A survey of security challenges in cognitive radio networks: Solutions and future research directions

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 100, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 3172-3186

  Attar, Alireza ^a   Tang, Helen ^b,c   Vasilakos, Athanasios V ^d,e   Yu, F Richard ^c   Leung, Victor C M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^c CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN MACEDONIA   (Greece)

^e NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

Cognitive radio (CR); denial of service (DoS); incumbent emulation; security; spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF)

Indexed keywords

DENIAL-OF-SERVICE ATTACK; NETWORK SECURITY; RADIO SYSTEMS; SECURE COMMUNICATION; SURVEYS;

COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORK; COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORK (CRN); DENIAL OF SERVICE; FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS; INCUMBENT EMULATION; INFRASTRUCTURE-LESS NETWORKS; SECURITY; SPECTRUM SENSING;

COGNITIVE RADIO;

EID: 84869508857     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2012.2208211     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. C. Stevenson, G. Chouinard, L. Zhongding, W. Hu, S. Shellhammer, and W. Caldwell, BIEEE 802.22: The first cognitive radio wireless regional area network standard,[ IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 47, no. 1, pp .130-138, Jan. 2009.
2. R. V. Prasad, P. Pawelczak, J. A. Hoffmeyer, and H. S. Berger, BCognitive functionality in next generation wireless networks: Standardization efforts,[ IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 72-78, Apr. 2008. (Pubitemid 351593410)
3. T. X. Brown and A. Sethi, BPotential cognitive radio denial-of-service vulnerabilities and protection countermeasures: A multi-dimensional analysis and assessment,[ Mobile Net. Appl., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 516-532, Oct. 2008.
4. T. C. Clancy and N. Goergen, BSecurity in cognitive radio networks: Threats and mitigation,[ in Proc. Int. Conf. Cogn. Radio Oriented Wireless Netw. Commun., Singapore, May 15-17, 2008, DOI: 10.1109/CROWNCOM.2008.4562534.
5. J. L. Burbank, BSecurity in cognitive radio networks: The required evolution in approaches to wireless network security,[ in Proc. Int. Conf. Cogn. Radio Oriented Wireless Netw. Commun., Singapore, May 15-17, 2008, DOI: 10.1109/CROWNCOM.2008.4562536.
6. A. N. Mody, R. Reddy, T. Kiernan, and T. X. Brown, BSecurity in cognitive radio networks: An example using the commercial IEEE 802.22 standard,[ in Proc. IEEE Military Commun. Conf., Boston, MA, Oct. 18-21, 2009, DOI: 10.1109/MILCOM.2009. 5380058.
7. Y. Tan, S. Sengupta, and K. P. Subbalakshmi, BCoordinated denial-of-service attacks in IEEE 802.22 networks,[ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., Cape Town, South Africa, May 23-27, 2010, DOI: 10.1109/ICC.2010. 5502431.
8. S. Sodagari, A. Attar, V. Leung, and S. Bilen, BDenial of service attacks in cognitive radio networks through channel eviction triggering,[ in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf., Miami, FL, Dec. 6-10, 2010, DOI: 10.1109/GLOCOM.2010. 5683177.
9. S. M. Mishra, A. Sahai, and R. W. Brodersen, BCooperative sensing among cognitive radios,[ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., Istanbul, Turkey, Jun. 2006, vol. 4, pp. 1658-1663. (Pubitemid 351575230)
10. F. F. Digham,M.-S. Alouini, andM. K. Simon, BOn the energy detection of unknown signals over fading channels,[ IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 21-24, Jan. 2007. (Pubitemid 46351039)
11. A. Ghasemi and E. S. Sousa, BSpectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: The cooperation-processing tradeoff,[ Wireless Commun. Mobile Comput., vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 1049-1060, May 2007. (Pubitemid 350044684)
12. R. Tandra and A. Sahai, BSNR walls for signal detection,[ IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 4-17, Feb. 2008. (Pubitemid 351392284)
13. D. Noguet et al., BSensing techniques for cognitive radioVState of the art and trends,[ in IEEE SCC41-P1900.6 White Paper, Apr. 2009.
14. T. Yucek and H. Arslan, BA survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications,[ IEEE Commun. Surv. Tut., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 116-130, First Quarter, 2009.
15. A. Attar, A. Sheikhi, and A. Zamani, BCommunication system recognition by modulation recognition,[ in Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Telecommun., Fortaleza, Brazil, Aug. 1-7, 2004, pp. 106-113, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-27824-516.
