메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 399-417

Testing the significance of a correlation with nonnormal data: Comparison of Pearson, Spearman, transformation, and resampling approaches

Author keywords

Correlation; Nonnormal; Pearson; Spearman; Transformation

Indexed keywords

METHODOLOGY; MONTE CARLO METHOD; NONLINEAR SYSTEM; NONPARAMETRIC TEST; REVIEW; SAMPLE SIZE; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS;

EID: 84870065807     PISSN: 1082989X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0028087     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (453)

References (97)
  • 1
    • 0033358545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the robustness of the likelihood-ratio test in a variance-component quantitative-trait loci-mapping procedure
    • doi:10.1086/302487
    • Allison, D. B., Neale, M. C., Zannolli, R., Schork, N. J., Amos, C. I., & Blangero, J. (1999). Testing the robustness of the likelihood-ratio test in a variance-component quantitative-trait loci-mapping procedure. American Journal of Human Genetics, 65, 531-544. doi:10.1086/302487.
    • (1999) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.65 , pp. 531-544
    • Allison, D.B.1    Neale, M.C.2    Zannolli, R.3    Schork, N.J.4    Amos, C.I.5    Blangero, J.6
  • 2
    • 70349523245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
    • American Psychological Association. (6th ed.), Washington, DC: Author
    • American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
    • (2010)
  • 3
    • 0011746664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Essentials of statistics for business and economics
    • Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN: West/Thomson Learning
    • Anderson, D., Sweeney, D., & Williams, T. (1997). Essentials of statistics for business and economics. Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN: West/Thomson Learning.
    • (1997)
    • Anderson, D.1    Sweeney, D.2    Williams, T.3
  • 4
    • 69049088712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rank-based inverse normal transformations are increasingly used, but are they merited?
    • doi:10.1007/s10519-009-9281-0
    • Beasley, T. M., Erickson, S., & Allison, D. B. (2009). Rank-based inverse normal transformations are increasingly used, but are they merited? Behavior Genetics, 39, 580-595. doi:10.1007/s10519-009-9281-0.
    • (2009) Behavior Genetics , vol.39 , pp. 580-595
    • Beasley, T.M.1    Erickson, S.2    Allison, D.B.3
  • 5
    • 38349112824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bootstrapping to test for nonzero population correlation coefficients using univariate sampling
    • doi:10.1037/1082-989X.12.4.414
    • Beasley, W. H., DeShea, L., Toothaker, L. E., Mendoza, J. L., Bard, D. E., & Rodgers, J. (2007). Bootstrapping to test for nonzero population correlation coefficients using univariate sampling. Psychological Methods, 12, 414-433. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.12.4.414.
    • (2007) Psychological Methods , vol.12 , pp. 414-433
    • Beasley, W.H.1    DeShea, L.2    Toothaker, L.E.3    Mendoza, J.L.4    Bard, D.E.5    Rodgers, J.6
  • 7
    • 0019589328 scopus 로고
    • The Weibull distribution as a human performance descriptor
    • doi:10.1109/TSMC.1981.4308727
    • Berry, G. L. (1981). The Weibull distribution as a human performance descriptor. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, & Cybernetics, 11, 501-504. doi:10.1109/TSMC.1981.4308727.
    • (1981) IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, & Cybernetics , vol.11 , pp. 501-504
    • Berry, G.L.1
  • 8
    • 0042005465 scopus 로고
    • Algorithm AS 89: The upper tail probabilities of Spearman's rho
    • doi: 10.2307/2347111
    • Best, D. J., & Roberts, D. E. (1975). Algorithm AS 89: The upper tail probabilities of Spearman's rho. Applied Statistics, 24, 377-379. doi: 10.2307/2347111.
    • (1975) Applied Statistics , vol.24 , pp. 377-379
    • Best, D.J.1    Roberts, D.E.2
  • 10
    • 0027237538 scopus 로고
    • An alternative method for significance testing of waveform difference potentials
    • doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02075.x
    • Blair, R. C., & Karniski, W. (1993). An alternative method for significance testing of waveform difference potentials. Psychophysiology, 30, 518-524. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02075.x.
    • (1993) Psychophysiology , vol.30 , pp. 518-524
    • Blair, R.C.1    Karniski, W.2
  • 11
    • 84870638109 scopus 로고
    • Another look at the robustness of the product-moment correlation coefficient to population non-normality
    • Blair, R., & Lawson, S. (1982). Another look at the robustness of the product-moment correlation coefficient to population non-normality. Florida Journal of Educational Research, 24, 11-15.
