Acute phase proteins in acute coronary syndrome: An up-to-date

Cardiovascular and Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 352-361

  Correale, Michele ^a   Totaro, Antonio ^a   Abruzzese, Silvia ^a   di Biase, Matteo ^a   Brunetti, Natale Daniele ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FOGGIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Acute coronary syndrome; Acute myocardial infarction; Acute phase proteins; Acute phase reactants; Atherosclerosis; Inflammation sensitive plasma proteins

Indexed keywords

ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN; ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN; ALPHA1 GLYCOPROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN B; ATORVASTATIN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CD40 LIGAND; CERULOPLASMIN; COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR 1; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C4; HAPTOGLOBIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 8; IVABRADINE; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; PENTRAXIN 3; PLACEBO; ROSUVASTATIN; SERUM AMYLOID A; SIMVASTATIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ATHEROMA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY COLLATERAL CIRCULATION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ACUTE-PHASE PROTEINS; HUMANS; INFANT; INFLAMMATION;

EID: 84870263956     PISSN: 18715257     EISSN: 18756182     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152512803530298     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Hartford, M.; Wiklund, O.; Hultén, L.M.; Persson, A.; Karlsson, T.; Herlitz, J.; Hulthe, J.; Caidahl, K. Interleukin-18 as a predictor of future events in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2010, 30(10), 2039-2046.
2. Correale, M.; Brunetti, N.D.; De Gennaro, L.; Di Biase, M. Acute phase proteins in atherosclerosis (Acute Coronary Syndrome). Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem., 2008, 6(4), 272-277.
3. Ridker PM., Inflammation in atherothrombosis: how to use highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in clinical practice. Am. Heart. Hosp. J., 2004, 2(4 Suppl.1), 4-9.
4. Brunetti, N.D.; Munno, I.; Pellegrino, P.L.; Ruggero, V.; Correale, M.; De Gennaro, L.; Cuculo, A.; Campanale, E.G.; Di Biase, M. Inflammatory cytokines imbalance in the very early phase of acute coronary syndrome: correlations with angiographic findings and in-hospital events. Inflammation, 2011, 34(1), 58-66.
5. Poole, J.C.; Florey, H.W.J. Changes in the endothelium of the aorta and the behaviour of macrophages in experimental atheroma of rabbits. Pathol. Bacteriol., 1958, 75, 245-251.
6. Libby, P. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2006, 83(2), 456S-460S.
7. Gimbrone, M.A.; Topper, J.N.; Nagel, T.; Anderson, K.R.; Garcia Cardena, G.; Endothelial dysfunction, hemodynamic forces, and atherogenesis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2000, 902, 230-239, discussion 239-240.
8. Clinton, S.K.; Underwood, R.; Hayes, L.; Sherman, M.L.; Kufe, D.W.; Libby, P. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene expression in vascular cells and in experimental and human atherosclerosis. Am. J. Pathol., 1992, 140, 301-316.
9. Rosenfeld, M.E.; Yla-Herttuala, S.; Lipton, B.A.; Ord, V.A.; Witztum, J.L.; Steinberg, D. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA and protein in atherosclerotic lesions of rabbits and humans. Am. J. Pathol., 1992, 140, 291-300.
10. Mach, F.; Schonbeck, U.; Sukhova, G.K.; Atkinson, E.; Libby, P. Reduction of atherosclerosis in mice by inhibition of CD40 signalling. Nature, 1998, 394, 200-203.
11. Amento, E.P.; Ehsani, N.; Palmer, H.; Libby, P. Cytokines and growth factors positively and negatively regulate interstitial collagen gene expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler. Thromb., 1991, 11, 1223-1230.
12. Sukhova, G.K.; Schönbeck, U.; Rabkin, E.; Schoen, F.J.; Poole, A.R.; Billinghurst, R.C.; Libby, P. Evidence for increased collagenolysis by interstitial collagenases-1 and -3 in vulnerable human atheromatous plaques. Circulation, 1999, 99, 2503-2509.
13. Horton, D.B.; Libby, P.; Schonbeck, U. Ligation of CD40 onvascular smooth muscle cells mediates loss of interstitial collagen via matrix metalloproteinase activity. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2001, 947, 329-336.