16. Q. Zhao and J. Ye, BQuickest detection in multiple ON-OFF processes,[ IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 58, no. 12, pp. 5994-6006, Dec. 2010.
17. V. Krishnamurthy, Quickest Time Herding and Detection for Optimal Social Learning, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.4972/.
18. F. R. Yu, M. Huang, and H. Tang, BBiologically inspired consensus-based spectrum sensing in mobile Ad Hoc networks with cognitive radios,[ IEEE Networks, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 26-30, May-Jun. 2010.
19. B. Atakan and O. B. Akan, BBiologically-inspired spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks,[ in Proc. IEEE Wireless Commun. Netw. Conf., Hong Kong, Mar. 11-15, 2007, pp. 43-48. (Pubitemid 350139364)
20. Z. Li, F. R. Yu, and M. Huang, BA distributed consensus-based cooperative spectrum-sensing scheme in cognitive radios,[ IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 383-393, Jan. 2010.
21. S. Haykin, BCognitive radio: Brain-empowered wireless communications,[ IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 201-220, Feb. 2005. (Pubitemid 40245487)
22. L. Lifeng, H. El Gamal, J. Hai, and H. V. Poor, BCognitive medium access: Exploration, exploitation, and competition,[ IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 239-253, Feb. 2011.
23. O. Holland, A. Attar, N. Olaziregi, N. Sattari, and A. H. Aghvami, BA universal resource awareness channel for cognitive radio,[ in Proc. IEEE Pers. Indoor Mobile Radio Commun., Helsinki, Finland, Sep. 11-14, 2006, DOI: 10.1109/PIMRC.2006.254338.
24. G. A. Safdar and M. O'Neill, BCommon control channel security framework for cognitive radio networks,[ in Proc. IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf. Spring, Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 26-29, 2009, DOI: 10.1109/VETECS. 2009.5073450.
25. R. Chen, J.-M. Park, and J. H. Reed, BDefense against primary user emulation attacks in cognitive radio networks,[ IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 25-37, Jan. 2008.
26. A. W. Min, K. G. Shin, and X. Hu, BAttack-tolerant distributed sensing for dynamic spectrum access networks,[ in Proc. 17th IEEE Int. Conf. Netw. Protocols, Princeton, NJ, Oct. 13-16, 2009, pp. 294-303.
27. T. Qin, H. Yu, C. Leung, Z. Shen, and C.Miao, BTowards a trust aware cognitive radio architecture,[ ACM Mobile Comput. Commun. Rev., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 86-95, Apr. 2009.
28. W. Wangz, H. Liy, Y. Sunz, and Z. Han, BAttack-proof collaborative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks,[ in Proc. Conf. Inf. Sci. Syst., Baltimore, MD, Mar. 2009, pp. 130-134.
29. P. Kaligineedi, M. Khabbazian, and V. K. Bhargava, BSecure cooperative sensing techniques for cognitive radio systems,[ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., Beijing, China, May 2008, pp. 3406-3410.
30. F. Gao, W. Yuan, W. Liu, W. Cheng, and S. Wang, BA robust and efficient cooperative spectrum sensing scheme in cognitive radio networks,[ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., Cape Town, South Africa, May 23-27, 2010, DOI: 10.1109/ICCW. 2010.5503968.
31. R. Chen, J.-M. Park, Y. T. Hou, and J. H. Reed, BToward secure distributed spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks,[ IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 50-55, Apr. 2008. (Pubitemid 351593407)
32. F. R. Yu, H. Tang, M. Huang, Z. Li, and P. C. Mason, BDefense against spectrum sensing data falsification attacks in mobile Ad Hoc networks with cognitive radios,[ in Proc. IEEE Military Commun. Conf., Boston, MA, Oct. 2009, DOI: 10.1109/MILCOM. 2009.5379832.
33. R. Etkin, A. Parekh, and D. Tse, BSpectrum sharing for unlicensed bands,[ IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 517-528, Apr. 2007. (Pubitemid 46620946)
34. A. Attar, M. R. Nakahi, and A. H. Aghvami, BCognitive radio game for secondary spectrum access problem,[ IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 2121-2131, Apr. 2008.
35. S.-S. Byun, I. Balasingham, and A. V. Vasilakos, BA market-clearing model for spectrum trade in cognitive radio networks,[ in Proc. 12th ACM Int. Symp. Mobile Ad Hoc Netw. Comput., Paris, France, May 2011, DOI: 10.1145/2107502. 2107513.
36. Q. Zhao, L. Tong, A. Swami, and Y. Chen, BDecentralized cognitive MAC for opportunistic spectrum access in Ad Hoc networks: A POMDP framework,[ IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 589-600, Apr. 2007.