    • (1982) Florida Journal of Educational Research , vol.24 , pp. 11-15
    • Blair, R.1    Lawson, S.2
  • 13
    • 0004280674 scopus 로고
    • Statistics in biology
    • New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
    • Bliss, C. I. (1967). Statistics in biology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
    • (1967)
    • Bliss, C.I.1
  • 14
    • 0003499316 scopus 로고
    • Statistical estimates and transformed beta variables
    • New York, NY: Wiley
    • Blom, G. (1958). Statistical estimates and transformed beta variables. New York, NY: Wiley.
    • (1958)
    • Blom, G.1
  • 15
    • 0037188319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computing the nonnull asymptotic variance and the asymptotic relative efficiency of Spearman's rank correlation
    • doi:10.1016/S0167-9473(01)00081-0
    • Borkowf, C. B. (2002). Computing the nonnull asymptotic variance and the asymptotic relative efficiency of Spearman's rank correlation. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 39, 271-286. doi:10.1016/S0167-9473(01)00081-0.
    • (2002) Computational Statistics and Data Analysis , vol.39 , pp. 271-286
    • Borkowf, C.B.1
  • 17
    • 0001706547 scopus 로고
    • A common situation conducive to bizarre distribution shapes
    • doi:10.2307/2683535
    • Bradley, J. (1977). A common situation conducive to bizarre distribution shapes. American Statistician, 31, 147-150. doi:10.2307/2683535.
    • (1977) American Statistician , vol.31 , pp. 147-150
    • Bradley, J.1
  • 18
    • 77955247414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The future of psychology practice and science
    • doi:10.1037/a0020273
    • Bray, J. H. (2010). The future of psychology practice and science. American Psychologist, 65, 355-369. doi:10.1037/a0020273.
    • (2010) American Psychologist , vol.65 , pp. 355-369
    • Bray, J.H.1
  • 19
    • 0032587690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global, voxel, and cluster tests, by theory and permutation, for a difference between two groups of structural MR images of the brain
    • doi:10.1109/42.750253
    • Bullmore, E. T., Suckling, J., Overmeyer, S., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Taylor, R., & Brammer, M. J. (1999). Global, voxel, and cluster tests, by theory and permutation, for a difference between two groups of structural MR images of the brain. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 18, 32-42. doi:10.1109/42.750253.
    • (1999) IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging , vol.18 , pp. 32-42
    • Bullmore, E.T.1    Suckling, J.2    Overmeyer, S.3    Rabe-Hesketh, S.4    Taylor, R.5    Brammer, M.J.6
  • 20
    • 33744548363 scopus 로고
    • Some effects of non-normal distribution shape on the magnitude of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient
    • Calkins, D. S. (1974). Some effects of non-normal distribution shape on the magnitude of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 8, 261-288.
    • (1974) Revista Interamericana de Psicología , vol.8 , pp. 261-288
    • Calkins, D.S.1
  • 21
    • 0001100791 scopus 로고
    • Randomization tests to determine significance levels for microanalytic congruences between self-efficacy and behavior
    • doi:10.1007/BF01173085
    • Cervone, D. (1985). Randomization tests to determine significance levels for microanalytic congruences between self-efficacy and behavior. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 9, 357-365. doi:10.1007/BF01173085.
    • (1985) Cognitive Therapy and Research , vol.9 , pp. 357-365
    • Cervone, D.1
  • 22
    • 0003577917 scopus 로고
    • Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (Rev
    • ed.). New York, NY: Academic Press
    • Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: Academic Press.
    • (1977)
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 23
    • 0003519438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applied multiple regression/correlation for the behavioral sciences
    • (2nd ed.) Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1983)
    • Cohen, J.1    Cohen, P.2
  • 24
    • 0003519438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences
    • (3rd ed.) Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S., & Aiken, L. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (2003)
    • Cohen, J.1    Cohen, P.2    West, S.3    Aiken, L.4
  • 25
    • 36749079336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • So many correlated tests, so little time! Rapid adjustment of P values for multiple correlated tests
    • doi:10.1086/522036
    • Conneely, K. N., & Boehnke, M. (2007). So many correlated tests, so little time! Rapid adjustment of P values for multiple correlated tests. American Journal of Human Genetics, 81, 1158-1168. doi:10.1086/522036.
