-
2
-
-
84878021413
-
The Biotech Century: Playing Ecological Roulette with Mother Nature's Design
-
J Rifkin, 'The Biotech Century: Playing Ecological Roulette with Mother Nature's Design', E: The Environmental Magazine (May-June 1998), http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1594/is_n3_v9/ai_20581506/?tag=content;col1..
-
(1998)
E: The Environmental Magazine (May-June)
-
-
Rifkin, J.1
-
3
-
-
84878021036
-
-
Note
-
Representations at the International Data Sharing Conference, hosted by HeLEX, in Oxford, on 20-22 September 2010, and those directed at the Oxford Call to Action, which is emerging therefrom.
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
84878021443
-
-
See ,http://www.publichealth.ox.ac.uk/helex/events/data-sharing-international-conference-1.
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
84878021382
-
-
Note
-
We emphasise that this is not a defence of the taking or using or medical data from tissue or from healthcare records, but rather a demand for the improved use of data already obtained presumably through legitimate processes.
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
84878021209
-
-
For more on the new model, see House of Lords Science & Technology Committee, 2nd Report of Session 2008-09: Genomic Medicine (Stationary Office, London)
-
For more on the new model, see House of Lords Science & Technology Committee, 2nd Report of Session 2008-09: Genomic Medicine (Stationary Office, London 2009) ,http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/ldsctech/107/107i.pdf..
-
(2009)
-
-
-
7
-
-
84878021360
-
-
Digital Archiving Consultancy et al., Large-Scale Data Sharing in the Life Sciences: Data Standards, Incentives, Barriers and Funding Models
-
Digital Archiving Consultancy et al., Large-Scale Data Sharing in the Life Sciences: Data Standards, Incentives, Barriers and Funding Models (2005) ,http://dtl.unimelb.edu.au/R/USXD3V19SHBSCYV36CNMIT6TYTHGK7UQDYYD1PLMCMULA189CE-00409?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=263978&pds_handle=GUEST.
-
(2005)
-
-
-
8
-
-
33846871449
-
Next-Generation Sequencing Outpaces Expectations
-
C Shaffer, 'Next-Generation Sequencing Outpaces Expectations' (2007) 25 Nature Biotech 149.
-
(2007)
Nature Biotech
, vol.25
, pp. 149
-
-
Shaffer, C.1
-
11
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-
0037044656
-
Population Databases Boom: From Iceland to the US
-
J Kaiser, 'Population Databases Boom: From Iceland to the US' (2002) 298 Science 1158.
-
(2002)
Science
, vol.298
, pp. 1158
-
-
Kaiser, J.1
-
12
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84878021268
-
-
Primary biobanks generate new data collections for defined purposes. An example includes the UK Biobank, a repository of biological samples, and health data from some 500,000 volunteers between the ages of 40-69 aimed at helping scientists develop better methods of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for combating the conditions of old age, and to thereby improve the health of future generations: Secondary biobanks aggregate and manage samples and data originated by others for specific purposes but which now may be valuable for other research purposes. An example is the UK DNA Banking Network which aims to provide data to genome-wide association studies which seek to identify multiple loci which contribute to genetic risk for given diseases
-
Primary biobanks generate new data collections for defined purposes. An example includes the UK Biobank, a repository of biological samples, and health data from some 500,000 volunteers between the ages of 40-69 aimed at helping scientists develop better methods of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for combating the conditions of old age, and to thereby improve the health of future generations: ,http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/. Secondary biobanks aggregate and manage samples and data originated by others for specific purposes but which now may be valuable for other research purposes. An example is the UK DNA Banking Network which aims to provide data to genome-wide association studies which seek to identify multiple loci which contribute to genetic risk for given diseases: ,http://www.dna-network.ac.uk/.
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
77956835821
-
The UK DNA Banking Network: A "Fair Access" Biobank
-
see M Yuille and others, 'The UK DNA Banking Network: A "Fair Access" Biobank' (2010) 11 Cell Tissue Bank 241.
