Management of Barrett's oesophagus and intramucosal oesophageal cancer: A review of recent development

Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology

Volumn 5, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 285-299

  Rajendra, Shanmugarajah ^a   Sharma, Prateek ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Ablative therapy; Barrett's oesophagus; Barrett's surveillance; GORD; Oesophageal cancer

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL OBESITY; ABLATION THERAPY; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; BODY MASS; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHROMOENDOSCOPY; CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY; CRYOTHERAPY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DNA CONTENT; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL RESECTION; ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY; ERADICATION THERAPY; ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA; ESOPHAGEAL PH MONITORING; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HIATUS HERNIA; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTESTINE METAPLASIA; INTRAMUCOSAL ESOPHAGEAL CANCER; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LOWER ESOPHAGUS SPHINCTER; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SURVIVAL RATE; TETRAPLOIDY; UPREGULATION;

EID: 84870409742     PISSN: 1756283X     EISSN: 17562648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1756283X12446668     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. AGA. (2011) American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on the management of Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 140: 1084–1091.
2. Badreddine R.J. Prasad G.A. Lewis J.T. Lutzke L.S. Borkenhagen L.S. Dunagan K.T. et al. (2010) Depth of submucosal invasion does not predict lymph node metastasis and survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8: 248–253.
3. Bhat S. Coleman H.G. Yousef F. Johnston B.T. McManus D.T. Gavin A.T. et al. (2011) Risk of malignant progression in Barrett's esophagus patients: results from a large population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 103: 1049–1057.
4. Buskens C.J. Westerterp M. Lagarde S.M. Bergman J.J. ten Kate F.J. van Lanschot J.J. (2004) Prediction of appropriateness of local endoscopic treatment for high-grade dysplasia and early adenocarcinoma by EUS and histopathologic features. Gastrointest Endosc 60: 703–710.
5. Cook M.B. Wild C.P. Forman D. (2005) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the sex ratio for Barrett's oesophagus, erosive reflux disease and nonerosive reflux disease. Am J Epidemiol 162: 1050–1061.
6. Conio M. Repici A. Cestari R. Blanchi S. Lapertosa G. Missale G. et al. (2005) Endoscopic mucosal resection for high grade dysplasia and intramucosal carcinoma in Barrett’ s esophagus: an Italian experience. World J Gastroenterol 11: 6650–6655.
7. Cooper B.T. Chapman W. Neumann C.S. Gearty J.C. (2006) Continuous treatment of Barrett's oesophagus patients with proton pump inhibitors up to 13 years: observations on regression and cancer incidence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23: 727–733.
8. Corley D.A. Kubo A. Levin T.R. Block G. Habel L. Rumore G. et al. (2009) Race, ethnicity, sex and temporal differences in Barrett's oesophagus diagnosis: a large community-based study, 1994–2006. Gut 58: 182–188.
9. Corley D.A. Kerlikowske K. Verma R. Buffler P. (2003) Protective association of aspirin/NSAID's and oesophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 124: 47–56.
10. Dent J. El-Serag H.B. Wallander M.A. Johansson S. (2005) Epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut 54: 710–717.
11. Dresner S.M. Griffin S.M. Wayman J. Bennett M.K. Hayes N. Raimes S.A. (2003) Human model of duodenogastro-oesophageal reflux in the development of Barrett's metaplasia. Br J Surg 90: 1120–1128.
12. Dulai G.S. Shekelle PG. Jensen D.M. Spiegel B.M. Chen J. Oh D. et al. (2005) Dysplasia and risk of further neoplastic progression in a regional Veterans Administration Barrett's cohort. Am J Gastroenterol 100: 775–783.
13. Edelstein Z.R. Bronner M.P. Rosen S.N. Vaughan T.L. (2009) Risk factors for Barrett's oesophagus among patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a community clinic-based case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 104: 834–842.
