Controls on large-scale patterns of fluvial sandbody distribution in alluvial to coastal plain strata: Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation, Wasatch Plateau, Central Utah, USA

Sedimentology

Volumn 59, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 2226-2258

  Hampson, Gary J ^a   Royhan Gani, M ^b   Sahoo, Hiranya ^b   Rittersbacher, Andreas ^c   Irfan, Nawazish ^a,e   Ranson, Andrew ^b   Jewell, Thomas O ^a,f   Gani, Nahid D S ^b,g   Howell, John A ^c   Buckley, Simon J ^c   Bracken, Bryan ^d  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW ORLEANS   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^d CHEVRON ENERGY TECHNOLOGY COMPANY   (United States)

^e Pakistan Petroleum Limited   (Pakistan)

^f Neftex Petroleum Consultants Limited   (United Kingdom)

^g WESTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Alluvial plain; Blackhawk Formation; Coastal plain; Depositional strike; Fluvial sandbody; Stratigraphic architecture

Indexed keywords

ALLUVIAL PLAINS; BLACKHAWK FORMATION; COASTAL PLAIN; DEPOSITIONAL STRIKE; SANDBODY; STRATIGRAPHIC ARCHITECTURE;

COASTAL ZONES; DIGITAL STORAGE; EROSION;

STRATIGRAPHY;

ALLUVIAL PLAIN; COASTAL PLAIN; CRETACEOUS; DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY;

UNITED STATES; UTAH;