14. Gabay, C.; Kushner, I. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med., 1999, 340(6), 448-454.
15. Ruminy, P.; Gangneux, C.; Claeyssens, S.; Scotte, M.; Daveau, M.; Salier, J.P.; Gene transcription in hepatocytes during the acute phase of a systemic inflammation: from transcription factors to target genes. Inflamm. Res., 2001, 50(8), 383-390.
16. Steel, D.M.; Whitehead, A.S. The major acute phase reactants: Creactive protein, serum amyloid P component and serum amyloid A protein. Immunol. Today, 1994, 15, 80-88.
17. Smith, R.P.; Lipworth, B.J.; Cree, I.A.; Spiers, E.M.; Winter, J.H. C-reactive protein: a clinical marker in community acquired pneumonia. Chest, 1995, 108, 1288-1291.
18. Smith, R.P.; Lipworth, B.J. C-reactive protein in simple community acquired pneumonia. Chest, 1995, 107, 1028-1031.
19. Yin, X.; Knecht, D.A.; Lynes, M.A. Metallothionein mediates leukocyte chemotaxis. BMC Immunol., 2005, 6, 21.
20. Myles, D.A.; Rule, S.A.; DeLucas, L.J.; Babu, Y.S.; Xu, Y.; Volanakis, J.E.; Bugg, C.E.; Bailey, S.; Greenhough, T.J. Rotation function studies of human C-reactive protein. J. Mol. Biol., 1990, 216(3), 491-496.
21. Agrawal, A.; Suresh, M.V.; Singh, S.K.; Ferguson, D.A., Jr. The protective function of human C-reactive protein in mouse models of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Endocr. Metab. Immune. Disord. Drug Targets, 2008, 8(4), 231-237.
22. Kluve-Beckerman, B.; Long, G.L.; Benson, M.D. DNA sequence evidence for polymorphic forms of human serum amyloid A (SAA). Biochem. Genet., 1986, 24(11-12), 795-803.
23. Patel, H.; Bramall, J.; Waters, H.; De Beer, M.C.; Woo, P. Expression of recombinant human serum amyloid A in mammalian cells and demonstration of the region necessary for high-density lipoprotein binding and amyloid fibril formation by site-directed mutagenesis. Biochem. J., 1996, 318(Pt. 3), 1041-1049.
24. Urieli-Shoval, S.; Shubinsky, G.; Linke, R.P.; Fridkin, M.; Tabi, I.; Matzner, Y. Adhesion of human platelets to serum amyloid A. Blood, 2002, 99(4), 1224-1229.
25. Linke, R.P.; Bock, V.; Valet, G.; Rothe, G. Inhibition of the oxidative burst response of N-formyl peptide-stimulated neutrophils by serum amyloid-A protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1991, 176(3), 1100-1105.
26. Emsley, J.; White, H.E.; O'Hara, B.P.; Oliva, G.; Srinivasan, N.; Tickle, I.J.; Blundell, T.L.; Pepys, M.B.; Wood, S.P. Structure of pentameric human serum amyloid P component. Nature, 1994, 367(6461), 338-345.
27. Garlanda, C.; Bottazzi, B.; Bastone, A.; Mantovani, A. Pentraxins at the crossroads between innate immunity, inflammation, matrix deposition, and female fertility. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2005, 23, 337-366.
28. Nauta, A.J.; Bottazzi, B.; Mantovani, A.; Salvatori, G.; Kishore, U.; Schwaeble, W.J.; Gingras, A.R.; Tzima, S.; Vivanco, F.; Egido, J.; Tijsma, O.; Hack, E.C.; Daha, M.R.; Roos, A. Biochemical and functional characterization of the interaction between pentraxin 3 and C1q. Eur. J. Immunol., 2003, 33(2), 465-473.