14. Edelstein Z.R. Farrow D.C. Bronner M.P. Rosen S.N. Vaughan T.L. (2007) Central adiposity and risk of Barrett's oesophagus. Gastroenterology 133: 403–411.
15. Ell C. May A. Pech O. Gossner L. Gossner L. Guenter E. et al. (2007) Curative endoscopic resection of early esophageal adenocarcinomas (Barrett's cancer). Gastrointest Endosc 65: 3–10.
16. Eloubeidi M.A. Desmond R. Arguedas M.R. Reed C.E. Wilcox C.M. (2002) Prognostic factors for the survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma in the US: the importance of tumour length and lymph node status. Cancer 95: 1434–1443.
17. El-Serag H.B. Agguire T.V. Davis S. Kuebeler M. Bhattacharyya A. Sampliner R.E. (2004) Proton pump inhibitors are associated with reduced incidence of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 99: 1877–1883.
18. Familiari L. Scaffidi M. Bonica M. Consolo P. Giacobbe G. Fichera D. et al. (2003) Endoscopic treatment of Barrett's epithelium with argon plasma coagulation. Long-term follow-up. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 49: 63–70.
19. Fitzgerald R.C. Onwuegbusi B.A. Bajaj-Elliott M. Saeed IT. Burnham W.R. Farthing M.J. (2002) Diversity in the oesophageal phenotypic response to gastro-oesophageal reflux: immunological determinants. Gut 50: 451–59.
20. Fleischer D. Odze R. Overholt B.F. Carroll J. Chang K.J. Das A. et al. (2010) The case for endoscopic treatment of non-dysplastic and low-grade dysplastic Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 55: 1918–1931.
21. Galipeau P.C. Li X. Blount P.L. (2007) NSAIDs modulate CDKN 2A, TP 53 and DNA content risk for future esophageal adenocarcinoma. PLoS Med 4: e67.
22. Gatenby P. Ramus J. Caygill C. Shepherd N. Winslet M. Watson A. (2009) Routinely diagnosed low-grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus: a population-based study of natural history. Histopathology 54: 814–819.
23. Gerson L.B. Boparai V. Ullah N. Triadafilopoulos G. (2004) Oesophageal and gastric pH profiles in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's oesophagus treated with proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 20: 637–643.
24. Giovannini M. Bories E. Pesenti C. Moutardier V. Monges G. Danisi C. et al. (2004) Circumferential endoscopic mucosal resection in Barrett's esophagus with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia or mucosal cancer. Preliminary results in 21 patients. Endoscopy 36: 782–787.
25. Greenwald B.D. Dumot J.A. (2011) Cryotherapy for Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 27: 363–367.
26. Gupta N. Gaddam S. Wani S.B. Bansal A. Rastogi A. Sharma P. (2011) Longer Barrett's inspection time (BIT) is associated with a higher detection rate of high grade dysplasia (HGD) and early esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Gastroenterology 140: S-198–S-199.
27. Heath E.L. Canto M.I. Pianttadosi S. Montgomery E. Weinstein W.M. Herman J.G. et al. (2007) Secondary chemoprevention of Barrett's esophagus with celecoxib: results of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 99: 545–557.
28. Heitmiller R.F. Redmond M. Hamilton S.R. (1996) Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. An indication for prophylactic esophagectomy. Ann Surg 224: 66–71.
29. Holscher A.H. Bollschweiler E. Schneider P.M. Siewert J.R. (1997) Early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Br J Surg 84: 1470–1473.
30. Hvid-Jensen F. Pedersen L. Drewes A.M. Sørensen H.T. Funch-Jensen P. (2011) Incidence of adenocarcinoma among patients with Barrett's esophagus. N Engl J Med 365: 1375–1383.
31. Jankowski J. (1993) Gene expression in Barrett's mucosa: acute and chronic adaptive response in the oesophagus. Gut 34: 1649–1650.
32. Jankowski J. Zagorowicz E. (2006) In: Ed. Sharma P. Sampliner R. (eds), Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. London: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 60–72.