EID: 84870240690     PISSN: 00370746     EISSN: 13653091     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2012.01342.x     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Adams, M.M. and Bhattacharya, J.P. (2005) No change in fluvial style across a sequence boundary, Cretaceous Blackhawk and Castlegate Formations of central Utah, USA. J. Sed. Res., 75, 1038-1051.
2. Balsley, J.K. (1980) Cretaceous Wave-Dominated Delta Systems, Book Cliffs, East-Central Utah. AAPG Continuing Education Course Field Guide, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 163 pp.
3. Blum, M.D. (1993) Genesis and architecture of incised valley fill sequences: a late Quaternary example from the Colorado River, Gulf coastal plain of Texas. In: Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy: Recent Developments and Applications (Eds P. Weimer and H.W. Posamentier ), AAPG Mem., 58, 259-283.
4. Blum, M.D. and Törnqvist, T.E. (2000) Fluvial responses to climate and sea-level change: a review and look forward. Sedimentology, 47(Suppl 1), 2-48.
5. Bohacs, K.M. and Suter, J.R. (1997) Sequence stratigraphic distribution of coaly rocks: fundamental controls and paralic examples. AAPG Bull., 81, 1612-1639.
6. Brown, T.L., Sanchez, J.D. and Ellis, E.G. (1987) Stratigraphic framework and coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation in the East Mountain and Gentry Mountain areas of the Wasatch Plateau coal field, Manti 30°x 60° quadrangle, Emery, Carbon, and Sanpete Counties, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Coal Investigations Map C-94D, scale 1:24, 000.
7. Buckley, S.J., Vallet, J., Braathen, A. and Wheeler, W. (2008) Oblique helicopter-based laser scanning for digital terrain modelling and visualisation of geological outcrops. Int Arch Photogrammetry, Remote Sens Spatial Inform Sci, 37, 493-498.
8. Burns, B.A., Heller, P.L., Marzo, M. and Paola, C. (1987) Fluvial response in a sequence stratigraphic framework; example from the Montserrat fan delta, Spain. J. Sed. Res., 67, 311-321.
9. Charvin, K., Hampson, G.J., Gallagher, K.L. and Labourdette, R. (2010) Intra-parasequence architecture of an interpreted asymmetrical wave-dominated delta. Sedimentology, 57, 760-785.
10. Corbett, M.J., Fielding, C.R. and Birgenheier, L.P. (2011) Stratigraphy of a Cretaceous coastal-plain fluvial succession: the Campanian Masuk Formation, Henry Mountains Syncline, Utah, USA. J. Sed. Res., 81, 80-96.
11. Cross, T.A. (1988) Controls on coal distribution in transgressive-regressive cycles, Upper Cretaceous, Western Interior, USA. In: Sea-Level Changes - An Integrated Approach (Eds C.K. Wilgus, B.S. Hastings, C.G.St.C. Kendall, H.W. Posamentier, C.A. Ross and J.C. Van Wagoner ), SEPM Sp. Publ., 42, 371-380.
12. Davies, R.C., Howell, J.A., Boyd, R., Flint, S.S. and Diessel, C. (2006) High-resolution sequence stratigraphic correlation between shallow-marine and terrestrial strata: examples from the Sunnyside Member of the Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation, Book Cliffs, eastern Utah. AAPG Bull., 90, 1121-1140.
13. DeCelles, P.G. and Coogan, J.C. (2006) Regional structure and kinematic history of the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt, central Utah. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 118, 841-864.
14. Doelling, H.H. (1972) Central Utah Coal Fields; Sevier-San Pete, Wasatch Plateau, Book Cliffs and Emery. Utah Geol. Min. Sur, Monograph Series 3, 571.
15. Doelling, H.H. (2004) Interim Geologic Map of the Eastern Half of the Salina 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Emery, Sevier, and Wayne Counties, Utah. Utah Geol. Surv., Open-File Report 438, scale 1:62, 500.
16. Dreyer, T., Fält, L.-M., Høy, T., Knarud, R., Steel, R.J. and Cuevas, J.-L. (1993) Sedimentary architecture of field analogues for reservoir information (SAFARI): a case study of the fluvial Escanilla Formation, Spanish Pyrenees. In: The Geological Modelling of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Outcrop Analogues (Eds S.S. Flint and I.D. Bryant ), IAS Sp. Publ., 15, 57-80.