29. Salustri, A.; Garlanda, C.; Hirsch, E.; De Acetis, M.; Maccagno, A.; Bottazzi, B.; Doni, A.; Bastone, A.; Mantovani, G.; Beck Peccoz, P.; Salvatori, G.; Mahoney, D.J.; Day, A.J.; Siracusa, G.; Romani, L.; Mantovani, A. PTX3 plays a key role in the organization of the cumulus oophorus extracellular matrix and in in vivo fertilization. Development, 2004, 131(7), 1577-1586.
30. Kotooka, N.; Inoue, T.; Fujimatsu, D.; Morooka, T.; Hashimoto, S.; Hikichi, Y.; Uchida, T.; Sugiyama, A.; Node, K. Pentraxin 3 is a novel marker for stent-induced inflammation and neointimal thickening. Atherosclerosis, 2008, 197, 368-374.
31. Isaacson, P.; Jones, D.B.; Judd, M.A. Alpha 1-antitrypsin in human macrophages. Lancet, 1979, 2(8149), 964-965.
32. Kushner, I. The acute phase response: an overview. Methods Enzymol., 1988, 163, 373-383.
33. Hill, A.T.; Campbell, E.J.; Ward, A.M.; Stockley, R.A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with and without alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: management practices in the U.K. Respir. Med., 1999, 93(7), 481-490.
34. Carrell, R.W.; Jeppsson, J.O.; Laurell, C.B.; Brennan, S.O.; Owen, M.C. Structure and variation of human 1-antitrypsin. Nature, 1982. 298, 329-334.
35. Sörensson, J.; Matejka, G.L.; Ohlson, M.; Haraldsson, B. Human endothelial cells produce orosomucoid, an important component of the capillary barrier. Am. J. Physiol., 1999, 276(2 Pt. 2), H530-534.
36. Moshage, H. Cytokines and the hepatic acute phase response. J. Pathol., 1997, 181(3), 257-266.
37. Fournier, T.; Medjoubi, N.; Porquet, D. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2000, 1482, 157-171.
38. Schultz, D.R.; Arnold, P.I. Properties of four acute phase proteins: C-reactive protein, serum amyloid a protein, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, and fibrinogen. Semin. Arthritis Rheum., 1990, 20, 129-147.
39. Braeckman, L.; De Bacquer, D.; Delanghe, J.; Claeys, L.; De Backer, G. Associations between haptoglobin polymorphism, lipids, lipoproteins and inflammatory variables. Atherosclerosis, 1999, 143, 383-388.
40. Langlois, M.; Delanghe, J. Biological and clinical significance of haptoglobin polymorphism in humans. Clin. Chem., 1996, 46, 1589-600.
41. Menkes, J.H. Menkes disease and Wilson disease: two sides of the same copper coin. Part II: Wilson disease. Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol., 1999, 3, 245-253.
42. Sahu, A.; Lambris, J.D. Structure and biology of complement protein C3, a connecting link between innate and acquired immunity. Immunol. Rev., 2001, 180, 35-48.
43. Dunkelberger, J.R.; Song, W.C. Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Cell Res., 2010, 20(1), 34-50.
44. Ridker, P.M.; Cushman, M.; Stampfer, M.J.; Tracy, R.P.; Hennekens, C.H. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N. Engl. J. Med., 1997, 336, 973-979.
45. Engström, G.; Lind, P.; Hedblad, B.; Stavenow, L.; Janzon, L.; Lindgärde, F. Effects of cholesterol and inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins on incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke in men. Circulation, 2002, 105, 2632-2637.
46. Greenland, P.; Gidding, S.S.; Tracy, R.P. Commentary: lifelong prevention of atherosclerosis: the critical importance of major risk factor exposures. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2002, 31, 1129-1134.
47. Biasucci, L.M.; Santamaria, M.; Liuzzo, G. Inflammation, atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes. Minerva Cardioangiol., 2002, 50(5), 475-486.
48. Inoue, K.; Sugiyama, A.; Reid, P.C.; Ito, Y.; Miyauchi, K.; Mukai, S.; Sagara, M.; Miyamoto, K.; Satoh, H.; Kohno, I.; Kurata, T.; Ota, H.; Mantovani, A.; Hamakubo, T.; Daida, H.; Kodama, T. Establishment of a high sensitivity plasma assay for human pentraxin3 as a marker for unstable angina pectoris. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2007, 27(1), 161-167.