33. Jankowski J.A. Wright N.A. Meltzer S.J. Triadafilopoulos G. Geboes K. Casson A.G. et al. (1999) Molecular evolution of the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence in the esophagus. Am J Pathol 154: 965–973.
34. Kahrilas P.J. (2011) The problems with surveillance of Barrett's esophagus. N Engl J Med 365: 1437–1438.
35. Kadri S.R. Lao-Sirieix P. O'Donovan M. Debiram I. Das M. Blazeby JM. et al. (2010) Acceptability and accuracy of a non-endoscopic screening test for Barrett's oesophagus in primary care: cohort study. BMJ 341: c4372.
36. Kara M.A. Peters F.P. Rosmolen W.D. Krishnadath K.K. ten Kate F.J. Fockens P. et al. (2005) High-resolution endoscopy plus chromoendoscopy or narrow-band imaging in Barrett's esophagus: a prospective randomized crossover study. Endoscopy 37: 929–936.
37. Larghi A. Lightdale C.J. Memeo L. Bhagat G. Okpara N. Rotterdam H. (2005) EUS followed by EMR for staging of high-grade dysplasia and early cancer in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 62: 16–23.
38. Larghi A. Lightdale C.J. Ross A.S. Fedi P. Hart J. Rotterdam H. et al. (2007) Long-term follow-up of complete Barrett's eradication endoscopic mucosal resection (CBE-EMR) for the treatment of high grade dysplasia and intramucosal carcinoma. Endoscopy 39: 1086–1091.
39. Lim C.H. Treanor D. Dixon M.F. Axon A.T. (2007) Low-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus has a high risk of progression. Endoscopy 39: 581–587.
40. Liu L. Hofstetter W.L. Rashid A. Swisher S.G. Correa A.M. Ajani J.A. et al. (2005) Significance of the depth of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis in superficially invasive (T1) esophageal adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 29: 1079–1085.
41. Lyday W.D. Corbett F.S. Kuperman D.A. Kalvaria I. Mavrelis PG. Shughoury A.B. et al. (2010) Radiofrequency ablation of Barrett's esophagus: outcomes of 429 patients from a multicenter community practice registry. Endoscopy 42: 272–278.
42. Manner H. May A. Pech O. Gossner L. Rabenstein T. Günter E. et al. (2008) Early Barrett's carcinoma with ‘low-risk’ submucosal invasion: long-term results of endoscopic resection with a curative intent. Am J Gastroenterol 103: 2589–2597.
43. McClave S.A. Boyce H.W. Jr Gottfried M.R. (1987) Early diagnosis of columnar-lined esophagus: a new endoscopic criterion. Gastrointest Endosc 33: 413–416.
44. Mino-Kenudson M. Bruge W.R. Puricelli W.P. Nakatsuka L.N. Nishioka N.S. Zukerberg L.R. et al. (2005) Management of superficial Barrett's epithelium-related neoplasms by endoscpic mucosal resection: clinicopathologic analysis of 27 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 29: 670–676.
45. Ngamruengphong S. Sharma V.K. Das A. (2009) Diagnostic yield of methylene blue chromoendoscopy for detecting specialized intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 69: 1021–1028.
46. Nguyen D.M. El, Serag H.B. Henderson L. Stein D. Bhattacharyya A. Sampliner R.E. (2009) Medication usage and risk of neoplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 7: 1299–1304.
47. Nguyen D.M. Richardson P. El Serag H.B. (2010) Medications (NSAID, Statins, PPI) and the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 138: 2260–2266.
48. Nigro J.J. Hagen J.A. de Meester T.R. Theisen J. Peters J.H. Kiyabu M. (1999) Occult esophageal adenocarcinoma: extent of disease and implications for effective therapy. Ann Surg 230: 433–438.
