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Volumn 126, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 150-174

Incompetent plea bargaining and extrajudicial reforms

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EID: 84869761454     PISSN: 0017811X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (24)

References (148)
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    • Implementing the Criminal Defendant's Right to Trial: Alternatives to the Plea Bargaining System
    • For a survey of these and other objections to plea bargaining, see Albert W. Alschuler, Implementing the Criminal Defendant's Right to Trial: Alternatives to the Plea Bargaining System, 50 U. Chi. L. Rev. 931, 932-34 (1983).
    • (1983) U. Chi. L. Rev. , vol.50
    • Alschuler, A.W.1
  • 2
    • 80052509715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulating the Plea-Bargaining Market: From Caveat Emptor to Consumer Protection
    • note
    • See Stephanos Bibas, Regulating the Plea-Bargaining Market: From Caveat Emptor to Consumer Protection, 99 Calif. L. Rev. 1117, 1126, 1143 (2011) [hereinafter Bibas, Regulating the Plea-Bargaining Market].
    • (2011) Calif. L. Rev. , vol.99
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 3
    • 3042853798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plea Bargaining Outside the Shadow of Trial
    • See generally Stephanos Bibas, Plea Bargaining Outside the Shadow of Trial, 117 Harv. L. Rev. 2463, 2469-86 (2004).
    • (2004) Harv. L. Rev. , vol.117
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 5
    • 84875910409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • E.g., Markus Dirk Dubber, The Police Power 179 (2005) ("The plea bargaining process is governed by very few, if any, principles, with the blessing of the Supreme Court which has turned a blind constitutional eye. ").
    • (2005) The Police Power , pp. 179
    • Dubber, M.D.1
  • 6
    • 3042853798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plea Bargaining Outside the Shadow of Trial
    • See generally Stephanos Bibas, Plea Bargaining Outside the Shadow of Trial, 117 Harv. L. Rev. 2463, 2469-86 (2004).
    • (2004) Harv. L. Rev. , vol.117
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 7
    • 84870222230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 132 S. Ct. 1376 (2012).
    • (2012) S. Ct. , vol.132 , pp. 1376
  • 8
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    • 132 S. Ct. 1399 (2012).
    • (2012) S. Ct. , vol.132 , pp. 1399
  • 9
    • 79955514507 scopus 로고
    • 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
    • (1984) U.S. , vol.466
  • 10
    • 84869857484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1408-10.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1408-1410
  • 11
    • 84869857483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1413-14 (Scalia, J., dissenting) ("The plea-bargaining process is a subject worthy of regulation, since it is the means by which most criminal convictions are obtained. It happens not to be, however, a subject covered by the Sixth Amendment, which is concerned not with the fairness of bargaining but with the fairness of conviction. ").
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1413-1414
  • 13
    • 84869770387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1407.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1407
  • 14
    • 84869770387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1407.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1407
  • 15
    • 84869835378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stronger Hand for Judges in the 'Bazaar' of Plea Deals
    • note
    • I am indebted to Ron Wright for the striking simile. Erica Goode, Stronger Hand for Judges in the 'Bazaar' of Plea Deals, N.Y. Times, Mar. 22, 2012, at A12 ("Professor [Ronald F.] Wright likened the court's decisions on Wednesday to 'Rip Van Winkle waking up. He looks around and says, "Wow, when I went to sleep the world was full of trials. "'").
    • (2012) N.Y. Times
    • Goode, E.1
  • 16
    • 84869857481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1391 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1391
  • 17
    • 84869770386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1404.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1404
  • 18
    • 84869770386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1404.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1404
  • 19
    • 84869770386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1404.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1404
  • 20
    • 84869777370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1383.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1383
  • 21
    • 84869777370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1383.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1383
  • 23
    • 84869858424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (codified as amended in scattered sections of the U.S. Code).
    • Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. , pp. 1214
  • 25
    • 84869838993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler v. Cooper, 376 F. App'x 563, 573 (6th Cir. 2010).