49. Inoue, K. Pentraxin 3. Rinsho Byori, 2011, 59(7), 694-701.
50. Kume, N.; Mitsuoka, H.; Hayashida, K.; Tanaka, M. Pentraxin 3 as a biomarker for acute coronary syndrome: comparison with biomarkers for cardiac damage. J. Cardiol., 2011, 58(1), 38-45.
51. Engström, G.; Lind, P.; Hedblad, B.; Stavenow, L.; Janzon, L.; Lindgärde, F. Long-term effects of inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins and systolic blood pressure on incidence of stroke. Stroke, 2002, 33, 2744-2749.
52. Lind, P.; Hedblad, B.; Stavenow, L.; Janzon, L.; Eriksson, K.F.; Lindgärde, F. Influence of plasma fibrinogen levels on the incidence of myocardial infarction and death is modified by other inflammation-sensitive proteins: a long-term cohort study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2001, 21, 452-458.
53. Engström, G.; Stavenow, L.; Hedblad, B.; Lind, P.; Eriksson, K.F.; Janzon, L.; Lindgärde, F. Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins, diabetes, and mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a population-based study. Diabetes, 2003, 52, 442-447.
54. Engström, G.; Lind, P.; Hedblad, B.; Wollmer, P.; Stavenow, L.; Janzon, L.; Lindgärde, F. Lung function and cardiovascular risk: relationship with inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins. Circulation, 2002, 106, 2555-2560.
55. Engstrom, G.; Stavenow, L.; Hedblad, B.; Lind, P.; Tyden, P.; Janzon, L.; Lindgarde, F. Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins and incidence of myocardial infarction in men with low cardiovascular risk. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2003, 23(12), 2247-2251.
56. Engström, G.; Hedblad, B.; Stavenow, L.; Lind, P.; Janzon, L.; Lindgärde, F. Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins are associated with future weight gain. Diabetes, 2003, 52, 2097-2101.
57. Giardina, E.G.; Raby, K.; Freilich, D.; Vita, J.; Brem, R.; Louie, M. Time course of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and its relation to myocardial enzymes after acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol., 1985, 56(4), 262-265.
58. Chapelle, J.P.; Albert, A.; Smeets, J.P.; Heusghem, C.; Kulbertus, H.E. The prognostic significance of serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein changes in acute myocardial infarction. Clin. Chim. Acta, 1981, 115(2), 199-209.
59. Brunetti, N.D.; Pellegrino, P.L.; Correale, M.; De Gennaro, L.; Cuculo, A.; Di Biase, M. Acute phase proteins and systolic dysfunction in subjects with acute myocardial infarction. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis, 2008, 26(3), 196-202.
60. Brunetti, N.D.; Padalino, R.; De Gennaro, L.; Cuculo, A.; Ziccardi, L.; Pellegrino, P.L.; Di Biase, M. Acute phase proteins activation in subjects with coronary atherosclerosis and micro-vessel coronary circulation impairment. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis, 2009, 28(1), 50-56.
61. Ziakas, A.; Gavrilidis, S.; Giannoglou, G.; Souliou, E.; Koskinas, K.; Gemitzis, K.; Hatzimiltiadis, S., Efthimiadis, G.; Paraskevaidis, S.; Hatzitolios, A.; Savopoulos, C.; Parharidis, G. Kinetics and prognostic value of inflammatory-sensitive protein, IL-6, and white blood cell levels in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation. Med. Sci. Monit., 2009, 15(4), CR177-184.
62. Kuller, L.H.; Tracy, R.P.; Shaten, J.; Meilahn, E.N.; for the MRFIT Research Group. Relation of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am. J. Epidemiol., 1996, 144, 537-547.
63. Held, C.; Hjemdahl, P.; Hakan Wallen, N.; Bjorkander, I.; Forslund, L.; Wiman, B.; Rehnqvist N. Inflammatory and hemostatic markers in relation to cardiovascular prognosis in patients with stable angina pectoris. Results from the APSIS study. The Angina Prognosis Study in Stockholm. Atherosclerosis, 2000, 148, 179-188.