49. Nijhawan P.K. Wang K.K. (2000) Endoscopic mucosal resection for lesions with endoscopic features suggestive of malignancy and high-grade dysplasia within Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 52: 328–332.
50. Orlando R.C. (2006) Mucosal defence in Barrett's esophagus. In: Ed. Sharma P. Sampliner R. (eds), Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. London: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 60–72.
51. Overholt B.F. Lightdale C.J. Wang K.K. Canto M.I. Burdick S. Haggitt R.C. et al. (2005) Photodynamic therapy with porfimer sodium for ablation of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: international, partially blinded, randomized Phase III trial. Gastrointest. Endosc 62: 488–498.
52. Overholt B.F. Wang K.K. Burdick J.S. Lightdale C.J. Kimmey M. Nava H.R. et al. (2007) International photodynamic for high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Five-year efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy with Photofrin in Barrett's high-grade dysplasia. Gastrointest Endosc 66: 460–468.
53. Pech O. Behrens A. May A. Gossner L. Rabenstein T. Manner H. et al. (2008) Long-term results and risk factor analysis for recurrence after curative endoscopic therapy in 349 patients with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and mucosal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 57: 1200–1206.
54. Pech O. Gunter E. Ell C. (2009) Endosonography of high-grade intra-epithelial neoplasia/early cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 23: 639–647.
55. Peters F.T. Ganesh S. Kuipers E.J. Sluiter W.J. Klinkenberg-Knol E.C. Lamers C.B. et al. (1999) Endoscopic regression of Barrett's oesophagus during omeprazole treatment; a randomised double blind study. Gut 45: 489–494.
56. Peters F.P. Kara M.A. Rosmolen W.D. ten Kate F.J. Krishnadath K.K. van Lanschot J.J. et al. (2006) Stepwise radical endoscopic resection is effective for compete removal of Barrett's esophagus with early neoplasia: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 101: 1449–1457.
57. Playford R.J. (2006) New British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Gut 55: 442.
58. Pohl H. Welch G. (2005) The role of overdiagnosis and reclassification in the marked increase of esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 97: 142–146.
59. Pouw R.E. Gondrie J.J. Sondermeijer C.M. ten Kate F.J. van Gulik T.M. Krishnadath K.K. et al. (2008) Eradication of Barrett's oesophagus with early neoplasia by radiofrequency ablation, with or without endoscopic resection. J Gastrointest Surg 12: 1627–1636.
60. Pondugula K. Wani S. Sharma P. (2007) Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma in adults: long-term GERD or something else? Curr Gastroenterol Rep 9: 468–474.
61. Provenzale D. Kemp J.A. Arora S. Wong J.B. (1994) A guide for surveillance of patients with Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 89: 670–680.
62. Ragunath K. Krasner N. Raman V.S. Haqqani M.T. Phillips C.J. Cheung I. (2005) Endoscopic ablation of dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus comparing argon plasma coagulation and photodynamic therapy: a randomized prospective trial assessing efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Scand J Gastroenterol 40: 750–758.
63. Rajendra S. (2006) Immunomodulatory effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Barrett's oesophagus. Lancet Oncol 7: 103–104.
64. Rajendra S. Ackroyd R. Karim N. Mohan C. Ho J.J. Kutty M.K. (2006) Loss of HLA class I and gain of class II expression are early events in carcinogenesis – clues from a study of Barrett's oesophagus. J Clin Pathol 59: 952–957.
65. Rajendra S. Robertson I.K. (2010) Similar immunogenetics of Barrett's oesophagus and cervical neoplasia: Is HPV the common denominator? J Clin Pathol 63: 1–3.
66. Rajendra S. Sharma P. (2011) Barrett's esophagus and cancer risk: a more realistic estimate. Semin Thorac and Cardiovasc Surg 2012; in press.
67. Rastogi A. Puli S. El-Serag H.B. Bansal A. Wani S. Sharma P. (2008) Incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with Barrett's esophagus and high-grade dysplasia: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 67: 394–398.