    • (2010) Lafler v. Cooper , vol.376
  • 26
    • 84869770387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1407 (ninety-four percent of state convictions and ninety-seven percent of federal convictions).
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1407
  • 27
    • 84869770387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1407.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1407
  • 28
    • 84881900581 scopus 로고
    • Plea Bargaining as Contract
    • note
    • Robert E. Scott & William J. Stuntz, Plea Bargaining as Contract, 101 Yale L.J. 1909, 1912 (1992).
    • (1992) Yale L.J. , vol.101
    • Scott, R.E.1    Stuntz, W.J.2
  • 29
    • 84869838995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1387.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1387
  • 30
    • 84869838995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1387.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1387
  • 31
    • 3042853798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plea Bargaining Outside the Shadow of Trial
    • See generally Stephanos Bibas, Plea Bargaining Outside the Shadow of Trial, 117 Harv. L. Rev. 2463, 2469-86 (2004).
    • (2004) Harv. L. Rev. , vol.117
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 32
    • 33845526369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Separation of Powers and the Criminal Law
    • Rachel E. Barkow, Separation of Powers and the Criminal Law, 58 Stan. L. Rev. 989, 1034 (2006).
    • (2006) Stan. L. Rev. , vol.58
    • Barkow, R.E.1
  • 33
    • 84869770395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1385, 1387.
    • Lafler , vol.132
  • 34
    • 84869770395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1385, 1387.
    • Lafler , vol.132
  • 35
    • 84869770395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1385, 1387.
    • Lafler , vol.132
  • 36
    • 84869777372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1409.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1409
  • 37
    • 84869769605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1411.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1411
  • 38
    • 84869769604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1385, 1389-91.
    • Lafler , vol.132
  • 39
    • 84869808165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1404-05, 1410-11 (detailing Frye's later crime).
    • Frye , vol.132
  • 40
    • 84869808165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1404-05, 1410-11 (detailing Frye's later crime).
    • Frye , vol.132
  • 41
    • 84869808165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1404-05, 1410-11 (detailing Frye's later crime).
    • Frye , vol.132
  • 44
    • 84869839020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688.
    • Strickland , vol.466 , pp. 688
  • 45
    • 84869808167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1408.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1408
  • 46
    • 84869808167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1408.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1408
  • 47
    • 84869769594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1388-89.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1388-1389
  • 48
    • 84869769594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1388-89.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1388-1389
  • 49
    • 84869769594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1388-89.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1388-1389
  • 50
    • 84869769594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1388-89.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1388-1389
  • 51
    • 84869839015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1408-09.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1408-1409
  • 52
    • 84869808137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1389, 1391.
    • Lafler , vol.132
  • 56
    • 84869808131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1390.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1390
  • 57
    • 84869808131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1390.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1390
  • 58
    • 84869810104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lafler v. Cooper and AEDPA
    • note
    • Nancy J. King, Lafler v. Cooper and AEDPA, 122 Yale L.J. Online 29, 29-33 (2012), http://yalelawjournal.org/2012/06/19/king.html.
    • (2012) Yale L.J. Online , vol.122 , pp. 29-33
    • King, N.J.1
  • 59
    • 84869779395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Cooper, 2005 WL 599740, at *1.
    • (2005) Cooper , pp. 1
  • 60
    • 84869779395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Cooper, 2005 WL 599740, at *1.
    • (2005) Cooper , pp. 1
  • 61
    • 32044447726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Originalism and Formalism in Criminal Procedure: The Triumph of Justice Scalia, the Unlikely Friend of Criminal Defendants?
    • See generally Stephanos Bibas, Originalism and Formalism in Criminal Procedure: The Triumph of Justice Scalia, the Unlikely Friend of Criminal Defendants?, 94 Geo. L.J. 183 (2005).