-
(2010)
Cell Tissue Bank
, vol.11
, pp. 241
-
-
Yuille, M.1
-
14
-
-
33745596413
-
Consent and Anonymization in Research Involving Biobanks
-
B Elger and A Caplan, 'Consent and Anonymization in Research Involving Biobanks' (2006) 7 EMBO Reports 661.
-
(2006)
EMBO Reports
, vol.7
, pp. 661
-
-
Elger, B.1
Caplan, A.2
-
15
-
-
33644816599
-
Bioethics and Large-Scale Biobanking: Individualistic Ethics and Collective Projects
-
For more on them, see G Williams, 'Bioethics and Large-Scale Biobanking: Individualistic Ethics and Collective Projects' (2005) 1 Genomics Society Policy 50.
-
(2005)
Genomics Society Policy
, vol.1
, pp. 50
-
-
Williams, G.1
-
16
-
-
66149129965
-
Semantic, Pedantic or Paradigm Shift? Recruitment, Retention and Property in Modern Population Biobanking
-
S Harmon, 'Semantic, Pedantic or Paradigm Shift? Recruitment, Retention and Property in Modern Population Biobanking' (2008) 16 Eur J Health Law 27.
-
(2008)
Eur J Health Law
, vol.16
, pp. 27
-
-
Harmon, S.1
-
17
-
-
72449126831
-
Eyes Wide Open: The Personal Genome Project, Citizen Science and Veracity in Informed Consent
-
For an attempt to address some of these issues, see M Angrst, 'Eyes Wide Open: The Personal Genome Project, Citizen Science and Veracity in Informed Consent' (2009) 6 Personalised Medicine 691.
-
(2009)
Personalised Medicine
, vol.6
, pp. 691
-
-
Angrst, M.1
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18
-
-
67349132836
-
Data Sharing in Genomics: Reshaping Scientific Practice
-
J Kaye and others, 'Data Sharing in Genomics: Reshaping Scientific Practice' (2009) 10 Nature Rev Gen 331.
-
(2009)
Nature Rev Gen.
, vol.10
, pp. 331
-
-
Kaye, J.1
-
20
-
-
33746653918
-
Promoting Access to Public Research Data for Scientific, Economic and Social Development
-
P Arzberger and others, 'Promoting Access to Public Research Data for Scientific, Economic and Social Development' (2004) 3 Data Sci J 135.
-
(2004)
Data Sci J
, vol.3
, pp. 135
-
-
Arzberger, P.1
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21
-
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36248970413
-
Sharing Detailed Research Data Is Associated with Increased Citation Rate
-
H Piwowar and others, 'Sharing Detailed Research Data Is Associated with Increased Citation Rate' (2007) 2 PLoS ONE e308.
-
(2007)
PLoS ONE
, vol.2
-
-
Piwowar, H.1
-
22
-
-
70249098051
-
Post-Publication Sharing of Data and Tools
-
P Schofield and others, 'Post-Publication Sharing of Data and Tools' (2009) 461 Nature 171.
-
(2009)
Nature
, vol.461
, pp. 171
-
-
Schofield, P.1
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23
-
-
0037160567
-
Data Withholding in Academic Genetics: Evidence from a National Survey
-
E. Campbell and others, 'Data Withholding in Academic Genetics: Evidence from a National Survey' (2002) 287 JAMA 473.
-
(2002)
JAMA
, vol.287
, pp. 473
-
-
Campbell, E.1
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24
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55049125849
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Blood, Sweat and Grants: "Honest Jim" and the European Database-Right
-
J Bovenberg, 'Blood, Sweat and Grants: "Honest Jim" and the European Database-Right' (2005) 1 Genomics Society Policy 1.
-
(2005)
Genomics Society Policy
, vol.1
, pp. 1
-
-
Bovenberg, J.1
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25
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33645809354
-
Data Withholding in Genetics and the Other Life Sciences: Prevalences and Predictors
-
D Blumenthal and others, 'Data Withholding in Genetics and the Other Life Sciences: Prevalences and Predictors' (2006) 81 Academic Medicine 137.