64. Brunetti, N.D.; Munno, I.; Pellegrino, P.L.; Ruggiero, V.; Correale, M.; Cuculo, A., De Gennaro, L.; Campanale, G.; Mavilio, G.; Ziccardi, L.; Di Biase, M. Inflammatory cytokines imbalance after coronary angioplasty: links with coronary atherosclerosis. J. Interv. Cardiol. 2007, 20(4), 248-257.
65. Mori, T.; Sasaki, J.; Kawaguchi, H.; Handa, K.; Takada, Y.; Matsunaga, A.; Kono, S.; Arakawa, K. Serum glycoproteins and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Am. Heart. J., 1995, 129(2), 234-238.
66. Lobritto, S.J.; Lewin, B.; Behari, A.; Abrahams, J.; Decklebaum, R.J.; Sturley, S.L. In vitro and in vivo interaction of alpha-1-antitrypsin with low density lipoprotein, implications for atherosclerosis. Circulation, 1998, 98, I-108.
67. Mashiba, S.; Wada, Y.; Takeya, M.; Sugiyama, A.; Hamakubo, T.; Nakamura, A.; Noguchi, N.; Niki, E.; Izumi, A.; Kobayashi, M.; Uccida, K.; Kodama, T. In vivo complex formation of oxidized alpha(1)-antitrypsin and LDL. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2001, 21, 1801-1808.
68. Syvanne, M.; Taskinen, M.R.; Niemine Manninen, V.; Kesaniemi, Y.A.; Pasternack, A.; Nawrocki, J.W.; Haber, H.; Frick, M.H. A study to determine the response of coronary atherosclerosis to raising low high density lipoprotein cholesterol with a fibricacid derivative in men after coronary bypass surgery. The rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the LOCAT Study. Lopid Coronary Angiography Trial. Control. Clin. Trials., 1997, 18, 93-119.
69. Steiner, G.; Stewart, D.; Hosking, J.D. Baseline characteristics of the study population in the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study (DAIS). World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Study of Atherosclerosis in Diabetes. Am. J. Cardiol., 1999, 84, 1004-1010.
70. Talmud, P.J.; Martin, S.; Steiner, G.; Flavell, D.M.; Whitehouse, D.B.; Nagl, S. Jackson, R.; Taskinen, M.R.; Frick, M.H.; Nieminen, M.S.; Kesäniemi, Y.A.; Pasternack, A.; Humphries, S.E.; Syvänne, M. Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study Investigators. Progression of atherosclerosis is associated with variation in the alpha1-antitrypsin gene. Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2003, 23(4), 644-649.
71. Dahl, M.; Tybjærg-Hansen, A.; Sillesen, H.; Jensen, G.; Steffensen, R.; Nordestgaard, Blood pressure, risk of ischemic cerebrovascular and ischemic heart disease, and longevity in alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. B.G. Circulation, 2003, 107, 747-752.
72. Elzouki, A.N.; Ahlgren, A.R.; Länne, T.; Sonesson, B.; Eriksson, S. Is there a relationship between abdominal aortic aneurysms and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZ). Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg., 1999, 17, 149-154.
73. Bernard, D.R.; Langlois, M.R.; Delanghe, J.R.; De Buyzere, M.L. Evolution of haptoglobin concentration in serum during the early phase of acute myocardial infarction. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem., 1997, 35(2), 85-88.
74. Brunetti, N.D.; Correale, M.; Pellegrino, P.L.; Cuculo, A.; Di Biase, M. Acute phase proteins in patients with acute coronary syndrome: Correlations with diagnosis, clinical features, and angiographic findings. Eur. J. Intern. Med., 2007, 18(2), 109-117.
75. Delanghe, J.; Cambier, B.; Langlois, M.; De Buyzere, M.; Neels, H.; De Bacquer, D. Haptoglobin polymorphism, a genetic risk factor in coronary artery bypass surgery. Atherosclerosis, 1997, 132, 215-219.
76. Chapelle, J.P.; Albert, A.; Smeets, J.P.; Heusghem, C.; Kulbertus, H.E. Effect of the haptoglobin phenotype on the size of a myocardial infarct N. Engl. J. Med., 1982, 307(8), 457-463.
