Gambling policy in the European Union: Monopolies, market access, economic rents, and competitive pressures among gaming sectors in the member states

Economic Aspects of Gambling Regulation: EU and US Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 71-90

  Eadington, William ^a  

^a Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming   (United States)

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EID: 84869881968     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004165595.i-208     Document Type: Chapter

References (15)

1. Study conducted by the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law, Lausanne, on behalf of the European Commission, June 2006. The author, along with Professor Richard Thalheimer of the University of Louisville, co-authored the economics portion of the Gambling Services Study.
2. Proportionate, as it applies to restrictions against the provision of services, means that approaches that are adopted are the most efficient means of achieving the stated objectives, and the benefits that are achieved out-weigh the costs imposed by violations of fundamental European Union principles
3. Study of Gambling Services in the Internal Market of the European Union (2006), a study commissioned and owned by the European Commission, pp. 1485-1487. The entire report can be found and electronically downloaded for free at.
4. The most important European Court of Justice decisions in recent years include Case C-275/92 Schindler [1994], ECR I-1039. Followed by: Case C-124/97 Läärä [1999] ECR I-6067, Case C-67/98 Zenatti [1999] ECR I-7289, Case C-243/01 Gambelli [2003] ECR I-13031 and Case C-42/02 Lindman [2003] ECR I-13519. Joined Cases C-338/04, C-359/04 and C-360/04, Placanica, judgment of 6 March 2007, not yet reported.
5. The principle of subsidiarity is found within Article 5 of the EC Treaty, which reads: The Community shall act within the limits of the powers conferred upon it by this Treaty and of the objectives assigned to it therein. In areas which do not fall within its exclusive competence, the Community shall take action, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, only if and in so far as the objectives of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale or effects of the proposed action, be better achieved by the Community. Any action by the Community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this Treaty.
6. This includes those Member States that did not become members of the European Union until 2004. These Member States are Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
7. shaded entries came from Gaming and Betting Global Consultants (2005), Double or Quits? - Global Gaming Review 2004-2005. London.
8. The original intent of the Gaming Act 2005 was to allow a number of "regional casinos" that would both meet the demand of British consumers and serve to regenerate city centers throughout the country, linked to the nine regional planning jurisdictions in the country. However, because of political manipulations prior to the 2005 elections, the Act
9. William R. Eadington, "The Economics of Casino Gambling," in Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol 13, no. 3, August, 1999, pp. 173-192.
10. Department of Culture, Media and Sport, The Gambling Review Report (The Budd Report) 2001; retrieved at .
11. William R. Eadington and Ricardo Siu, "Between Law and Custom - Examining the Interaction between Legislative Change and the Evolution of Macao's Casino Industry," International Gambling Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1-28, April 2007.
12. The regulatory issues that remain significant in Macau include concerns over money laundering, loan sharking, and participation in gaming operations by Triads. In particular, these issues pose problems for American, Australian and European regulators as well as for gaming companies licensed in those jurisdictions.
13. CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets, "Unfavorable Odds: Japanese Pachinko Pachislot," February 6, 2007
14. Pachinko and other forms of "convenience gambling" (gaming machines located in retail outlets, arcades, bars and taverns, or Spartan purpose-built facilities) might be considered "unattractive gambling" in the sense that they do not provide gaming in aesthetically pleasing settings, they often draw their customers from disadvantaged sub-groups of society, they do not bring about visible economic benefits in the form of job creation or capital investment, and they seem to have a disproportionate impact on problem gambling in communities
15. See, for example, Pachinko Nation by David Plotz, U.S.-Japan Foundation Media Fellows Program, 2001-2002, (retrieved at ).