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(2006)
Academic Medicine
, vol.81
, pp. 137
-
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Blumenthal, D.1
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27
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84878021455
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Research Funders, Sharing Research Data to Improve Public Health: Joint Statement of Purpose (January)
-
Research Funders, Sharing Research Data to Improve Public Health: Joint Statement of Purpose (January 2011) ,http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/Aboutus/Policy/Spotlight-issues/Data-sharing/Public-health-and-epidemiology/WTDV030690.htm..
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(2011)
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-
-
28
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84878021030
-
-
So claimed by M Yuille in comments posted, relation to the International Data Sharing Conference, hosted by HeLEX, in Oxford, on 20-22 September 2010, and so noted in Academy of Medical Sciences, A New Pathway for the Regulation and Governance of Health Research (AMS, London 2011).
-
So claimed by M Yuille in comments posted at ,http://helexoxford.com/content/oxford-statement-data-sharing. in relation to the International Data Sharing Conference, hosted by HeLEX, in Oxford, on 20-22 September 2010, and so noted in Academy of Medical Sciences, A New Pathway for the Regulation and Governance of Health Research (AMS, London 2011).
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
84878021267
-
-
Note
-
House of Lords Science and Technology Committee, above, n 5, at para 6.15.
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
84878021525
-
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AMS, above, n 22, at 2 and 3. A position confirmed by the HFEA, HTA, and MHRAwhen they conceded the need for their Interim UK Regulatory Route Map for Stem Cell Research & Manufacture
-
AMS, above, n 22, at 2 and 3. A position confirmed by the HFEA, HTA, and MHRAwhen they conceded the need for their Interim UK Regulatory Route Map for Stem Cell Research & Manufacture ,http://www.keele.ac.uk/research/istm/HTA/Governance/Interim%20UKSC%20routemap.pdf..
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-
-
-
31
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84878021115
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-
The HapMap Project (2002-2007) was a multi-country collaboration among scientists and agencies from Canada, China, Japan, Nigeria, the UK, and the USA aimed at identifying and cataloguing human genetic similarities and differences and thereby discovering genes that affect health, disease, and individual responses to medicines and environmental factors.
-
The HapMap Project (2002-2007) was a multi-country collaboration among scientists and agencies from Canada, China, Japan, Nigeria, the UK, and the USA aimed at identifying and cataloguing human genetic similarities and differences and thereby discovering genes that affect health, disease, and individual responses to medicines and environmental factors.
-
-
-
-
32
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84878021376
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See ,http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/thehapmap.html.en..
-
-
-
-
33
-
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84878021247
-
-
The 1000 Genome Project (2007-) is a human genome reference project aimed at finding the most genetic variants that have frequencies of at least 1% in the populations studied
-
The 1000 Genome Project (2007-) is a human genome reference project aimed at finding the most genetic variants that have frequencies of at least 1% in the populations studied. ,http://www.1000genomes.org/about..
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
84878021150
-
-
The dbGaP is a repository for archiving and distributing the study documents, phenotypic data, genetic data, and statistical results of studies that have investigated the interaction of genotype and phenotype. Such studies include genome-wide association (GWA) studies, medical sequencing, molecular diagnostic assays, as well as association between genotype and nonclinical traits
-
The dbGaP is a repository for archiving and distributing the study documents, phenotypic data, genetic data, and statistical results of studies that have investigated the interaction of genotype and phenotype. Such studies include genome-wide association (GWA) studies, medical sequencing, molecular diagnostic assays, as well as association between genotype and nonclinical traits. ,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/about.html..
-
-
-
-
35
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84878021561
-
-
GAIN is a public-private partnership which invites data from investigators of existing case-control or trio (parent-offspring) studies, and it supports GWA studies designed to identify the relation between specific DNAvariation and particular common diseases. Data are held in a database at the National Library of Medicine at the NIH for further use by other researchers. GAIN gives data producers a six-month publishing lead over competitors. Requests for access are considered by an NIH Data Access Committee
-
GAIN is a public-private partnership which invites data from investigators of existing case-control or trio (parent-offspring) studies, and it supports GWA studies designed to identify the relation between specific DNAvariation and particular common diseases. Data are held in a database at the National Library of Medicine at the NIH for further use by other researchers. GAIN gives data producers a six-month publishing lead over competitors. Requests for access are considered by an NIH Data Access Committee. ,http://www.genome.gov/19518664..