77. De Bacquer, D.; De Backer, G.; Langlois, M.; Delanghe, J.; Kesteloot, H.; Kornitzer, M. Haptoglobin polymorphism as a risk factor for coronary heart disease mortality. Atherosclerosis, 2001, 157(1), 161-166.
78. Roguin, A.; Koch, W.; Kastrati, A.; Aronson, D.; Schomig, A.; Levy, A.P. Haptoglobin genotype is predictive of major adverse cardiac events in the 1-year period after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2003, 26(9), 2628-2631.
79. Suleiman, M.; Aronson, D.; Asleh, R.; Kapeliovich, M.R.; Roguin, A.; Meisel, S.R.; Shochat, M.; Sulieman, A.; Reisner, S.A.; Markiewicz, W.; Hammerman, H.; Lotan, R.; Levy, N.S.; Levy A.P. Haptoglobin polymorphism predicts 30-day mortality and heart failure in patients with diabetes and acute myocardial infarction. Diabetes, 2005, 54(9), 2802-2806.
80. Iltumur, K.; Karabulut, A.; Toprak, G.; Toprak, N.; Complement activation in acute coronary syndromes. APMIS, 2005, 113(3), 167-174.
81. Széplaki, G.; Prohászka, Z.; Duba, J.; Rugonfalvi-Kiss, S.; Karádi, I.; Kókai, M.; Kramer, J.; Füst, G.; Kleiber, M.; Romics, L.; Varga, L. Association of high serum concentration of the third component of complement (C3) with pre-existing severe coronary artery disease and new vascular events in women. Atherosclerosis, 2004, 177, 383-389.
82. Muscari, A.; Bozzoli, C.; Gerratana, C.; Zacà, F.; Rovinetti, C.; Zauli, D.; La Placa, M.; Puddu, P. Association of serum IgA and C4 with severe atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 1988, 74, 179-186.
83. Engström, G.; Hedblad, B.; Janzon, L.; Lindgärde, F. Complement C3 and C4 in plasma and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a population-based cohort study. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil., 2007, 14(3), 392-397.
84. Niculescu, F.; Hugo, F.; Rus, H.G.; Vlaicu, R.; Bhakdi, S. Quantitative evaluation of the terminal C5b-9 complement complex by ELISA in human atherosclerotic arteries. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1987, 69, 477-483.
85. Vlaicu, R.; Niculescu, F.; Rus, H.G.; Cristea, A. Immunohistochemical localization of the terminal C5b-9 complement complex in human aortic fibrous plaque. Atherosclerosis, 1985, 57, 163-177.
86. Rus, H.G.; Niculescu, F.; Costantinescu, E.; Cristea, A.; Vlaicu, R. Immunoelectron-microscopic localization of the terminal C5b-9 complement complex in human atherosclerotic fibrous plaque. Atherosclerosis, 1986, 61, 35-42.
87. Neri Serneri, G.G; Genuini, G.F.; Abbate, R. Coronary thrombosis: plaque rupture or acute inflammatory reaction? In Atherosclerosis inflammation and thrombosis. Scientific Press: Florence, Italy, 1993, pp. 185-200.
88. Engström, G.; Hedblad, B.; Stavenow, L.; Tyden, P.; Lind, P.; Janzon, L; Lindgard, F. Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins and incidence of myocardial infarction in men with low cardiovascular risk. Circulation, 2004, 110, 27-31.
89. Snyder, S.; Coodley, E.L.; Durham, B.C.; Pennock, R.S. Serum glycoproteins in coronary artery disease. Circulation, 1977, 56, 359-362.
90. Geertinger, P.; Sorensen, H. Complement and arteriosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 1973, 18(1), 65-71.
91. Bhakdi, S.; Torzewski, M.; Klouche, M.; Hemmes, M. Complement and atherogenesis: binding of CRP to degraded, nonoxidized LDL enhances complement activation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1999, 19, 2348-2354.
92. Oksjoki, R.; Kovanen, P.T.; Pentikainen, M.O. Role of complement activation in atherosclerosis. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2003, 14, 477-482.