68. Reid B.J. Blount P.L. Feng Z. Levine D.S. (2000) Optimizing endoscopic biopsy detection of early cancers in Barrett's high grade dysplasia. Am J Gastroenterol 95: 3089–3096.
69. Reid B.J. Li X. Galipeau P. Vaughan T.L. (2010) Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: time for a new synthesis. Nat Rev Cancer 10: 87–101.
70. Rembacken B.J. Gotoda D. Fuji T. Axon A.T.R. (2001) Endoscopic mucosal resection. Endoscopy 33: 709–718.
71. Rex D.K. Cummings O.W. Shaw M. Cumings M.D. Wong R.K. Vasudeva R.S. et al. (2003) Screening for Barrett's esophagus in colonoscopy patients with and without heartburn. Gastroenterology 125: 1670–1677.
72. Rice T.W. Falk G.W. Achkar E. Petras R.E. (1993) Surgical management of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 88: 1832–1836.
73. Riddell R.H. Goldman H. Ransohoff D.F. Appelman H.D. Fenoglio C.M. Haggitt R.C. et al. (1983) Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications. Hum Pathol 14: 931–968.
74. Ronkainen J. Aro T. Storskrubb S.E. Johansson S.E. Lind T. Bolling-Sternevald E. Vieth M. et al. (2005) Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the general population: an endoscopic study. Gastroenterology 129: 1825–1831.
75. Rudolph R.E. Vaughan T.L. Storer B.E. Haggitt R.C. Rabinovitch P.S. Levine D.S. (2000) Effect of segment length on risk for neoplastic progression in patients with Barrett esophagus. Ann Int Med 132: 612–620.
76. Schnell T.G. Sontag S.J. Chejfec G. Aranha G. Metz A. O'Connell S. et al. (2001) Long term nonsurgical management of Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastroenterology 120: 1607–1619.
77. Seewald S. Akaraviputh T. Seitz U. Brand B. Groth S. Mendoza G. et al. (2003) Circumferential EMR and complete removal of Barrett's epithelium: a new approach to management of Barrett's esophagus containing high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and intramucosal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 57: 854–859.
78. Shaheen N.J. Crosby M.A. Bozymski E.M. Sandler R.S. (2000) Is there publication bias in the reporting of cancer risk in Barrett's esophagus? Gastroenterology 119: 333–338.
79. Shaheen N.J. Greenwald B.D. Peery A.F. Dumot J.A. Nishioka N.S. Wolfsen H.C. et al. (2010) Safety and efficacy of endoscopic spray cryotherapy for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastrointest Endosc 71: 680–685.
80. Shaheen N.J. Sharma P. Overholt B.F. Wolfsen H.C. Sampliner R.E. Wang K.K. et al. (2009) Radiofrequency ablation in Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia. N Engl J Med 360: 2277–2288.
81. Sharma P. (2009) Barrett's esophagus. N Engl J Med 361: 2548–2556.
82. Sharma P. Dent J. Armstrong D. Bergman J.J. Gossner L. Hoshihara Y. et al. (2006 a) The development and validation of an endoscopic grading system for Barrett's esophagus: the Prague C & M criteria. Gastroenterology 131: 1392–1399.
83. Sharma P. Falk G.W. Weston A.P. Reker D. Johnston M. Sampliner R.E. et al. (2006 b) Dysplasia and cancer in a large multicenter cohort of patients with Barrett's esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4: 566–572.
84. Sharma P. McQuaid K. Dent J. Fennerty M.B. Sampliner R. Spechler S. et al. (2004) A critical review of the diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus: the AGA Chicago Workshop. Gastroenterology 127: 310–330.
85. Sharma P. Morales T.G. Sampliner R.E. (1998) Short segment Barrett's esophagus. The need for standardization of the definition and of endoscopic criteria. Am J Gastroenterol 131: 1392–1399.