    • (2007) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.81 , pp. 1158-1168
    • Conneely, K.N.1    Boehnke, M.2
  • 26
    • 0003425407 scopus 로고
    • Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences
    • (3rd ed.) New York, NY: Wiley
    • Daniel, W. (1983). Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
    • (1983)
    • Daniel, W.1
  • 27
    • 0003589831 scopus 로고
    • Regression and linear models
    • New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
    • Darlington, R. B. (1990). Regression and linear models. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
    • (1990)
    • Darlington, R.B.1
  • 28
    • 0015722190 scopus 로고
    • A Monte-Carlo study of asymptotically robust tests for correlation coefficients
    • doi:10.1093/biomet/60.3.551
    • Duncan, G. T., & Layard, M. W. J. (1973). A Monte-Carlo study of asymptotically robust tests for correlation coefficients. Biometrika, 60, 551-558. doi:10.1093/biomet/60.3.551.
    • (1973) Biometrika , vol.60 , pp. 551-558
    • Duncan, G.T.1    Layard, M.W.J.2
  • 29
    • 0005657139 scopus 로고
    • The effect of skew on the magnitude of product-moment correlations
    • doi:10.1080/00221309.1995.9921248
    • Dunlap, W., Burke, M., & Greer, T. (1995). The effect of skew on the magnitude of product-moment correlations. Journal of General Psychology, 122, 365-377. doi:10.1080/00221309.1995.9921248.
    • (1995) Journal of General Psychology , vol.122 , pp. 365-377
    • Dunlap, W.1    Burke, M.2    Greer, T.3
  • 30
    • 0038225692 scopus 로고
    • Effect of violation of normality on the t test of the correlation coefficient
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.576
    • Edgell, S., & Noon, S. (1984). Effect of violation of normality on the t test of the correlation coefficient. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 576-583. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.576.
    • (1984) Psychological Bulletin , vol.95 , pp. 576-583
    • Edgell, S.1    Noon, S.2
  • 31
    • 0002344794 scopus 로고
    • Bootstrap methods: Another look at the jackknife
    • doi:10.1214/aos/1176344552
    • Efron, B. (1979). Bootstrap methods: Another look at the jackknife. Annals of Statistics, 7, 1-26. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344552.
    • (1979) Annals of Statistics , vol.7 , pp. 1-26
    • Efron, B.1
  • 32
    • 0003991665 scopus 로고
    • An introduction to the bootstrap
    • New York, NY: Chapman & Hall
    • Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. New York, NY: Chapman & Hall.
    • (1993)
    • Efron, B.1    Tibshirani, R.J.2
  • 33
    • 0003557372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovering statistics using SPSS for Windows
    • Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for Windows. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2000)
    • Field, A.1
  • 34
    • 0016473669 scopus 로고
    • The probability plot correlation coefficient test for normality
    • doi:10.2307/1268008
    • Filliben, J. J. (1975). The probability plot correlation coefficient test for normality. Technometrics, 17, 111-117. doi:10.2307/1268008.
    • (1975) Technometrics , vol.17 , pp. 111-117
    • Filliben, J.J.1
  • 35
    • 0003493777 scopus 로고
    • Statistical methods for research workers
    • (2nd ed.) London, England: Oliver & Boyd
    • Fisher, R. A. (1928). Statistical methods for research workers (2nd ed.). London, England: Oliver & Boyd.
    • (1928)
    • Fisher, R.A.1
  • 36
    • 0004005344 scopus 로고
    • The design and analysis of experiments
    • Edinburgh, Scotland: Oliver & Boyd
    • Fisher, R. A. (1935). The design and analysis of experiments. Edinburgh, Scotland: Oliver & Boyd.
    • (1935)
    • Fisher, R.A.1
  • 37
    • 0003741171 scopus 로고
    • Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research
    • Oxford, England: Oliver & Boyd
    • Fisher, R. A., & Yates, F. (1938). Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research. Oxford, England: Oliver & Boyd.
    • (1938)
    • Fisher, R.A.1    Yates, F.2
  • 38
    • 84965587785 scopus 로고
    • Power and robustness in product-moment correlation
    • doi:10.1177/014662168701100407
    • Fowler, R. (1987). Power and robustness in product-moment correlation. Applied Psychological Measurement, 11, 419-428. doi:10.1177/014662168701100407.
