart disease and mortality from several causes: the ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities. Circulation. 2000;102(11):1239-44.
    • (2000) Circulation , vol.102 , Issue.11 , pp. 1239-44
    • Dekker, J.M.1    Crow, R.S.2    Folsom, A.R.3
  • 56
    • 0032798518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of physical training on heart rate variability in patients on hemodialysis
    • Deligiannis A, Kouidi E, Tourkantonis A. Effects of physical training on heart rate variability in patients on hemodialysis. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84(2):197-202.
    • (1999) Am J Cardiol , vol.84 , Issue.2 , pp. 197-202
    • Deligiannis, A.1    Kouidi, E.2    Tourkantonis, A.3
  • 57
    • 0032054874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and beta-blocker therapy on heart rate variability after first acute myocardial infarction
    • Malfatto G, Facchini M, Sala L, et al. Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and beta-blocker therapy on heart rate variability after first acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81 (7):834-40.
    • (1998) Am J Cardiol , vol.81 , Issue.7 , pp. 834-40
    • Malfatto, G.1    Facchini, M.2    Sala, L.3
  • 58
    • 34548319461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between cardiac autonomic dysfunction and inflammation in type 1 diabetic patients: Effect of beta-blockade
    • Lanza GA, Pitocco D, Navarese EP, et al. Association between cardiac autonomic dysfunction and inflammation in type 1 diabetic patients: effect of beta-blockade. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(7):814-20.
    • (2007) Eur Heart J , vol.28 , Issue.7 , pp. 814-20
    • Lanza, G.A.1    Pitocco, D.2    Navarese, E.P.3
  • 59
    • 20844462103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is interview a reliable method to verify the compliance with antihypertensive therapy? An international central-european study
    • Fodor GJ, Kotrec M, Bacskai K, et al. Is interview a reliable method to verify the compliance with antihypertensive therapy? An international central-European study. J Hypertens. 2005;23 (6):1261-6.
    • (2005) J Hypertens , vol.23 , Issue.6 , pp. 1261-6
    • Fodor, G.J.1    Kotrec, M.2    Bacskai, K.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.