    • (2005) Geo. L.J. , vol.94 , pp. 183
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 62
    • 84869838997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1412 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1412
  • 63
    • 84869770399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1414 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1414
  • 64
    • 84869777373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1394-95, 1397 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132
  • 65
    • 84869777373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1394-95, 1397 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132
  • 66
    • 84869777373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1394-95, 1397 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132
  • 67
    • 84869838997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1412 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1412
  • 68
    • 84869777375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1392, 1398 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132
  • 69
    • 84869777374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1412-13 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1412-1413
  • 70
    • 84869838999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1396-97 (Scalia, J., dissenting) (characterizing as "extraordinary" the majority's statements that statutes, rules, and judicial discretion should shape the proper remedies for constitutional violations, and that sometimes there might be no remedy at all).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1396-1397
  • 71
    • 84869838999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1396-97 (Scalia, J., dissenting) (characterizing as "extraordinary" the majority's statements that statutes, rules, and judicial discretion should shape the proper remedies for constitutional violations, and that sometimes there might be no remedy at all).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1396-1397
  • 72
    • 84869838999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1396-97 (Scalia, J., dissenting) (characterizing as "extraordinary" the majority's statements that statutes, rules, and judicial discretion should shape the proper remedies for constitutional violations, and that sometimes there might be no remedy at all).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1396-1397
  • 73
    • 84869770399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1414 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1414
  • 74
    • 84869839000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1392 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1392
  • 75
    • 84869839000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1392 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1392
  • 76
    • 84869839000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1392 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1392
  • 77
    • 84869839000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1392 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1392
  • 78
    • 84869839000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1392 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1392
  • 79
    • 84869839000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1392 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1392
  • 80
    • 84869839000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1392 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1392
  • 81
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    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1392 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1392
  • 82
    • 84869839000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1392 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1392
  • 83
    • 84869839000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1392 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1392
  • 84
    • 79955514507 scopus 로고
    • note
    • For Strickland's settled requirements, see Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984).
    • (1984) Strickland v. Washington , vol.466
  • 85
    • 84879823738 scopus 로고
    • note
    • 489 U.S. 288 (1989) (plurality opinion).
    • (1989) U.S. , vol.489 , pp. 288
  • 86
    • 84869769601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) (2006) (limiting federal habeas review to state convictions that had unreasonably misapplied or contravened law that had been clearly established at the time by the U.S. Supreme Court).
    • (2006) U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) , vol.28
  • 87
    • 84869770422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1385, 1389-90.
    • Lafler , vol.132
  • 88
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    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1408.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1408
  • 89
    • 84937177641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wise Masters
    • note
    • Marc L. Miller, Wise Masters, 51 Stan. L. Rev. 1751, 1786 (1999) (reviewing MalcolmM. Feeley & Edward L. Rubin, Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State(1998).
    • (1999) Stan. L. Rev. , vol.51
    • Miller, M.L.1
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    • note
    • See Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1408.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1408
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    • note
    • See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689 (1984) (requiring "highly deferential" judicial review and erecting a "strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.
    • (1984) Strickland v. Washington , vol.466
  • 92
    • 84869770386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1404.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1404
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    • See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.
    • Strickland , vol.466 , pp. 687
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    • 84869808138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1409-11.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1409-1411
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    • The Psychology of Hindsight and After-the-Fact Review of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
    • note
    • See Stephanos Bibas, The Psychology of Hindsight and After-the-Fact Review of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel, 2004 Utah L. Rev. 1, 3 [hereinafter Bibas, The Psychology of Hindsight].
    • (2004) Utah L. Rev.
    • Bibas, S.1
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    • 78650708028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Psychology of Hindsight and After-the-Fact Review of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
    • note
    • See Stephanos Bibas, The Psychology of Hindsight and After-the-Fact Review of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel, 2004 Utah L. Rev. 1, 3 [hereinafter Bibas, The Psychology of Hindsight].
    • (2004) Utah L. Rev.
    • Bibas, S.1
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    • note
    • Brown v. Allen, 344 U.S. 443, 537 (1953) (Jackson, J., concurring in result).