    • (1987) Applied Psychological Measurement , vol.11 , pp. 419-428
    • Fowler, R.1
  • 39
    • 0035708414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting trends using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
    • doi:10.1006/enfo.2001.0061
    • Gauthier, T. (2001). Detecting trends using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Environmental Forensics, 2, 359-362. doi:10.1006/enfo.2001.0061.
    • (2001) Environmental Forensics , vol.2 , pp. 359-362
    • Gauthier, T.1
  • 40
    • 0003622633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications
    • (9th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Pearson
    • Gay, L., Mills, G., & Airasian, P. (2009). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Pearson.
    • (2009)
    • Gay, L.1    Mills, G.2    Airasian, P.3
  • 41
    • 28444448411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permutation, parametric and bootstrap tests of hypotheses
    • (3rd ed.) New York, NY: Springer-Verlag
    • Good, P. (2005). Permutation, parametric and bootstrap tests of hypotheses (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
    • (2005)
    • Good, P.1
  • 42
    • 84874349606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robustness of Pearson correlation
    • Good, P. (2009). Robustness of Pearson correlation. InterStat, 15(5), 1-6.
    • (2009) InterStat , vol.15 , Issue.5 , pp. 1-6
    • Good, P.1
  • 43
    • 0003414190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistics for the behavioral sciences: A short course and student manual
    • Lanham, MD: University Press of America
    • Gravetter, F., & Wallnau, L. (2004). Statistics for the behavioral sciences: A short course and student manual. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
    • (2004)
    • Gravetter, F.1    Wallnau, L.2
  • 44
    • 0000404988 scopus 로고
    • Effect of the violation of assumptions upon significance levels of the Pearson r
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.2.373
    • Havlicek, L., & Peterson, N. (1977). Effect of the violation of assumptions upon significance levels of the Pearson r. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 373-377. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.2.373.
    • (1977) Psychological Bulletin , vol.84 , pp. 373-377
    • Havlicek, L.1    Peterson, N.2
  • 45
    • 0000656414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permutation test is not distribution-free: Testing H0: ρ= 0
    • doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.184
    • Hayes, A. (1996). Permutation test is not distribution-free: Testing H0: ρ= 0. Psychological Methods, 1, 184-198. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.184.
    • (1996) Psychological Methods , vol.1 , pp. 184-198
    • Hayes, A.1
  • 46
    • 0003818389 scopus 로고
    • Statistics
    • (4th ed.) Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart & Winston
    • Hays, W. L. (1988). Statistics (4th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
    • (1988)
    • Hays, W.L.1
  • 47
    • 0037191022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fast fifth-order polynomial transforms for generating univariate and multivariate nonnormal distributions
    • doi:10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00072-5
    • Headrick, T. C. (2002). Fast fifth-order polynomial transforms for generating univariate and multivariate nonnormal distributions. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 40, 685-711. doi:10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00072-5.
    • (2002) Computational Statistics & Data Analysis , vol.40 , pp. 685-711
    • Headrick, T.C.1
  • 48
    • 0033095630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating correlated multivariate nonnormal distributions: Extending the Fleishman power method
    • doi:10.1007/BF02294317
    • Headrick, T. C., & Sawilowsky, S. (1999). Simulating correlated multivariate nonnormal distributions: Extending the Fleishman power method. Psychometrika, 64, 25-35. doi:10.1007/BF02294317.
    • (1999) Psychometrika , vol.64 , pp. 25-35
    • Headrick, T.C.1    Sawilowsky, S.2
  • 49
    • 0034555580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weighted simplex procedures for determining boundary points and constants for the univariate and multivariate power methods
    • doi:10.2307/1165223
    • Headrick, T. C., & Sawilowsky, S. (2000). Weighted simplex procedures for determining boundary points and constants for the univariate and multivariate power methods. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 25, 417-436. doi:10.2307/1165223.
    • (2000) Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics , vol.25 , pp. 417-436
    • Headrick, T.C.1    Sawilowsky, S.2
  • 50
    • 33846620274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bootstrap methods and permutation tests
    • D. S. Moore, G. P. McCabe, W. M. Duckworth II, & S. L. Sclove (Eds.), New York, NY: Freeman.