-
-
-
-
36
-
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84878021452
-
-
The WTCCC is a collaboration of UK-based geneticists analysing thousands of DNA samples from a range of specific GWA studies aimed at identifying common genetic variations for different diseases. While some data are available on the internet, genotypic and phenotypic data are obtained by application to the Consortium Data Access Committee
-
The WTCCC is a collaboration of UK-based geneticists analysing thousands of DNA samples from a range of specific GWA studies aimed at identifying common genetic variations for different diseases. While some data are available on the internet, genotypic and phenotypic data are obtained by application to the Consortium Data Access Committee. ,http://www.wtccc.org.uk/..
-
-
-
-
37
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84878021208
-
-
NASC offers a transcriptomics service to process samples and RNA with Affymetrix gene chips. It makes all donated data publicly available after a confidentiality period of 3, 6, or 12 months, depending on what donors/customers choose; the length of the confidentiality period is linked to the priority that donors demand for analysis service (ie a request for quick processing results in the provision of a shorter confidentiality period)
-
NASC offers a transcriptomics service to process samples and RNA with Affymetrix gene chips. It makes all donated data publicly available after a confidentiality period of 3, 6, or 12 months, depending on what donors/customers choose; the length of the confidentiality period is linked to the priority that donors demand for analysis service (ie a request for quick processing results in the provision of a shorter confidentiality period). ,http://affymetrix.arabidopsis.info/..
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
84970123290
-
Should Health Care be Rationed by Age?
-
An avalanche of policy documents on this exists, but see T Nilstrum and R Ohlsson, 'Should Health Care be Rationed by Age?' (1995) 23 Scan J Social Med 81.
-
(1995)
Scan J Social Med
, vol.23
, pp. 81
-
-
Nilstrum, T.1
Ohlsson, R.2
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39
-
-
84878021392
-
-
Note
-
We are generally trying to forge a society shaped by positive rights supported by legal protections and processes that are available to all, including scientists, the elderly, and others. However, as a result of individual and collective practices, that society remains, in many ways, aspirational.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
84878021384
-
-
Note
-
UN General Assembly Res. 217A (III), UN GAOR, 3d Sess., UN Doc A/810, 1948, Art 25.
-
-
-
-
41
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84878021148
-
-
Available at ,http://apps.who.int/gb/bd/PDF/bd47/EN/constitution-en.pdf..
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
84878021183
-
-
Note
-
993 UNTS 3, Arts 9 and 12 and General Comment 3.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
84878021603
-
-
Note
-
660 UNTS 195.
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
84878021164
-
-
WHO
-
WHO ,http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/declaration_almaata.pdf..
-
-
-
-
45
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84878021228
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-
WHO
-
WHO ,http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/..
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
84878021189
-
-
Note
-
1577 UNTS 44.
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
84878021544
-
-
WHO
-
WHO ,http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/6gchp/hpr_050829_%20BCHP.pdf..
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
84870021728
-
-
Uganda Ministry of Health, Review of the HSSPII in Relation to Human Rights and Gender as Part of the Third-Term Review for the Health Sector, Second Draft (Ministry of Health, Kampala).
-
Uganda Ministry of Health, Review of the HSSPII in Relation to Human Rights and Gender as Part of the Third-Term Review for the Health Sector, Second Draft (Ministry of Health, Kampala 2008).
-
(2008)
-
-
-
49
-
-
84878021177
-
-
Note
-
Tutela Decision, T-760/2008, 31 July 2008, Colombian Constitutional Court.
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
33646489470
-
Is Access to Essential Medicines as Part of the Fulfilment of the Right to Health Enforceable Through the Courts?