    • (1953) Brown v. Allen , vol.344
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    • 78650708028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Psychology of Hindsight and After-the-Fact Review of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
    • note
    • See Stephanos Bibas, The Psychology of Hindsight and After-the-Fact Review of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel, 2004 Utah L. Rev. 1, 3 [hereinafter Bibas, The Psychology of Hindsight].
    • (2004) Utah L. Rev.
    • Bibas, S.1
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    • 78650708028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Psychology of Hindsight and After-the-Fact Review of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
    • note
    • See Stephanos Bibas, The Psychology of Hindsight and After-the-Fact Review of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel, 2004 Utah L. Rev. 1, 3 [hereinafter Bibas, The Psychology of Hindsight].
    • (2004) Utah L. Rev.
    • Bibas, S.1
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    • 84869769594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1388-89.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1388-1389
  • 102
    • 84869769594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1388-89.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1388-1389
  • 103
    • 84869769594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1388-89.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1388-1389
  • 104
    • 84869857483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1413-14 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1413-1414
  • 105
    • 84869808137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1389, 1391.
    • Lafler , vol.132
  • 106
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    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1408-09.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1408-1409
  • 107
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    • note
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1408-09.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1408-1409
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    • Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?
    • note
    • See Stephanos Bibas, Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?, in Criminal Procedure Stories 129, 131-32, 140-42 (Carol S. Steiker ed., 2006).
    • (2006) Criminal Procedure Stories
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 109
    • 77954793536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?
    • note
    • See Stephanos Bibas, Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?, in Criminal Procedure Stories 129, 131-32, 140-42 (Carol S. Steiker ed., 2006).
    • (2006) Criminal Procedure Stories
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 110
    • 84869783319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Premo v. Moore, 131 S. Ct. 733, 742 (2011) ("Prosecutors must have assurance that a plea will not be undone years later because of infidelity to the requirements of AEDPA and the teachings of Strickland. ").
    • (2011) Premo v. Moore , vol.131
  • 111
    • 0345807564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Pathological Politics of Criminal Law
    • note
    • See William J. Stuntz, The Pathological Politics of Criminal Law, 100 Mich. L. Rev. 505, 550-52 (2001).
    • (2001) Mich. L. Rev. , vol.100 , pp. 550-552
    • Stuntz, W.J.1
  • 112
    • 78649552976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010).
    • (2010) S. Ct. , vol.130 , pp. 1473
  • 113
    • 78649552976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010).
    • (2010) S. Ct. , vol.130 , pp. 1473
  • 114
    • 84869839014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criminal Courts & Criminal Justice Operations Comms., N.Y.C. BarAss'n
    • note
    • E.g., Criminal Courts & Criminal Justice Operations Comms., N.Y.C. BarAss'n, Padilla v. Kentucky: The New York City Criminal Court System, OneYear Later 6 (2011) [hereinafter NYC Bar Report], available at http://www2.nycbar.org/pdf /report/uploads/PadillaCrimCtsCJOReportFINAL6.15.11.pdf.
    • (2011) Padilla v. Kentucky: The New York City Criminal Court System, OneYear Later , vol.6
  • 115
    • 84869839014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criminal Courts & Criminal Justice Operations Comms., N.Y.C. BarAss'n
    • note
    • E.g., Criminal Courts & Criminal Justice Operations Comms., N.Y.C. BarAss'n, Padilla v. Kentucky: The New York City Criminal Court System, OneYear Later 6 (2011) [hereinafter NYC Bar Report], available at http://www2.nycbar.org/pdf /report/uploads/PadillaCrimCtsCJOReportFINAL6.15.11.pdf.
    • (2011) Padilla v. Kentucky: The New York City Criminal Court System, OneYear Later , vol.6
  • 116
    • 84869839014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criminal Courts & Criminal Justice Operations Comms., N.Y.C. BarAss'n
    • note
    • E.g., Criminal Courts & Criminal Justice Operations Comms., N.Y.C. BarAss'n, Padilla v. Kentucky: The New York City Criminal Court System, OneYear Later 6 (2011) [hereinafter NYC Bar Report], available at http://www2.nycbar.org/pdf /report/uploads/PadillaCrimCtsCJOReportFINAL6.15.11.pdf.