    • Hesterberg, T., Monaghan, S., Moore, D. S., Clipson, A., & Epstein, R. (2003). Bootstrap methods and permutation tests. In D. S. Moore, G. P. McCabe, W. M. Duckworth II, & S. L. Sclove (Eds.), The practice of business statistics (pp. 18-1-18-73). New York, NY: Freeman.
    • (2003) The practice of business statistics , pp. 181-1873
    • Hesterberg, T.1    Monaghan, S.2    Moore, D.S.3    Clipson, A.4    Epstein, R.5
  • 51
    • 0041508630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Monte Carlo evaluation of tests for comparing dependent correlations
    • doi:10.1080/00221300309601282
    • Hittner, J. B., May, K., & Silver, N. (2003). A Monte Carlo evaluation of tests for comparing dependent correlations. Journal of General Psychology, 130, 149-168. doi:10.1080/00221300309601282.
    • (2003) Journal of General Psychology , vol.130 , pp. 149-168
    • Hittner, J.B.1    May, K.2    Silver, N.3
  • 52
    • 0003402345 scopus 로고
    • Comprehending behavioral statistics
    • Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole
    • Hurlburt, R. (1994). Comprehending behavioral statistics. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
    • (1994)
    • Hurlburt, R.1
  • 53
    • 0141870968 scopus 로고
    • Effect of tail weight and outliers on power and Type-I error of robust permutation tests for location
    • doi:10.1080/03610918708812575
    • Keller-McNulty, S., & Higgins, J. J. (1987). Effect of tail weight and outliers on power and Type-I error of robust permutation tests for location. Communications in Statistics: Simulation and Computation, 16, 17-35. doi:10.1080/03610918708812575.
    • (1987) Communications in Statistics: Simulation and Computation , vol.16 , pp. 17-35
    • Keller-McNulty, S.1    Higgins, J.J.2
  • 54
    • 18744396509 scopus 로고
    • Co-ordinate transformations to normality and the power of normal tests for independence
    • doi:10.1093/biomet/56.1.139
    • Kowalski, C. J., & Tarter, M. E. (1969). Co-ordinate transformations to normality and the power of normal tests for independence. Biometrika, 56, 139-148. doi:10.1093/biomet/56.1.139.
    • (1969) Biometrika , vol.56 , pp. 139-148
    • Kowalski, C.J.1    Tarter, M.E.2
  • 55
    • 0042704662 scopus 로고
    • Some properties of the bivariate normal distribution considered in the form of a contingency table
    • doi:10.1093/biomet/44.1-2.289
    • Lancaster, H. O. (1957). Some properties of the bivariate normal distribution considered in the form of a contingency table. Biometrika, 44, 289-292. doi:10.1093/biomet/44.1-2.289.
    • (1957) Biometrika , vol.44 , pp. 289-292
    • Lancaster, H.O.1
  • 56
    • 0345983475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bootstrapping correlation coefficients using univariate and bivariate sampling
    • doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.1.91
    • Lee, W., & Rodgers, J. L. (1998). Bootstrapping correlation coefficients using univariate and bivariate sampling. Psychological Methods, 3, 91-103. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.1.91.
    • (1998) Psychological Methods , vol.3 , pp. 91-103
    • Lee, W.1    Rodgers, J.L.2
  • 57
    • 0026915939 scopus 로고
    • Shapes of reaction-time distributions and shapes of learning curves: A test of the instance theory of automaticity
    • doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.5.883
    • Logan, G. D. (1992). Shapes of reaction-time distributions and shapes of learning curves: A test of the instance theory of automaticity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 883-914. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.5.883.
    • (1992) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.18 , pp. 883-914
    • Logan, G.D.1
  • 58
    • 0008329066 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the correlation coefficient: The bootstrap approach
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.1.209
    • Lunneborg, C. E. (1985). Estimating the correlation coefficient: The bootstrap approach. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 209-215. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.1.209.
    • (1985) Psychological Bulletin , vol.98 , pp. 209-215
    • Lunneborg, C.E.1
  • 59
    • 0003018954 scopus 로고
    • Exponential data transformations
    • doi:10.2307/2988129
    • Manly, B. F. J. (1976). Exponential data transformations. Statistician, 25, 37-42. doi:10.2307/2988129.