93. Muscari, A.; Massarelli, G.; Bastagli, L.; Poggiopollini, G.; Tomassetti, V.; Drago, G.; Martignani, C.; Pacilli, P.; Boni, P.; Puddu P. Relationship of serum C3 to fasting insulin, risk factors and previous ischaemic events in middle-aged men. Eur. Heart. J., 2000, 21, 1081-1090.
94. Mayer, M.M. Membrane damage by complement. Johns Hopkins Med. J., 1981, 148, 243-258.
95. Marder, S.R.; Chenoweth, D.E.; Goldstein, I.M.; Perez, H.D. Chemotactic responses of human peripheral blood monocytes to the complement-derived peptides C5a and C5a des Arg J. Immunol., 1985, 134, 3325-3331.
96. Palikhe, A.; Sinisalo, J.; Seppänen, M.; Haario, H.; Meri, S.; Valtonen, V.; Nieminen, M.S.; Lokki, M.L. Serum complement C3/C4 ratio, a novel marker for recurrent cardiovascular events. Am. J. Cardiol., 2007, 99(7), 890-895.
97. Weyer, C.; Tataranni, P.A.; Pratley, R.E. Insulin action and insulinemia are closely related to the fasting complement C3, but not acylation stimulating protein concentration. Diabetes Care, 2000, 23, 779-785.
98. Ziakas, A.G.; Koskinas, K.C.; Souliou, E.; Gavrilidis, S.; Giannoglou, G.D.; Gemitzis, K.; Styliadis, I. Serial measurements of acute phase proteins in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Hellenic J. Cardiol., 2011, 52(4), 293-298.
99. Di Stefano, R.; Di Bello, V.; Barsotti, M.C.; Grigoratos, C.; Armani, C.; Dell'Omodarme, M.; Carpi, A.; Balbarini, A. Inflammatory markers and cardiac function in acute coronary syndrome: difference in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and in non-STEMI models. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2009, 63(10), 773-780.
100. Hochberg, I.; Roguin, A. Haptoglobin phenotype and coronary artery collaterals in diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis, 2002, 161, 441-446.
101. Benjamin, L.E.; Hemo, I.; Keshet, E. A plasticity window for blood vessel remodelling is defined by pericyte coverage of the preformed endothelial network and is regulated by PDGF-B and VEGF. Development, 1998, 125, 1591-1598.
102. Lohr, N.L.; Warltier, D.C.; Chilian, W.M.; Weihrauch, D. Haptoglobin expression and activity during coronary collateralization. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol., 2005, 288(3), H1389-1395.
103. Kadi, H.; Ceyhan, K.; Karayakali, M.; Koç, F.; Celik, A.; Onalan, O. The relationship between coronary collateral circulation and blood high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Turk Kardiyol. Dern. Ars., 2011, 39(1), 23-28.
104. Kinlay, S.; Schwartz, G.G.; Olsson, A.G.; Rifai, N.; Leslie, S.J.; Sasiela, W.J.; Szarek, M.; Libby, P.; Ganz, P.; High-dose atorvastatin enhances the decline in inflammatory markers in patients with acute coronary syndromes in the MIRACL study. Circulation, 2003, 108(13), 1560-1566.
105. Macin, S.M.; Perna, E.R.; Farías, E.F.; Franciosi, V.; Cialzeta, J.R.; Brizuela, M.; Medina, F.; Tajer, C.; Doval, H.; Badaracco, R. Atorvastatin has an important acute anti-inflammatory effect in patients with acute coronary syndrome: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am. Heart J., 2005, 149(3), 451-457.
106. Kent, S.M.; Flaherty, P.J.; Coyle, L.C.; Markwood, T.T.; Taylor, A.J. Effect of atorvastatin and pravastatin on serum C-reactive protein. Am. Heart J., 2003, 145(2), e8.
107. Schaefer, E.J.; McNamara, J.R.; Asztalos, B.F.; Tayler, T.; Daly, J.A.; Gleason, J.L.; Seman, L.J.; Ferrari, A.; Rubenstein, J.J. Effects of atorvastatin versus other statins on fasting and postprandial C-reactive protein and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in patients with coronary heart disease versus control subjects. Am. J. Cardiol., 2005, 95(9), 1025-1032.