    • (2011) Padilla v. Kentucky: The New York City Criminal Court System, OneYear Later , vol.6
  • 117
    • 84869839014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criminal Courts & Criminal Justice Operations Comms., N.Y.C. BarAss'n
    • note
    • E.g., Criminal Courts & Criminal Justice Operations Comms., N.Y.C. BarAss'n, Padilla v. Kentucky: The New York City Criminal Court System, OneYear Later 6 (2011) [hereinafter NYC Bar Report], available at http://www2.nycbar.org/pdf /report/uploads/PadillaCrimCtsCJOReportFINAL6.15.11.pdf.
    • (2011) Padilla v. Kentucky: The New York City Criminal Court System, OneYear Later , vol.6
  • 118
    • 84869839014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criminal Courts & Criminal Justice Operations Comms., N.Y.C. BarAss'n
    • note
    • E.g., Criminal Courts & Criminal Justice Operations Comms., N.Y.C. BarAss'n, Padilla v. Kentucky: The New York City Criminal Court System, OneYear Later 6 (2011) [hereinafter NYC Bar Report], available at http://www2.nycbar.org/pdf /report/uploads/PadillaCrimCtsCJOReportFINAL6.15.11.pdf.
    • (2011) Padilla v. Kentucky: The New York City Criminal Court System, OneYear Later , vol.6
  • 120
    • 84869742540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Memorandum from Hon. Richard C. Tallman, Chair, Advisory Comm. on Fed. Rules of Criminal Procedure, to Hon. Lee H. Rosenthal, Chair, Standing Comm. on Rules of Practice and Procedure (Dec. 8, 2010), available at http://www.uscourts.gov/uscourts/RulesAndPolicies/rules /Publication%20Aug%202011/CR_Dec_2010.pdf (proposing the adoption of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(b)(1)(O), which would require warning criminal defendants at plea colloquies that, if convicted, noncitizen defendants may be removed or denied admission or citizenship).
    • (2010) Standing Comm. on Rules of Practice and Procedure
  • 121
    • 77954793536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?
    • note
    • See Stephanos Bibas, Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?, in Criminal Procedure Stories 129, 131-32, 140-42 (Carol S. Steiker ed., 2006).
    • (2006) Criminal Procedure Stories
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 122
    • 77954793536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?
    • note
    • See Stephanos Bibas, Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?, in Criminal Procedure Stories 129, 131-32, 140-42 (Carol S. Steiker ed., 2006).
    • (2006) Criminal Procedure Stories
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 124
    • 84869770387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frye, 132 S. Ct. at 1407.
    • Frye , vol.132 , pp. 1407
  • 125
    • 84881900581 scopus 로고
    • Plea Bargaining as Contract
    • note
    • Robert E. Scott & William J. Stuntz, Plea Bargaining as Contract, 101 Yale L.J. 1909, 1912 (1992) (internal quotation mark omitted).
    • (1992) Yale L.J. , vol.101
    • Scott, R.E.1    Stuntz, W.J.2
  • 126
    • 84881900581 scopus 로고
    • Plea Bargaining as Contract
    • note
    • Robert E. Scott & William J. Stuntz, Plea Bargaining as Contract, 101 Yale L.J. 1909, 1912 (1992) (internal quotation mark omitted).
    • (1992) Yale L.J. , vol.101
    • Scott, R.E.1    Stuntz, W.J.2
  • 127
    • 84881900581 scopus 로고
    • Plea Bargaining as Contract
    • note
    • Robert E. Scott & William J. Stuntz, Plea Bargaining as Contract, 101 Yale L.J. 1909, 1912 (1992) (internal quotation mark omitted).