    • (1976) Statistician , vol.25 , pp. 37-42
    • Manly, B.F.J.1
  • 60
    • 0003843308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomization, bootstrap and Monte Carlo methods in biology
    • (2nd ed.) Boca Raton, FL: Chapman-Hall/CRC
    • Manly, B. F. J. (1997). Randomization, bootstrap and Monte Carlo methods in biology (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: Chapman-Hall/CRC.
    • (1997)
    • Manly, B.F.J.1
  • 61
    • 21344488052 scopus 로고
    • Some advantages of permutation tests
    • doi:10.1037/h0078862
    • May, R., & Hunter, M. (1993). Some advantages of permutation tests. Canadian Psychology, 34, 401-407. doi:10.1037/h0078862.
    • (1993) Canadian Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 401-407
    • May, R.1    Hunter, M.2
  • 62
    • 77949375645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding statistics: A research perspective
    • New York, NY: Longman
    • McGrath, R. (1996). Understanding statistics: A research perspective. New York, NY: Longman.
    • (1996)
    • McGrath, R.1
  • 63
    • 58149368765 scopus 로고
    • The unicorn, the normal curve, and other improbable creatures
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.156
    • Micceri, T. (1989). The unicorn, the normal curve, and other improbable creatures. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 156-166. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.156.
    • (1989) Psychological Bulletin , vol.105 , pp. 156-166
    • Micceri, T.1
  • 64
    • 0003784909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permutation methods: A distance function approach
    • (2nd ed.) New York, NY: Springer
    • Mielke, P. W., & Berry, K. J. (2007). Permutation methods: A distance function approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
    • (2007)
    • Mielke, P.W.1    Berry, K.J.2
  • 65
    • 0003582172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical methods for health care research
    • (5th ed.) Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
    • Munro, B. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
    • (2005)
    • Munro, B.1
  • 66
    • 84893505296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notes on the use of data transformations
    • Osborne, J. W. (2002). Notes on the use of data transformations. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 8(6). Available online at http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=8&n=6.
    • (2002) Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation , vol.8 , Issue.6
    • Osborne, J.W.1
  • 67
    • 84892669795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving your data transformations: Applying the Box-Cox transformation
    • Osborne, J. W. (2010). Improving your data transformations: Applying the Box-Cox transformation. Practical Assessment, Research, & Evaluation, 15(12), 1-9.
    • (2010) Practical Assessment, Research, & Evaluation , vol.15 , Issue.12 , pp. 1-9
    • Osborne, J.W.1
  • 68
    • 0004268574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of biostatistics
    • (2nd ed.) Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury Press
    • Pagano, M., & Gauvreau, K. (2000). Principles of biostatistics (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury Press.
    • (2000)
    • Pagano, M.1    Gauvreau, K.2
  • 69
    • 84881592929 scopus 로고
    • Choosing a two-sample location test
    • doi:10.1080/00220973.1994.9944139
    • Penfield, D. (1994). Choosing a two-sample location test. Journal of Experimental Education, 62, 343-360. doi:10.1080/00220973.1994.9944139.
    • (1994) Journal of Experimental Education , vol.62 , pp. 343-360
    • Penfield, D.1
  • 70
    • 0000986628 scopus 로고
    • Significance tests which may be applied to samples from any populations
    • Pitman, E. J. G. (1937). Significance tests which may be applied to samples from any populations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (Series B), 4, 119-130.
    • (1937) Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (Series B) , vol.4 , pp. 119-130
    • Pitman, E.J.G.1
  • 71
    • 0038253669 scopus 로고
    • Estimating correlation coefficients: Bootstrap and parametric approaches
    • doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.136
    • Rasmussen, J. (1987). Estimating correlation coefficients: Bootstrap and parametric approaches. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 136-139. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.136.
    • (1987) Psychological Bulletin , vol.101 , pp. 136-139
    • Rasmussen, J.1
  • 72
    • 85004778757 scopus 로고
    • Data transformation, Type I error rate and power
    • doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1989.tb00910.x
    • Rasmussen, J. (1989). Data transformation, Type I error rate and power. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 42, 203-213. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1989.tb00910.x.
    • (1989) British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology , vol.42 , pp. 203-213
    • Rasmussen, J.1
  • 73
    • 0001057538 scopus 로고
    • Dealing with nonnormal data: Parametric analysis of transformed data vs
    • doi: 10.1177/001316449105100402
    • Rasmussen, J., & Dunlap, W. (1991). Dealing with nonnormal data: Parametric analysis of transformed data vs. nonparametric analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51, 809-820. doi: 10.1177/001316449105100402.