17. Dubiel, R.F., Kirschbaum, M.A., Roberts, L.N.R., Mercier, T.J. and Heinrich, A. (2000) Geology and coal resources of the Blackhawk Formation in the southern Wasatch Plateau, central Utah. In: Geologic Assessment of Coal in the Colorado Plateau: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah (Eds M.A. Kirschbaum, L.N.R. Roberts and L.R.H. Biewick ), U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 1625-B, Chapter S (CD-ROM only).
18. Edwards, C.M., Howell, J.A. and Flint, S.S. (2005) Depositional and stratigraphic architecture of the Santonian Emery Sandstone of the Mancos Shale: implications for late Cretaceous evolution of the Western Interior Foreland Basin of central Utah, USA. J. Sed. Res., 75, 280-299.
19. Flores, R.M., Blanchard, L.F., Sanchez, J.D., Marley, W.E. and Muldoon, W.J. (1984) Paleogeographic controls of coal accumulation, Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone, Wasatch Plateau, Utah. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 95, 540-550.
20. Fouch, T.D., Lawton, T.F., Nichols, D.J., Cashion, W.B. and Cobban, W.A. (1983) Patterns and timing of synorogenic sedimentation in Upper Cretaceous rocks of central and northeast Utah. In: Mesozoic Paleogeography of the West-Central United States (Eds M.W. Reynolds and E.D. Dolly ), pp. 305-336. SEPM, Rocky Mountain Section, Denver.
21. Friend, P.F. (1978) Distinctive features of some ancient river systems. In: Fluvial Sedimentology (Ed. A.D. Miall ), Can. Soc. Pet. Geol. Mem., 5, 531-542.
22. Gibling, M.R. (2006) Width and thickness of fluvial channel bodies and valley fills in the geological record: a literature compilation and classification. J. Sed. Res., 76, 731-770.
23. Gloyn, R.W., Tabet, D.E., Tripp, B.T., Bishop, E.D., Morgan, C.D., Gwynn, J.W. and Blackett, R.E. (2003) Energy, mineral and ground-water resources of Carbon and Emery Counties, Utah. Utah Geol. Surv. Bull., 132, 161 pp.
24. Hajek, E.A., Heller, P.L. and Sheets, B.A. (2010) Significance of channel-belt clustering in alluvial basins. Geology, 38, 535-538.
25. Hampson, G.J. (2010) Sediment dispersal and quantitative stratigraphic architecture across an ancient shelf. Sedimentology, 57, 96-141.
26. Hampson, G.J. and Howell, J.A. (2005) Sedimentologic and geomorphic characterization of ancient wave-dominated shorelines: examples from the Late Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation, Book Cliffs, Utah. In: River Deltas - Concepts, Models, and Examples (Eds L. Giosan and J.P. Bhattacharya ), SEPM Sp. Publ., 83, 133-154.
27. Hampson, G.J. and Storms, J.E.A. (2003) Geomorphological and sequence stratigraphic variability in wave-dominated, shoreface-shelf parasequences. Sedimentology, 50, 667-701.
28. Hampson, G.J., Davies, W., Davies, S.J., Howell, J.A. and Adamson, K.R. (2005) Use of spectral gamma-ray data to refine subsurface fluvial stratigraphy: late Cretaceous strata in the Book Cliffs, Utah, USA. J. Geol. Soc. London, 162, 603-621.
29. Hampson, G.J., Gani, M.R., Sharman, K.E., Irfan, N. and Bracken, B. (2011) Along-strike and down-dip variations in shallow-marine sequence stratigraphic architecture: Upper Cretaceous Star Point Sandstone, Wasatch Plateau, Central Utah, USA. J. Sed. Res., 81, 159-184.
30. Hartley, A.J., Weissmann, G.S., Nichols, G.J. and Warwick, G.L. (2010) Large distributive fluvial systems: characteristics, distribution, and controls on development. J. Sed. Res., 80, 167-183.
31. Hayes, M.O. (1980) General morphology and sediment patterns in tidal inlets. Sed. Geol., 26, 139-156.
32. Hayes, P.T. and Sanchez, J.D. (1979) Geologic map and coal resources of the Emery West quadrangle, Emery and Sevier Counties, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Coal Investigations Map C-82, Scale 1:24, 000.
33. Helland-Hansen, W. and Martinsen, O.J. (1996) Shoreline trajectories and sequences: description of variable depositional-dip scenarios. J. Sed. Res., B66, 670-688.