108. Halkes, C.J.; van Dijk, H.; de Jaegere, P.P.; Plokker, H.W.; van Der Helm, Y.; Erkelens, D.W.; Castro Cabezas, M. Postprandial increase of complement component 3 in normolipidemic patients with coronary artery disease: effects of expanded-dose simvastatin. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2001, 21(9), 1526-1530.
109. Muscari, A; Bastagi, L; Poggiopollini, G; Tomassetti, V; Massarelli, G; Boni, P; Puddu, P. Relationship of serum C3 to fasting insulin, risk factors and previous ischaemic events in middle-aged men. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 2001, 15(5), 453-458.
110. Sampietro, T.; Bigazzi, F.; Rossi, G.; Dal Pino, B.; Puntoni, M.R.; Sbrana, F.; Chella, E.; Bionda. Upregulation of the immune system in primary hypercholesterolaemia: effect of atorvastatin therapy. J. Intern. Med., 2005, 257(6), 523-530.
111. Belaia, O.L.; Kalmykova, V.I.; Ivanova, L.A.; Kochergina, L.G. Experience in coenzyme Q10 application in complex therapy of coronary heart disease with dyslipidemia. Klin. Med., 2006, 84(5), 59-62.
112. Ghayour-Mobarhan, M.; Lamb, D.J.; Taylor, A.; Vaidya, N.; Livingstone, C.; Wang, T.; Ferns, G.A. Effect of statin therapy on serum trace element status in dyslipidaemic subjects. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 2005, 19(1), 61-67.
113. Alonso-Orgaz, S.; Moreno, L.; Macaya, C.; Rico, L.; Mateos-Cáceres, P.J.; Sacristán, D.; Pérez-Vizcaíno, F.; Segura, A.; Tamargo, J.; López-Farré, A. Proteomic study of plasma from moderate hypercholesterolemic patients. J. Proteome. Res., 2006, 5(9), 2301-2308.
114. Schmidt, W.M.; Spiel, A.O.; Jilma, B.; Wolzt, M.; Müller, M. Invivo effects of simvastatin and rosuvastatin on global gene expression in peripheral blood leucocytes in a human inflammation model. Pharmacogenet. Genomics, 2008, 18(2), 109-120.
115. Kanada i, M.; Cayli, M.; Demirta, M.; Inal, T.; Demir, M.; Koç, M.; Avkaroullari, M.; Dönmez, Y.; Usal, A.; Alhan, C.C.; San, M. The effect of early statin treatment on inflammation and cardiac events in acute coronary syndrome patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Heart Vessels, 2006, 21(5), 291-297.
116. Correale, M.; Brunetti, N.D.; Totaro A.; Montrone, D.; Russo, A.R.; Fanigliulo, A.M.; Ieva, R.; Di Biase, M. Statin therapy blunts inflammatory activation and improves prognosis and left ventricular performance assessed by Tissue Doppler Imaging in subjects with chronic ischemic heart failure: results from the Daunia Heart Failure Registry. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2011, 66(5), 777-784.
117. Kones, R. Rosuvastatin, inflammation, C-reactive protein, JUPITER, and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease--a perspective. Drug Des. Devel. Ther., 2010, 4, 383-413.
118. Dominguez-Rodriguez, A.; Fard, S.S.; Abreu-Gonzalez, P.; Bosa-Ojeda, F.; Consuegra-Sanchez, L.; Jiménez-Sosa, A.; Grande, A.S.; Kaski, J.C. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ivabradine in patients with acute coronary syndrome: effects of the If current inhibitor ivabradine on reduction of inflammation markers in patients with acute coronary syndrome--RIVIERA trial study design and rationale. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 2009, 23(3), 243-247.
119. Sisakian, A.S.; Davtian, A.R.; Pepoian, S.K.; Oganesian, A.S. The influence of beta-adrenoblocking therapy on the markers of systemic inflammation in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Klin. Med., 2011, 89(4), 56-59.