    • (1991) nonparametric analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.51 , pp. 809-820
    • Rasmussen, J.1    Dunlap, W.2
  • 74
    • 79951480123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R: A language and environment for statistical computing
    • R Development Core Team
    • R Development Core Team. (2010). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Retrieved from http://www.r-project.org.
    • (2010)
  • 75
    • 0025373859 scopus 로고
    • A case against continuing use of the Spearman formula for rank-order correlation
    • Roberts, D., & Kunst, R. (1990). A case against continuing use of the Spearman formula for rank-order correlation. Psychological Reports, 66, 339-349.
    • (1990) Psychological Reports , vol.66 , pp. 339-349
    • Roberts, D.1    Kunst, R.2
  • 76
    • 0003775965 scopus 로고
    • Fundamentals of biostatistics
    • (4th ed.) Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
    • Rosner, B. (1995). Fundamentals of biostatistics (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
    • (1995)
    • Rosner, B.1
  • 77
    • 0003888547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fundamentals of behavioral statistics
    • (8th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
    • Runyon, R. P., Haber, A., Pittenger, D. J., & Coleman, K. A. (1996). Fundamentals of behavioral statistics (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
    • (1996)
    • Runyon, R.P.1    Haber, A.2    Pittenger, D.J.3    Coleman, K.A.4
  • 78
    • 51749109968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating multivariate nonnormal data using an iterative algorithm
    • doi:10.1080/00273170802285693
    • Ruscio, J., & Kaczetow, W. (2008). Simulating multivariate nonnormal data using an iterative algorithm. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 43, 355-381. doi:10.1080/00273170802285693.
    • (2008) Multivariate Behavioral Research , vol.43 , pp. 355-381
    • Ruscio, J.1    Kaczetow, W.2
  • 79
    • 0004027141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistics for people who (think they) hate statistics
    • (3rd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Salkind, N. (2008). Statistics for people who (think they) hate statistics (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2008)
    • Salkind, N.1
  • 80
    • 0000353729 scopus 로고
    • The ART test of interaction: A robust and powerful test of interaction in factorial models
    • doi: 10.1080/03610919308813085
    • Salter, K. C., & Fawcett, R. F. (1993). The ART test of interaction: A robust and powerful test of interaction in factorial models. Communications in Statistics: Simulation and Computation, 22, 137-153. doi: 10.1080/03610919308813085.
    • (1993) Communications in Statistics: Simulation and Computation , vol.22 , pp. 137-153
    • Salter, K.C.1    Fawcett, R.F.2
  • 81
    • 82355164623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of rank-based normalizing transformations on the accuracy of test scores
    • Solomon, S. R., & Sawilowsky, S. S. (2009). Impact of rank-based normalizing transformations on the accuracy of test scores. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 8, 448-462.
    • (2009) Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods , vol.8 , pp. 448-462
    • Solomon, S.R.1    Sawilowsky, S.S.2
  • 82
    • 0038253678 scopus 로고
    • Bootstrap Type I error rates for the correlation coefficient: An examination of alternate procedures
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.104.2.290
    • Strube, M. (1988). Bootstrap Type I error rates for the correlation coefficient: An examination of alternate procedures. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 290-292. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.104.2.290.
    • (1988) Psychological Bulletin , vol.104 , pp. 290-292
    • Strube, M.1
  • 83
    • 0003976359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using multivariate statistics
    • (5th ed.) Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education
    • Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
    • (2007)
    • Tabachnick, B.1    Fidell, L.2
  • 84
    • 0002567966 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ANOVA alternatives under variance heterogeneity and specific noncentrality structures
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.90
    • Tomarken, A., & Serlin, R. (1986). Comparison of ANOVA alternatives under variance heterogeneity and specific noncentrality structures. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 90-99. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.90.
    • (1986) Psychological Bulletin , vol.99 , pp. 90-99
    • Tomarken, A.1    Serlin, R.2
  • 85
    • 0003873730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elementary statistics
    • (11th ed.) Boston, MA: AddisonWesley/Pearson Education
    • Triola, M. (2010). Elementary statistics (11th ed.). Boston, MA: AddisonWesley/Pearson Education.