37. S. Haji Ali Ahmad, M. Liu, T. Javidi, Q. Zhao, and B. Krishnamachari, BOptimality of myopic sensing in multichannel opportunistic access,[ IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 4040-4050, Sep. 2009.
38. A. Laourine and L. Tong, BBetting on Gilbert-Elliot channels,[ IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 723-733, Feb. 2010.
39. K. Liu and Q. Zhao, BDistributed learning in multi-armed bandit with multiple players,[ IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 5667-5681, Nov. 2010.
40. E. Hossain, D. Niyato, and Z. Hun, Dynamic Spectrum Access and Management in Cognitive Radio Networks. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009.
41. C. J. C. H. Watkins, BLearning from delayed rewards,[ Ph.D. dissertation, Faculty Comput. Sci. Technol., Univ. Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K., 1989.
42. C. J. C. H. Watkins and P. Dayan, BQ-learning,[ Mach. Learn., vol. 8, pp. 279-292, 1992.
43. W. Xu, W. Trappe, Y. Zhang, and T. Wood, BThe feasibility of launching and detecting jamming attacks in wireless networks,[ in Proc. 6th ACM Int. Symp. Mobile Ad Hoc Netw. Comput., Urbana, IL, May 25-28, 2005, pp. 46-57. (Pubitemid 43037582)
44. E. Altman, K. Avrachenkov, and A. Garnaev, BJamming in wireless networks under uncertainty,[ Mobile Netw. Appl., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 246-254, Nov. 2010.
45. Y. Liang, A. Somekh-Baruch, H. V. Poor, S. Shamai, and S. Verdu, BCapacity of cognitive interference channels with and without secrecy,[ IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 604-619, Feb. 2009.
46. L. Zhu and H. Zhou, BTwo types of attacks against cognitive radio network MAC protocols,[ in Proc. Int. Conf. Comput. Sci. Softw. Eng., Wuhan, China, Dec. 2008, vol. 4, pp. 1110-1113.
47. A. W. Min, K. G. Shin, and X. Hu, BSecure cooperative sensing in IEEE 802.22 WRANs using shadow fading correlation,[ IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1434-1447, Oct. 2011.
48. C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer, BAd-hoc on-demand distance vector routing,[ in Proc. 2nd IEEE Workshop Mobile Comput. Syst. Appl., New Orleans, LA, Feb. 25-26, 1999, pp. 90-100.
49. H. Yu, Z. Shen, C. Miao, C. Leung, and D. Niyato, BA survey of trust and reputation management systems in wireless communications,[ Proc. IEEE, vol. 98, no. 10, pp. 1755-1772, Oct. 2010.
50. D. Dagon, T. Martin, and T. Starner, BMobile phones as computing devices: The viruses are coming![ IEEE Pervasive Comput., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 11-15, Oct.-Dec. 2004. (Pubitemid 40010893)
51. P. Wang, M. C. González, C. A. Hidalgo, and A.-L. Barabási, BUnderstanding the spreading patterns of mobile phone viruses,[ Science, vol. 32, no. 5930, pp. 1071-1076, May 2009.
52. O. Holland and A. H. Aghvami, BDynamic scalable software downloads for mobile terminal mass-upgrades,[ in Proc. IST Mobile Wireless Commun. Summit, Budapest, Hungary, Jul. 2007, DOI: 10.1109/ISTMWC. 2007.4299035.
53. M. Muck, S. Buljore, P. Martigne, A. Kousaridas, E. Patouni, M. Stamatelatos, K. Tsagkaris, J. Yang, and O. Holland, BIEEE P1900.B: Coexistence support for reconfigurable, heterogeneous air interfaces,[ in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. New Frontiers Dynamic Spectrum Access Netw., Dublin, Ireland, Apr. 2007, pp. 381-389. (Pubitemid 47431674)
54. G. Yue, X. Wang, and M. Madihian, BDesign of anti-jamming coding for cognitive radio,[ in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf., Washington, DC, Nov. 26-30, 2007, pp .4190-4194. (Pubitemid 351259782)
55. B.Wang, Y. Wu, K. J. R. Liu, and T. C. Clancy, BAn anti-jamming stochastic game for cognitive radio networks,[ IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 877-889, Apr. 2011.
56. H. Tang and M. Salmanian, BLightweight integrated authentication for tactical MANETS,[ in Proc. IEEE 9th Int. Conf. Young Comput. Sci., Zhangjiajie, China, Nov. 18-21, 2008, pp. 2266-2271.
57. F. R. Yu and H. Tang, Distributed Node Selection for Threshold Key Management With Intrusion Detection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. New York: ACM/Springer Wireless Networks, Apr. 2010.
58. F. R. Yu, H. Tang, P. C. Mason, and F. Wang, BA hierarchical identity based key management scheme in tactical mobile Ad Hoc networks,[ IEEE Trans. Netw. Services Manage., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1932-4537, Dec. 2010.