-
H Hogerzeil and others, 'Is Access to Essential Medicines as Part of the Fulfilment of the Right to Health Enforceable Through the Courts?' (2006) 368 Lancet 305.
-
(2006)
Lancet
, vol.368
, pp. 305
-
-
Hogerzeil, H.1
-
51
-
-
84878021264
-
-
Note
-
See for example, Art 9 of the ICESCR (1966), which states that every person should be granted access to social security, and Art 3 of the European Convention on Biomedicine (1998) and Art 34 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000), which emphasise the right to equitable access to healthcare of appropriate quality without discrimination.
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
84878021612
-
-
Part I, Art E
-
See Part I, Art E ,http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/treaties/html/163.htm..
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
84878021118
-
-
Art 14
-
See Art 14 ,http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/D5CC24A7-DC13-4318-B457-5C9014916D7A/0/ENG_CONV.pdf..
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
84878021583
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-
Art 21
-
See Art 21 ,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf.
-
-
-
-
55
-
-
84870050334
-
-
Note the UN International Year of Older Persons
-
Note the UN International Year of Older Persons 1999.
-
(1999)
-
-
-
56
-
-
18844468875
-
The WHO Perspective on Active Ageing
-
see A Kalache and I Keller, 'The WHO Perspective on Active Ageing' (1999) 6 Global Health Promo 20.
-
(1999)
Global Health Promo
, vol.6
, pp. 20
-
-
Kalache, A.1
Keller, I.2
-
57
-
-
84878021592
-
-
Arts 9 and 17 of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, OASTS 69
-
Arts 9 and 17 of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1989), OASTS 69 ,http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-52.html.
-
(1989)
-
-
-
58
-
-
84870050320
-
-
Art 18 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 21 ILM 58.
-
Art 18 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (1981) 21 ILM 58.
-
(1981)
-
-
-
59
-
-
84869996997
-
-
Art 25 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
-
Art 25 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000).
-
(2000)
-
-
-
60
-
-
84870050322
-
-
Arts 12 and 23 of the Revised European Social Charter
-
Arts 12 and 23 of the Revised European Social Charter (1996).
-
(1996)
-
-
-
61
-
-
84869996996
-
-
UN Principles for Older Persons, General Assembly Res 46/91, UN GAOR, 46th Sess, 74th Plen. Meeting, Annex 1, UN Doc A/RES/46/91
-
UN Principles for Older Persons, General Assembly Res 46/91, UN GAOR, 46th Sess, 74th Plen. Meeting, Annex 1, UN Doc A/RES/46/91 (1991).
-
(1991)
-
-
-
63
-
-
84870021738
-
-
UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment 7: Torture or Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, UN Doc HRI/GEN/1/ Rev. 1
-
UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment 7: Torture or Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, UN Doc HRI/GEN/1/ Rev. 1 (1994).
-
(1994)
-
-
-
64
-
-
84878021622
-
-
Note
-
Including strong mobility rights, increasing levels of education, widely available information about technological capabilities and geographic inequalities, and rising desires for varied, self-actualising leisure opportunities.
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
58149182164
-
The Ageing Populations of Europe: Implications for Health Systems and Patients' Rights
-
E Rynning, 'The Ageing Populations of Europe: Implications for Health Systems and Patients' Rights' (2008) 15 Euro J Health Law 297.
-
(2008)
Euro J Health Law
, vol.15
, pp. 297
-
-
Rynning, E.1
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66
-
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84878021223
-
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Note
-
We recognise that desires, even those indirectly fuelled by rights, do not automatically entitle, much less grant, individuals the right to have those desires satisfied, but, we contend, a welfare-based rights society would and should endeavour, as far as possible, to deliver on the desires that our rights instruments feed.
-
-
-
-
67
-
-
0037052454
-
Demography: Broken Limits to Life Expectancy
-
With respect to long life, some argue that there is no evidence that humans have reached the limit of life expectancy
-
With respect to long life, some argue that there is no evidence that humans have reached the limit of life expectancy: J Oeppen and J Vaupel, 'Demography: Broken Limits to Life Expectancy' (2002) 296 Science 1029.