34. Heller, P.L. and Paola, C. (1996) Downstream changes in alluvial architecture; an exploration of controls on channel-stacking patterns. J. Sed. Res., B66, 297-306.
35. Hirst, J.P.P. (1991) Variations in alluvial architecture across the Oligo-Miocene Huesca fluvial system, Ebro Basin, Spain. In: The Three-Dimensional Facies Architecture of Terrigenous Clastic Sediments and Its Implications for Hydrocarbon Discovery and Recovery (Eds A.D. Miall and N. Tyler ), SEPM Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology, 3, 111-121.
36. Holbrook, J., Scott, R.W. and Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E. (2006) Base-level buffers and buttresses: a model for upstream versus downstream control on fluvial geometry and architecture within sequences. J. Sed. Res., 76, 162-174.
37. Horton, B.K., Constenius, K.N. and DeCelles, P.G. (2004) Tectonic control on coarse-grained foreland-basin sequences: an example from the Cordilleran foreland basin, Utah. Geology, 32, 637-640.
38. Howell, J.A. and Flint, S.S. (2003) Siliciclastics case study: the Book Cliffs. In: The Sedimentary Record of Sea-Level Change (Ed. A. Coe ), pp. 135-208. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
39. Jerolmack, D.J. and Paola, C. (2007) Complexity in a cellular model of river avulsion. Geomorphology, 91, 259-270.
40. Jerolmack, D.J. and Swenson, J.B. (2007) Scaling relationships and evolution of distributary networks on wave-influenced deltas. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L23402.
41. Johnson, R.gs.C. (1989) Geologic history and hydrocarbon potential of Late Cretaceous-age, low-permeability reservoirs, Piceance Basin, western Colorado. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 1787-E, 51.
42. Johnson, R.C. and Roberts, S.B. (2003) The Mesaverde total petroleum system, Uinta-Piceance Province, Utah and Colorado. In: Petroleum Systems and Geologic Assessment of Oil and Gas in the Uinta-Piceance Province, Utah and Colorado. U.S. Geol. Surv. Digital Data Series, DDS-69-B, Chapter 7 (CD only).
43. Kamola, D.L. and Huntoon, J.E. (1995) Repetitive stratal patterns in a foreland basin sandstone and their possible tectonic significance. Geology, 23, 177-180.
44. Kamola, D.L. and Van Wagoner, J.C. (1995) Stratigraphy and facies architecture of parasequences with examples from the Spring Canyon Member, Blackhawk Formation, Utah. In: Sequence Stratigraphy of Foreland Basin Deposits: Outcrop and Subsurface Examples from the Cretaceous of North America (Eds J.C. Van Wagoner and G.T. Bertram ), AAPG Mem., 64, 27-54.
45. Kauffman, E.G. and Caldwell, W.G.E. (1993) The Western Interior Basin in space and time. In: Evolution of the Western Interior Basin (Eds W.G.E. Caldwell and E.G. Kauffman ), Geol. Assoc. Canada Sp. Paper, 39, 1-30.
46. King, P.R. (1990) The connectivity and conductivity of overlapping sand bodies. In: North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs II (Ed. A.T. Buller ) pp. 353-362. Graham & Trotman, London.
47. Kjemperud, A.V., Schomacker, E.R. and Cross, T.A. (2008) Architecture and stratigraphy of alluvial deposits, Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Utah. AAPG Bull., 92, 1055-1076.
48. Krystinik, L.F. and DeJarnett, B.B. (1995) Lateral variability of sequence stratigraphic framework in the Campanian and Lower Maastrichtian of the Western Interior Seaway. In: Sequence Stratigraphy of Foreland Basin Deposits: Outcrop and Subsurface Examples from the Cretaceous of North America (Eds J.C. Van Wagoner and G.T. Bertram ), AAPG Mem., 64, 11-26.
49. Kumar, N. and Sanders, J.E. (1974) Inlet sequence: a vertical succession of sedimentary structures and textures created by the lateral migration of tidal inlets. Sedimentology, 21, 491-532.
50. Larue, D.K. and Hovadik, J. (2006) Connectivity of channelized reservoirs: a modelling approach. Pet. Geosci., 12, 291-308.
51. Lawton, T.F. (1986) Fluvial systems of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group and Paleocene North Horn Formation, central Utah: a record of transition from thin-skinned to thick-skinned deformation in the foreland region. In: Paleotectonics and Sedimentation in the Rocky Mountain Region, United States (Ed. J.A. Peterson ), AAPG Mem., 41, 423-442.
