Making the national adaptation programme of action (NAPA) more responsive to the livelihood needs of tree planting farmers, drawing on previous experience in Dryland Sudan

Forests

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 948-960

  Kalame, Fobissie Blese ^a   Luukkanen, Olavi ^a   Kanninen, Markku ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Africa; Climate change impacts; Governance; Reforestation

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; AFRICA; AGROFORESTRY; CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT; DRYLAND; ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES; GOVERNANCE; GUM ARABIC; RAINFALL PATTERNS; TREE PLANTINGS; VULNERABLE GROUPS;

ADHESIVES; AGRICULTURE;

REFORESTATION;

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; AGROFORESTRY; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE EFFECT; DRYLAND FARMING; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; REFORESTATION; TREE PLANTING;

ADHESIVES; AFRICA; AGRICULTURE; CLIMATES; REFORESTATION;

SUDAN;

ACACIA SENEGAL;

EID: 84869240106     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19994907     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/f2040948     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Verchot, L.V.; van Noordwijk, M.; Kandji, S.; Tomich, T.P.; Ong, C.K.; Albrecht, A.; Mackensen, J.; Bantilan, C.; Anupama, K.V.; Palm, C. Climate change: Linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang. 2007, 12, 901-918.
2. Locatelli, B.; Kanninen, M.; Brockhaus, M.; Colfer, C.J.P.; Murdiyarso, D.; Santoso, H. Facing Uncertain Future: How Forests and People can Adapt to Climate Change; Forest Perspectives No. 5; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR): Bogor, Indonesia, 2008.
3. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Least Developed Countries National Adaptation Programmes of Action: Overview of Preparation, Design of Implementation Strategies and Submission of Revised Project Lists and Profiles; LDC Expert Group 2009, UNFCCC: Bonn, Germany, 2009.
4. Osman-Elasha, B.; Downing, T. Lessons Learned in Preparing National Adaptation Programmes of Action in Eastern and Southern Africa; Policy Analysis Report; European Capacity Building Initiative (ECBI): Oxford, UK, 2007.
5. Hardee, K.; Mutunga, C. Strengthening the link between climate change adaptation and national development plans: Lessons from the case of population in National Adaptation Programmes of Actions (NAPAs). Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang. 2009, 15, 113-126.
6. Kalame, F.B. Modified taungya system in the transition zone of Ghana. In Forests and Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation; Bodegom, V., Jan, A., Savenije, H., Wit, M., Eds.; Tropenbos International: Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2009; pp. 101-106.
7. HCENR. National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA); Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resource, Ministry of Environment and Physical Development: Khartoum, Republic of Sudan, 2007.
8. The Cancun Agreement: Outcome of the Work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative Action Under the Convention (Decision 1/CP.16); UNFCCC: Cancun, Mexico, 2011. Available online: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf#page=2 (accessed on 15 September 2011).
9. Flåm, K.H.; Skjærseth, J.B. Does adequate financing exist for adaptation in developing countries? Clim. Policy 2009, 9, 109-114.
10. McGuire, S.J.; Sperling, L. Leveraging farmers' strategies for coping with stress: Seed aid in Ethiopia. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2008, 18, 679-688.
11. Weber, F.R.; Stoney, C. Reforestation in Arid Lands, 2nd ed.; Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA): Arlington, VA, USA, 1986.
12. World Bank. Export Marketing of Gum Arabic from Sudan; Policy Note; Multi Donor Trust Fund-National, Technical Secretariat: Khartoum, Sudan; Juba, Sudan, 2007.
13. Ballal, M.E.; El Siddig, E.A.; Elfadle, M.A.; Luukkanen, O. Gum arabic yield in differently managed Acacia senegal stands in Western Sudan. Agrofor. Forum 2005, 63, 237-245.
14. Rahim, A.H.; van Ierland, E.C.; Wesseler, J. Economic incentives for abandoning or expanding gum Arabic production in Sudan. For. Policy Econ. 2007, 10, 36-47.
15. Ibrahim, A.M. Twenty eight years (1979-2007) of forestry cooperation between Finland and Sudan: A case study. In Research Collaboration on Responsible Natural Resources Management, the 1st UniPID Workshop, Hyytiälä, Finland, 16-17 October 2007; Hares, M., Luukkanen, O., Eds.; University of Helsinki: Helsinki, Finland, 2008; pp. 51-54.
16. IPCC. Climate Change 2007, Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability; Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007.
17. Adger, W.N.; Arnell, N.W.; Tompkins, E.L. Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2005, 15, 77-86.
18. Hedger, M.; Mitchell, T.; Leavy, J.; Greeley, M.; Downie, A.; Horrocks, A. Evaluation of Adaptation to Climate Change from a Development Perspective; Institute of Development Studies: Brighton, UK, 2008.
19. Adger, W.N.; Huq, S.; Brown, K.; Conway, D.; Hulme, M. Adaptation to climate change in the developing world. Prog. Dev. Stud. 2003, 3, 179-195.
20. Thomas, D.S.G.; Twyman, C. Equity and justice in climate change adaptation amongst natural-resource-dependent societies. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2005, 15,115-124.
21. Environmental Protection Agency. Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy Report; EPA: Accra, Ghana, 2004.
22. Carlsson, L.; Berkes, F. Co-management: Concepts and methodological implications. J. Environ. Manag. 2005, 75, 65-76.
23. Plummer, R.; Armitage, D. A resilience-based framework for evaluating adaptive comanagement: Linking ecology, economics and society in a complex world. Ecol. Econ. 2007, 61, 62-74.
24. Eriksen, S.; Næss, L.O. Pro-Poor Climate Adaptation: Norwegian Development Cooperation and Climate Change Adaptation: An Assessment of Issues, Strategies and Potential Entry Points; CICERO Report 2003:2; Report prepared for the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD): Oslo, Norway, 2003.
25. Lemos, M.C.; Agrawal, A. Environmental governance. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2006, 31, 297-325.
26. Gaafar, M. Improving Traditional Acacia Senegal Agroforestry: Ecophysiological Characterisrtics as Indicators for Tree-Crop Interaction in Western Sudan. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Helsniki: Helsniki, Finland, 2005.
27. Keddeman, W. Restocking of the Gum Belt for Desertification Control in Kordofan, Phase III; Report of the evaluation mission (UNSO/SUD/89/X05); Netherlands Economic Institute, Agricultural and Rural Development Department: Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1994.
28. Warren, A.; Khogali, M. Asssessment of Desertification and Drought in the Sudano-Sahelian Region 1985-1991; UNSO: New York, NY, USA, 1992.
29. Olsson, L. On the causes of famine-Drought, desertification and market failure in the Sudan. Ambio 1993, 22, 395-403.
30. Elmqvist, B.; Olsson, L. Livelihood diversification: Continuity and change in the Sahel. GeoJournal 2006, 67,167-180.
31. United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment; UNEP: Nairobi, Kenya, 2007.
32. Tarig, E.M. Vulnerability of Gum Arabic Producing Farmers. Director of Gum Arabic Research Center, University of Kordofan: El Obeid, North Kurdufan, Sudan. Personal communication, 10 March 2010.
33. El Obeid and Kosti Stations; Sudan Meteorological Authority: Khartoum, Sudan, 2010
34. Gum Arabic Production; Bank of Sudan: Khartoum, Sudan, 2007