-
(2002)
Science
, vol.296
, pp. 1029
-
-
Oeppen, J.1
Vaupel, J.2
-
68
-
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84870021735
-
-
For evidence of the hope being placed in new technologies, see European Commission, Together for Health: A Strategic Approach for the EU 2008-2013 (EU Publications Office, Luxembourg).
-
For evidence of the hope being placed in new technologies, see European Commission, Together for Health: A Strategic Approach for the EU 2008-2013 (EU Publications Office, Luxembourg 2007).
-
(2007)
-
-
-
69
-
-
57449104308
-
Health Systems and the Right to Health: An Assessment of 194 Countries
-
Increased sharing of research and health data is also important for measuring how countries are performing with respect to health; current data practice hinders investigations into whether adequate and appropriate health research is being conducted in conformity with international right-to-health demands
-
Increased sharing of research and health data is also important for measuring how countries are performing with respect to health; current data practice hinders investigations into whether adequate and appropriate health research is being conducted in conformity with international right-to-health demands: G Backman and others, 'Health Systems and the Right to Health: An Assessment of 194 Countries' (2008) 372 Lancet 2047.
-
(2008)
Lancet
, vol.372
, pp. 2047
-
-
Backman, G.1
-
70
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0033657057
-
The Greying World: A Challenge for the Twenty-First Century
-
A Kalache and I Keller, 'The Greying World: A Challenge for the Twenty-First Century' (2000) 83 Science Progress 33.
-
(2000)
Science Progress
, vol.83
, pp. 33
-
-
Kalache, A.1
Keller, I.2
-
71
-
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84869997001
-
-
European Observatory on the Social Situation, Demographic Trends, Socio-Economic Impacts and Policy Implications in the European Union - 2007 (EU Publications Office, Luxembourg).
-
European Observatory on the Social Situation, Demographic Trends, Socio-Economic Impacts and Policy Implications in the European Union - 2007 (EU Publications Office, Luxembourg 2008).
-
(2008)
-
-
-
72
-
-
84878021364
-
-
Note
-
UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision (Department of Economic & Social Affairs, Population Division, NY 2011). Although we note that the global population has just topped seven billion, having grown by a billion people in just 12 years.
-
-
-
-
73
-
-
84870043778
-
-
WHO, Active Aging: A Policy Framework (WHO, Geneva).
-
WHO, Active Aging: A Policy Framework (WHO, Geneva 2002).
-
(2002)
-
-
-
75
-
-
84869997002
-
-
WHO, Active Aging: A Policy Framework (GWHO, Geneva), at 17.
-
WHO, Active Aging: A Policy Framework (GWHO, Geneva 2002), at 17.
-
(2002)
-
-
-
76
-
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84870021740
-
-
From a programmes perspective, one can already find discussions about retirement ages and the management and funding of pension schemes into the future: see Editorial, '70 of Bust', 9-15 April, Economist
-
From a programmes perspective, one can already find discussions about retirement ages and the management and funding of pension schemes into the future: see Editorial, '70 of Bust', 9-15 April 2011, Economist, p 13.
-
(2011)
, pp. 13
-
-
-
77
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84878021117
-
-
9-11 April, Economist, Special Report. From a systemic perspective, there are concerns about how to accommodate the growing number of geriatric patients.
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Healthcare systems and health research are both important sources and users of life science knowledge and innovative technologies: European Commission Communication, Modernising Social Protection for the Development of High-Quality, Accessible and Sustainable Health Care and Long-Term Care: Support for National Strategies Using the 'Open Method of Coordination', COM/2004/0304 Final ,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&type_doc=COMfinal&an_doc=2004&nu_doc=304.
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By 'holistic', we mean that stakeholders must take a broad and encompassing or inclusive view of the field and its relevant regulatory components and make changes in a joined-up way, so that alterations at one point are appropriately recognised or carried through at other points.
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It is appropriate to separate the two regimes because governments have a duty to promote and realise health under international law, which duty is not imposed on individuals in the same way.
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