    • (1992) Yale L.J. , vol.101
    • Scott, R.E.1    Stuntz, W.J.2
  • 128
    • 84881900581 scopus 로고
    • Plea Bargaining as Contract
    • note
    • Robert E. Scott & William J. Stuntz, Plea Bargaining as Contract, 101 Yale L.J. 1909, 1912 (1992) (internal quotation mark omitted).
    • (1992) Yale L.J. , vol.101
    • Scott, R.E.1    Stuntz, W.J.2
  • 130
    • 79955514507 scopus 로고
    • note
    • See, e.g., Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-89 (1983).
    • (1983) Strickland v. Washington , vol.466
  • 131
    • 84880281820 scopus 로고
    • 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
    • (1963) U.S. , vol.373 , pp. 83
  • 132
    • 84880281820 scopus 로고
    • 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
    • (1963) U.S. , vol.373 , pp. 83
  • 134
    • 84869857481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lafler, 132 S. Ct. at 1391.
    • Lafler , vol.132 , pp. 1391
  • 135
    • 84869770419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frye and Lafler: Bearers of Mixed Messages
    • Jed S. Rakoff, Frye and Lafler: Bearers of Mixed Messages, 122 Yale L.J. Online 25, 26-27 (2012), http://yalelawjournal.org/2012/06/18/rakoff.html.
    • (2012) Yale L.J. Online , vol.122
    • Rakoff, J.S.1
  • 136
    • 84869770419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frye and Lafler: Bearers of Mixed Messages
    • Jed S. Rakoff, Frye and Lafler: Bearers of Mixed Messages, 122 Yale L.J. Online 25, 26-27 (2012), http://yalelawjournal.org/2012/06/18/rakoff.html.
    • (2012) Yale L.J. Online , vol.122
    • Rakoff, J.S.1
  • 137
    • 77954793536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?
    • note
    • See Stephanos Bibas, Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?, in Criminal Procedure Stories 129, 131-32, 140-42 (Carol S. Steiker ed., 2006).
    • (2006) Criminal Procedure Stories
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 138
    • 84869770419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frye and Lafler: Bearers of Mixed Messages
    • Jed S. Rakoff, Frye and Lafler: Bearers of Mixed Messages, 122 Yale L.J. Online 25, 26-27 (2012), http://yalelawjournal.org/2012/06/18/rakoff.html.
    • (2012) Yale L.J. Online , vol.122
    • Rakoff, J.S.1
  • 139
    • 84869783319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Premo v. Moore, 131 S. Ct. 733, 741 (2011).
    • (2011) Premo v. Moore , vol.131
  • 140
    • 77954793536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?
    • note
    • See Stephanos Bibas, Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?, in Criminal Procedure Stories 129, 131-32, 140-42 (Carol S. Steiker ed., 2006).
    • (2006) Criminal Procedure Stories
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 141
    • 77954793536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?
    • note
    • See Stephanos Bibas, Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?, in Criminal Procedure Stories 129, 131-32, 140-42 (Carol S. Steiker ed., 2006).
    • (2006) Criminal Procedure Stories
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 142
    • 77954793536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?
    • note
    • See Stephanos Bibas, Brady v. Maryland: From Adversarial Gamesmanship Toward the Search for Innocence?, in Criminal Procedure Stories 129, 131-32, 140-42 (Carol S. Steiker ed., 2006).
    • (2006) Criminal Procedure Stories
    • Bibas, S.1
  • 147
    • 84937177641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wise Masters
    • note
    • Marc L. Miller, Wise Masters, 51 Stan. L. Rev. 1751, 1786 (1999) (reviewing MalcolmM. Feeley & Edward L. Rubin, Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State(1998).
    • (1999) Stan. L. Rev. , vol.51
    • Miller, M.L.1
  • 148
    • 84869769596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See generally Stephanos Bibas, The Machinery of Criminal Justice xv-xvi, 29-40 (2012) (contrasting the romanticized jury trial with the market reality of plea bargaining).
    • (2012) The Machinery of Criminal Justice
    • Bibas, S.1


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