52. Legarreta, L. and Uliana, M.A. (1998) Anatomy of hinterland depositional sequences: Upper Cretaceous fluvial strata, Neuquen Basin, west-central Argentina. In: Relative Role of Eustasy, Climate and Tectonism in Continental Rocks (Eds K.W. Shanley and P.J. McCabe ), SEPM Sp. Publ., 59, 83-92.
53. Liu, S. and Nummedal, D. (2004) Late Cretaceous subsidence in Wyoming: quantifying the dynamic component. Geology, 32, 397-400.
54. Liu, S., Nummedal, D. and Liu, L. (2011) Migration of dynamic subsidence across the Late Cretaceous United States Western Interior Basin in response to Farallon plate subduction. Geology, 39, 555-558.
55. Mackey, S.D. and Bridge, J.S. (1995) Three-dimensional model of alluvial stratigraphy: theory and application. J. Sed. Res., B65, 7-31.
56. Marley, W.E., Flores, R.M. and Cavaroc, V.V. (1979) Coal accumulation in Upper Cretaceous marginal deltaic environments of the Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone, Emery, Utah. Utah Geol., 6, 25-40.
57. Mayo, A.L., Morris, T.H., Peltier, S., Petersen, E.C., Payne, K., Holman, L.S., Tingey, D., Fogel, T., Black, B.J. and Gibbs, T.D. (2003) Active and inactive groundwater flow systems: evidence from a stratified, mountainous terrain. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115, 1456-1472.
58. Miall, A.D. (1985) Architectural-element analysis: a new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits. Earth Sci. Rev., 22, 261-308.
59. Miall, A.D. and Arush, M. (2001) The Castlegate Sandstone of the Book Cliffs, Utah: sequence stratigraphy, paleogeography, and tectonic controls. J. Sed. Res., 71, 537-548.
60. Miller, K.G., Sugarman, P.J., Browning, J.V., Kominz, M.A., Hernández, J.C., Olsson, R.K., Wright, J.D., Feigenson, M.D. and Van Sickel, W. (2003) Late Cretaceous chronology of large, rapid sea-level changes: glacioeustacy during the greenhouse world. Geology, 31, 585-588.
61. Obradovich, J.D. (1993) A Cretaceous time scale. In: Evolution of the Western Interior Basin (Eds W.G.E. Caldwell and E.G. Kauffman ), Geol. Assoc. Canada Sp. Paper, 39, 379-398.
62. Olsen, T., Steel, R.J., Høgseth, K., Skar, T. and Røe, S.-L. (1995) Sequential architecture in a fluvial succession: sequence stratigraphy in the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group, Price Canyon, Utah. J. Sed. Res., B65, 265-280.
63. Parker, L.R. (1976) The paleoecology of the fluvial coal-forming swamps and associated floodplain environments in the Blackhawk Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of central Utah. Brigham Young University Geol. Studies, 22, 99-116.
64. Parker, G., Muto, T., Akamatsu, Y., Dietrich, W.E. and Lauer, J.W. (2008) Unravelling the conundrum of river response to rising sea-level from laboratory to field. Part II. The Fly-Strickland River system, Papua New Guinea. Sedimentology, 55, 1657-1686.
65. Pattison, S.A.J. (2010) Alternative sequence stratigraphic model for the Desert Member to Castlegate Sandstone interval, Book Cliffs, eastern Utah: Implications for the high-resolution correlation of falling stage nonmarine, marginal-marine, and marine strata. In: Through the Generations: Geologic and Anthropogenic Field Excursions in the Rocky Mountains from Modern to Ancient (Eds L.A. Morgan and S.L. Quane ), Geol. Soc. Am. Fieldguide, 18, 163-192.
66. Petter, A.L. (2010) Stratigraphic implications of the temporal variabilioty of sediment transport in rivers, deltas, and shelf margins. Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 205 pp.
67. Quick, J.C., Tabet, D.E., Hucka, B.P. and Wakefield, S.I. (2005) The available coal resource for nine 7.5-minute quadrangles in the southern Wasatch Plateau Coalfield, Emery, Sanpete, and Sevier Counties, Utah. Utah Geol. Surv., Sp. Study 114, 43.
68. Reynolds, A.D. (1999) Dimensions of paralic sandstone bodies. AAPG Bull., 83, 211-229.