86. Sharma V.K. Kim H.J. Das A. Dean P. de Petris G. Fleischer D.E. (2008) A prospective pilot trial of ablation of Barrett's esophagus with low-grade dysplasia using stepwise circumferential and focal ablation (HALO system). Endoscopy 40: 380–387.
87. Singh M. Wani S. Sharma P. (2011) Endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus. In: Ed. Wu G.Y. Sridhar S. (eds), Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures in Gastroenterology. New York: Humana Press, pp. 11–32.
88. Skacel M. Petras R.E. Gramlich T.L. Sigel J.E. Richter J.E. Goldblum J.R. (2000) The diagnosis of low-grade-dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus and its implications for disease progression. Am J Gastroenterol 95: 3383–3387.
89. Spechler S. Sharma P. Souza R.F. Inadomi J.M. Shaheen N.J. (2011) American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the management of Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 140: e18–e52.
90. Stein H.J. Feith M. Bruecher B.L. Naehrig J. Sarbia M. Siewert J.R. (2005) Early esophageal cancer: pattern of lymphatic spread and prognostic factors for long-term survival after surgical resection. Ann Surg 242: 566–573.
91. Tokar J.L. Haluszka O. Weinberg D.S. (2006) Endoscopic therapy of dysplasia and early-stage cancers of the esophagus. (2006) Semin Radiat Oncol 17: 10–21.
92. Tomizawa Y. Wang K.K. (2009) Screening, surveillance and prevention for oesophageal cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 38: 59–73, viii.
93. Vakil N. van Zanten S.V. Kahrilas P. Dent J. Jones R. (2006) The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol 101: 1900–1920.
94. van der Burgh A. Dees J. Hop W.C.J. van Blankenstein M. (1996) Oesophageal cancer is an uncommon cause of death in patients with Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 39: 5–8.
95. van Lanschot J.J.B. Hulscher J.B.F. Buskens C.J. Tilanus H.W. ten Kate F.J. Obertop H. (2001) Hospital volume and hospital mortality for esophagectomy. Cancer 91: 1574–1578.
96. Vaughan T.L. Dong L.M. Blount P.L. Ayub K. Odze R.D. Sanchez C.A. (2005) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of neoplastic progression in Barrett's oesophagus: a prospective study. Lancet Oncol 6: 945–952.
97. Veith M. (2007) Low-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus-an innocent bystander? Contra Endosc 39: 647–649.
98. Vij R. Triadafilopoulos G. Owens D.K. Kunz P. Sanders G.D. (2004) Cost-effectiveness of photodynamic therapy for high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 60; 739–756.
99. Wang K.K. Sampliner R.E. (2008) Updated guidelines 2008 for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 103: 788–797.
100. Wani S. Puli S.R. Shaheen N.J. Westhoff B. Slehria S. Bansal A. et al. (2009) Esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus after endoscopic ablative therapy: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 104: 502–513.
101. Westerterp M. Koppert L.B. Buskens C.J. Tilanus H.W. ten Kate F.J. Bergman J.J. et al. (2005) Outcome of surgical treatment for early adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastro-esophageal junction. Virchows Arch 446: 497–504.
102. Westhoff B. Brotze S. Weston A. McElhinney C. Cherian R. Mayo M.S. (2005) The frequency of Barrett's oesophagus in high-risk patients with chronic GERD. Gastrointest Endosc 61: 226–231.
103. Weston A.P. Sharma P. Topalovski M. Richards R. Cherian R. Dixon A. (2009). Long term follow up of Barrett's high-grade dysplasia. Am J Gastroenterol 95: 1888–1893.
104. Wolfsen H.C. Hemminger L.L. Wallace M.B. Devault K.R. (2004) Clinical experience of patients undergoing photodynamic therapy for Barrett's dysplasia or cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 20: 1125–1131.
105. Yousef F. Cardwell C. Canwell M. Galway K. Johnston B.T. Murray L. (2008) The incidence of esophageal cancer and high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 168: 237–249.