59. J. Barros and M. R. D. Rodrigues, BSecrecy capacity of wireless channels,[ in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Inf. Theory, Seattle, WA, Jul. 9-14, 2006, pp. 356-360. (Pubitemid 351244113)
60. P. K. Gopala, L. Lifeng, and H. El Gamal, BOn the secrecy capacity of fading channels,[ IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 4687-4698, Oct. 2008.
61. F. Oggier and B. Hassibi, BThe secrecy capacity of the MIMO wiretap channel,[ in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Inf. Theory, Toronto, ON, Canada, Jul. 6-11, 2008, pp. 524-528.
62. P. Wang, G. Yu, and Z. Zhang, BOn the secrecy capacity of fading wireless channel with multiple eavesdroppers,[ in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Inf. Theory, Nice, France, Jun. 24-29, 2007, pp. 1301-1305.
63. W. Saad, Z. Han, T. Basar, M. Debbah, and A. Hjørungnes, BDistributed coalition formation games for secure wireless transmission,[ Mobile Netw. Appl., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 231-245, Nov. 2010.
64. J.-H. Cho, A. Swami, and I.-R. Chen, BA survey on trust management for mobile Ad Hoc networks,[ IEEE Commun. Surv. Tut., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 116-130, First Quarter, 2009.
65. J. W. Huang and V. Krishnamurthy, BGame theoretic issues in cognitive radio systems,[ J. Commun., vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 790-802, Nov. 2009.
66. R. K. Dash, A. Rogers, N. R. Jennings, S. Reece, and S. Roberts, BConstrained bandwidth allocation in multisensor information fusion: A mechanism design approach,[ in Proc. IEEE Inf. Fusion Conf., Philadelphia, PA, Jul. 2005, pp. 1185-1192. (Pubitemid 46276341)
67. G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, BOn limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas,[ Wireless Pers. Commun., vol. 6, pp. 311-335, 1998. (Pubitemid 128513099)
68. Y. Li, L. J. Cimini, and N. R. Sollenberger, BRobust channel estimation for OFDM systems with rapid dispersive fading channels,[ IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 902-915, Jul. 1998. (Pubitemid 128739441)
69. P. Setoodeh and S. Haykin, BRobust transmit power control for cognitive radio,[ Proc. IEEE, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 915-939, May 2009.
70. J. Wang, G. Scutari, and D. P. Palomar, BRobust cognitive radio via game theory,[ in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Inf. Theory, Jun. 2010, pp. 2073-2077.
71. M. H. Islam, Y.-C. Liang, and R. Zhang, BRobust precoding for orthogonal space-time block coded MIMO cognitive radio networks,[ in Proc. IEEE 10th Workshop Signal Process. Adv. Wireless Commun., Perugia, Italy, Jun. 2009, pp. 86-90.
72. X. Gong, A. Ishaque, G. Dartmann, and G. Ascheid, BMSE-based linear transceiver optimization in MIMO cognitive radio networks with imperfect channel knowledge,[ in Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop Cogn. Inf. Process., Elba Island, Italy, Jun. 2010, pp. 105-110.
73. G. Zheng, S. Ma, K.-K. Wong, and T.-S. Ng, BRobust beamforming in cognitive radio,[ IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 570-576, Feb. 2010.
74. H. Du, T. Ratnarajah, M. Pesavento, and C. B. Papadias, BJoint transceiver beamforming in MIMO cognitive radio network via second-order cone programming,[ IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 781-792, Feb. 2012.
75. O. Durowoju, K. Arshad, and K. Moessner, BDistributed power control for cognitive radio networks, based on incumbent outage information,[ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., Kyoto, Japan, Jun. 2011, DOI: 10.1109/icc.2011.5962937.
76. D. Li and J. Gross, BRobust clustering of ad-hoc cognitive radio networks under opportunistic spectrum access,[ in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., Kyoto, Japan, Jun. 2011, DOI: 10.1109/icc.2011.5963426.
77. H. Li and Z. Han, BDogfight in spectrum: Combating primary user emulation attacks in cognitive radio systemsVPart II: Unknown channel statistics,[ IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 274-283, Jan. 2011.
78. H. Li and Z. Han, BCatch me if you can: An abnormality detection approach for collaborative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks,[ IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 3554-3565, Nov. 2011.
79. A. Ghassemi, L. H.-J. Lampe, A. Attar, and T. A. Gulliver, BJoint sidelobe and peak power reduction in OFDM-based cognitive radio,[ in Proc. IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf. Fall, San Francisco, CA, Sep. 5-8, 2011, DOI: 10.1109/VETECF.2010.5594133.