69. Richards, M.T. (1996) Fluvial systems. In: Sequence Stratigraphy (Eds D. Emery and K.J. Myers ), pp. 111-133. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
70. Rittersbacher, A., Buckley, S.J., Howell, J.A., Hampson, G.J. and Vallet, J. (in press) Helicopter-based laser scanning: a method for quantitative analysis of large-scale sedimentary architecture. Geological Society of London Special Publication, Bath, UK.
71. Robinson, R.A.J. and Slingerland, R.L. (1998) Grain-size trends, basin subsidence and sediment supply in the Campanian Castlegate Sandstone and equivalent conglomerates of central Utah. Basin Res., 10, 109-127.
72. Ryer, T.A. (1981) Deltaic coals of Ferron Sandstone Member of Mancos Shale - predictive model for Cretaceous coal-bearing strata of Western Interior. AAPG Bull., 65, 2323-2340.
73. Sanchez, J.D. (1990) Stratigraphic framework, coal zone correlations, and depositional environment of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone in the Scofield and Beaver Creek areas, Nephi 30°x60° quadrangle, Wasatch Plateau coal field, Carbon County, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Coal Investigations Map C-128B, scale 1:24, 000.
74. Sanchez, J.D. and Brown, T.L. (1983) Stratigraphic framework and coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation in the Muddy Creek and Nelson Mountain areas of the Wasatch Plateau coal field, Manti 30°x60° quadrangle, Emery, Sevier, and Sanpete Counties, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Coal Investigations Map C-94A, scale 1:24, 000.
75. Sanchez, J.D. and Brown, T.L. (1986) Stratigraphic framework and coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation in the Trail Mountain and East Mountain areas of the Wasatch Plateau coal field, Manti 30°x60° quadrangle, Emery County, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Coal Investigations Map C-94C, scale 1:24, 000.
76. Sanchez, J.D. and Brown, T.L. (1987) Stratigraphic framework and coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation in the Ferron Canyon and Rock Canyon areas of the Wasatch Plateau coal field, Manti 30°x60° quadrangle, Emery and Sanpete Counties, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Coal Investigations Map C-94B, scale 1:24, 000.
77. Sanchez, J.D. and Ellis, E.G. (1990) Stratigraphic framework, coal zone correlations, and depositional environment of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone in the Candland Mountain and Wattis areas, Nephi 30°x60° quadrangle, Wasatch Plateau coal field, Carbon and Emery Counties, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Coal Investigations Map C-94B, scale 1:24, 000.
78. Sanchez, J.D. and Hayes, P.T. (1979) Geologic map and coal resources of the Flagstaff Peak quadrangle, Emery, Sanpete, and Sevier Counties, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Coal Investigations Map C-83, scale 1:24, 000.
79. Sanchez, J.D., Blanchard, L.F. and August, L.L. (1983a) Stratigraphic framework and coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation in the Johns Peak and Old Woman Plateau areas of the Wasatch Plateau coal field, Salina 30°x60° quadrangle, Sevier County, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Coal Investigations Map C-93A, scale 1:24, 000.
80. Sanchez, J.D., Blanchard, L.F. and August, L.L. (1983b) Stratigraphic framework and coal resources of the Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation in the Convulsion Canyon and Wash Rock Canyon areas of the Wasatch Plateau coal field, Salina 30°x60° quadrangle, Sevier and Emery Counties, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Coal Investigations Map C-93B, scale 1:24, 000.
81. Schumm, A.A. (1993) River response to baselevel change: implications for sequence stratigraphy. J. Geol., 101, 279-294.
82. Shanley, K.W. and McCabe, P.J. (1993) Alluvial architecture in a sequence stratigraphic framework: a case history from the Upper Cretaceous of southern Utah, USA. In: The geological modelling of hydrocarbon reservoirs and outcrop analogues (Eds S.S. Flint and I.D. Bryant ), IAS Sp. Publ., 15, 21-56.