    • (2010)
    • Triola, M.1
  • 86
    • 0002331280 scopus 로고
    • The future of data analysis
    • doi:10.1214/aoms/1177704711
    • Tukey, J. W. (1962). The future of data analysis. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 33, 1-67. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177704711.
    • (1962) Annals of Mathematical Statistics , vol.33 , pp. 1-67
    • Tukey, J.W.1
  • 87
    • 0000664498 scopus 로고
    • Order tests for the two-sample problem and their power
    • van der Waerden, B. L. (1952). Order tests for the two-sample problem and their power. Indagationes Mathematicae, 14, 453-458.
    • (1952) Indagationes Mathematicae , vol.14 , pp. 453-458
    • van der Waerden, B.L.1
  • 88
    • 0022612552 scopus 로고
    • Randomization tests for multiplebaseline designs
    • Wampold, B., & Worsham, N. (1986). Randomization tests for multiplebaseline designs. Behavioral Assessment, 8, 135-143.
    • (1986) Behavioral Assessment , vol.8 , pp. 135-143
    • Wampold, B.1    Worsham, N.2
  • 89
    • 0036157632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A score-statistic approach for the mapping of quantitative-trait loci with sibships of arbitrary size
    • doi:10.1086/338659
    • Wang, K., & Huang, J. (2002). A score-statistic approach for the mapping of quantitative-trait loci with sibships of arbitrary size. American Journal of Human Genetics, 70, 412-424. doi:10.1086/338659.
    • (2002) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.70 , pp. 412-424
    • Wang, K.1    Huang, J.2
  • 90
    • 44449084105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applied statistics: From bivariate through multivariate techniques
    • Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Warner, R. (2008). Applied statistics: From bivariate through multivariate techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2008)
    • Warner, R.1
  • 91
    • 84874360757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistics
    • (9th ed.) New York, NY: Wiley
    • Witte, R., & Witte, J. (2010). Statistics (9th ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
    • (2010)
    • Witte, R.1    Witte, J.2
  • 92
    • 0010741473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new family of power transformations to improve normality or symmetry
    • doi: 10.1093/biomet/87.4.954
    • Yeo, I., & Johnson, R. A. (2000). A new family of power transformations to improve normality or symmetry. Biometrika, 87, 954-959. doi: 10.1093/biomet/87.4.954.
    • (2000) Biometrika , vol.87 , pp. 954-959
    • Yeo, I.1    Johnson, R.A.2
  • 93
    • 84965431794 scopus 로고
    • The effects of violating the normality assumption underlying r
    • doi:10.1177/004912417400200406
    • Zeller, R. A., & Levine, Z. H. (1974). The effects of violating the normality assumption underlying r. Sociological Methods & Research, 2, 511-519. doi:10.1177/004912417400200406.
    • (1974) Sociological Methods & Research , vol.2 , pp. 511-519
    • Zeller, R.A.1    Levine, Z.H.2
  • 94
    • 0030487549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A note on homogeneity of variance of scores and ranks
    • Zimmerman, D. W. (1996). A note on homogeneity of variance of scores and ranks. Journal of Experimental Education, 64, 351-362.
    • (1996) Journal of Experimental Education , vol.64 , pp. 351-362
    • Zimmerman, D.W.1
  • 95
    • 78951474323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inheritance of properties of normal and nonnormal distributions after transformation of scores to ranks
    • Zimmerman, D. W. (2011). Inheritance of properties of normal and nonnormal distributions after transformation of scores to ranks. Psicológica, 32, 65-85.
    • (2011) Psicológica , vol.32 , pp. 65-85
    • Zimmerman, D.W.1
  • 96
    • 21344483894 scopus 로고
    • Significance testing of correlation using scores, ranks, and modified ranks
    • doi:10.1177/0013164493053004003
    • Zimmerman, D. W., & Zumbo, B. D. (1993). Significance testing of correlation using scores, ranks, and modified ranks. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53, 897-904. doi:10.1177/0013164493053004003.
    • (1993) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.53 , pp. 897-904
    • Zimmerman, D.W.1    Zumbo, B.D.2
  • 97
    • 22544461398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bias in estimation and hypothesis testing of correlation
    • Zimmerman, D., Zumbo, B. D., & Williams, R. H. (2003). Bias in estimation and hypothesis testing of correlation. Psicológica, 24(1), 133-158.
    • (2003) Psicológica , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 133-158
    • Zimmerman, D.1    Zumbo, B.D.2    Williams, R.H.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.