83. Shanley, K.W. and McCabe, P.J. (1994) Perspectives on the sequence stratigraphy of continental strata. AAPG Bull., 78, 544-568.
84. Sheets, B.A., Paola, C. and Kelberer, J.M. (2007) Creation and preservation of channel-form sand bodies in an experimental alluvial system. In: Sedimentary Processes, Environments and Basins (Eds G.J. Nichols, E. Williams and C. Paola ), IAS Sp. Publ., 38, 555-567.
85. Siringan, F.P. and Anderson, J.B. (1993) Seismic facies, architecture, and evolution of the Bolivar Roads tidal inlet/delta complex, East Texas Gulf Coast. J. Sed. Res., 66, 737-748.
86. Spieker, E.M. (1931) The Wasatch Plateau coal field, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 819, 210.
87. Spieker, E.M. and Reeside, J.B. (1925) Cretaceous and Tertiary Formations of the Wasatch Plateau, Utah. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 36, 435-454.
88. Tabet, D.E., Quick, J.C., Hucka, B.P. and Hanson, J.A. (1999) The available coal resource for nine 7.5-minute quadrangles in the northern Wasatch Plateau Coalfield, Carbon and Emery Counties, Utah. Utah Geol. Surv. Circular, 100, 46 pp.
89. Tabet, D.E., Hucka, B.P., Quick, J.C. and Wakefield, S.I. (2009) Available coal resource for the Salina Canyon and southwestern part of the Southern Wasatch Plateau coalfields, Sevier Counties, Utah. Utah Geol. Surv. Sp. Study, 129, 31 pp.
90. Taylor, A.M. and Goldring, R. (1993) Description and analysis of bioturbation and ichnofabric. J. Geol. Soc. London, 150, 141-148.
91. Taylor, D.R. and Lovell, R.W.W. (1995) High-frequency sequence stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Kenilworth Member, Blackhawk Formation, Book Cliffs, Utah, USA. In: Sequence Stratigraphy of Foreland Basin Deposits: Outcrop and Subsurface Examples from the Cretaceous of North America (Eds J.C. Van Wagoner and G.T. Bertram ), AAPG Mem., 64, 257-275.
92. Van Wagoner, J.C. (1995) Sequence stratigraphy and marine to non-marine facies architecture of foreland basin strata, Book Cliffs, Utah, USA. In: Sequence Stratigraphy of Foreland Basin Deposits: Outcrop and Subsurface Examples from the Cretaceous of North America (Eds J.C. Van Wagoner and G.T. Bertram ), AAPG Mem., 64, 137-223.
93. Weiss, M.P., Witkind, I.J. and Cashion, W.B. (1990) Geologic map of the Price 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Carbon, Duchesne, Uintah, Utah, and Wasatch Counties, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Misc. Investigations Series Map I-1981, scale 1:100, 000.
94. Westcott, W.A. (1993) Geomorphic Thresholds and Complex Response of Fluvial Systems--Some Implications for Sequence Stratigraphy. AAPG Bull., 77, 1208-1218.
95. Witkind, I.J. and Weiss, M.P. (1991) Geologic map of the Nephi 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Carbon, Emery, Juab, Sanpete, Utah, and Wasatch Counties, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Misc. Investigations Series Map I-1937, scale 1:100, 000.
96. Witkind, I.J., Weiss, M.P. and Brown, T.L. (1987) Geologic map of the Manti 30' x 60' Quadrangle, Carbon, Emery, Juab, Sanpete, and Sevier Counties, Utah. U.S. Geol. Surv., Misc. Investigations Series Map I-1631, scale 1:100, 000.
97. Wright, V.P. and Marriott, S.B. (1993) The sequence stratigraphy of fluvial depositional systems: the role of floodplain sediment storage. Sed. Geol., 86, 203-210.
98. Yoshida, S., Willis, A. and Miall, A.D. (1996) Tectonic control of nested sequence architecture in the Castlegate Sandstone (Upper Cretaceous), Book Cliffs, Utah. J. Sed. Res., 66, 737-748.
99. Young, R.G. (1955) Sedimentary facies and intertonguing in the Upper Cretaceous of the Book Cliffs, Utah-Colorado. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 66, 177-202.
100. Zaitlin, B.A., Dalrymple, R.W. and Boyd, R. (1994) The stratigraphic organization of incised-valley systems associated with relative sea-level change. In: Incised-Valley Systems; Origin and Sedimentary Sequences (Eds R.W. Dalrymple, R. Boyd and B.A. Zaitlin ), SEPM Sp. Publ., 51, 45-60.