Power production of the lower limbs in flutter-kick swimming

Sports Biomechanics

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 480-491

  Gatta, Giorgio ^a   Cortesi, Matteo ^a   Di Michele, Rocco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Front crawl; passive drag; propulsion; towing

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BIOMECHANICS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; HUMAN; LEG; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; SWIMMING;

ADOLESCENT; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BIOMECHANICS; HUMANS; LOWER EXTREMITY; MALE; SWIMMING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84869159623     PISSN: 14763141     EISSN: 17526116     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2012.670663     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Allen, R. H. (1948). A study of the leg stroke in swimming the crawl stroke. Unpublished, master's thesis, University of Iowa.
2. Alley, L. E. 1952. An analysis of water resistance and propulsion in swimming the crawl stroke. Research Quarterly, 23: 257-270.
3. Arellano, R., Pardillo, S. and Gavilán, A. Underwater undulatory swimming: Kinematic characteristics, vortex generation and application during the start, turn and swimming strokes. XXth International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports-Applied Program-Swimming. Cáceres, Spain: Universidad de Extremadura
4. Bonifazi, M., Adami, A., Veronesi, A., Castioni, G. M. and Cevese, A. 2005. Confronto tra drag passivo e drag durante la battuta di gambe a crawl in nuotatori d'alto livello [Comparison between passive drag and drag during leg kicking of the crawl stroke in top level swimmers]. Medicina dello Sport, 58: 81-87.
5. Ceseracciu, E., Sawacha, Z., Fantozzi, S., Cortesi, M., Gatta, G., Corazza, S. and Cobelli, C. 2011. Markerless analysis of front crawl swimming. Journal of Biomechanics, 44: 2236-2242.
6. Charbonnier, J. P., Lacour, J. R., Riffat, J. and Flandrois, R. 1975. Experimental study of the performance of competition swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 34: 157-167.
7. Chopra, M. G. and Kambe, T. 1977. Hydrodynamics of lunate-tail swimming propulsion. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 79(Part 2): 49-69.
8. Clothier, P. J., Payne, W. R., Harvey, J. T., Blanksby, B. A. and Benjanuvatra, N. 2004. The use of subject derived scale factors for one-camera 2D analysis in underwater swimming. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 46: 333-345.
9. Counsilman, J. E. 1968. The science of swimming, Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
10. Cureton, T. K. 1930. Mechanics and kinesiology of swimming (the crawl flutter kick). Research Quarterly, 1(4): 87-112.
11. Deschodt, V. J., Arsac, L. M. and Rouard, A. H. 1999. Relative contribution of arms and legs in humans to propulsion in 25-m sprint front-crawl swimming. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 80: 192-199.
12. Engesvik, F. 1992. The importance of leg movements in the freestyle. Swimming Technique, 29(1): 14-16.
13. Fish, F. E. 1993. Influence of hydrodynamic design and propulsive mode on mammalian swimming energetics. Australian Journal of Zoology, 42: 79-101.
14. Hollander, A. P., De Groot, G., Van Ingen Schenau, G. J., Kahman, R. and Toussaint, H. M. 1988. "Contribution of the legs to propulsion in front crawl swimming". In Swimming science V, Edited by: Ungerechts, B. E., Wilke, K. and Reischle, K. 39-43. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
15. Hull, M. 1990. Flexible ankles: Faster swimming. Swimming Technique, 27(3): 23-24.
16. Long, J. H., Pabst, D. A., Shephered, W. R. and McLellan, W. A. 1997. Locomotor design of dolphin vertebral columns: Bending mechanics and morphology of Delphinus delphis. Journal of Experimental Biology, 200: 65-81.
17. Maglischo, E. W. 2003. Swimming fastest, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
18. McCabe, C. B., Psycharakis, S. and Sanders, R. 2010. Kinematic differences between front crawl sprint and distance swimmers at sprint pace. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29: 115-123.
19. McCullough, A. S., Kraemer, W. J., Volek, J. S., Solomon, G. F. J., Hatfield, D. L., Vingren, J. L. and Maresh, C. M. 2010. Factors affecting flutter kicking speed in women who are competitive and recreational swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23: 2130-2136.
20. Mookerjee, S., Bibi, K. W., Kenney, G. A. and Cohen, L. 1995. Relationship between isokinetic strength, flexibility, and flutter kicking speed in female collegiate swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 9: 71-74.
21. Onusseit, H. F. 1972. Two-beat versus six-beat; which is best. Swimming Technique, 9: 41-43.
22. Toussaint, H. M., Knpos, W., De Groot, G. and Hollander, A. P. 1990. The mechanical efficiency of front crawl swimming. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22: 402-408.
23. Toussaint, H. M., Janssen, T. and Kluft, M. 1991. Effect of propelling surface size on the mechanics and energetics of front crawl swimming. Journal of Biomechanics, 24: 205-211.
24. Triantafyllou, M. S. and Triantafyllou, G. S. 1995. An efficient swimming machine. Scientific American, 272(3): 64-70.
25. Videler, J. and Kamermans, P. 1985. Differences between upstroke and downstroke in swimming dolphins. Journal of Experimental Biology, 119: 265-274.
26. Von Loebbecke, A., Mittal, R., Fish, F. and Mark, R. 2009. A comparison of the kinematics of the dolphin kick in humans and cetaceans. Human Movement Science, 28: 99-112.
27. Vorontsov, A. R. and Rumyantsev, V. A. 2000. "Propulsive forces in swimming". In Biomechanics in sport, Edited by: Zatsiorsky, V. 205-231. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
28. Watkins, J. and Gordon, A. T. 1983. "The effects of leg action on performance in the sprint front crawl stroke". In Biomechanics and medicine in swimming, Edited by: Hollander, A. P., Huijing, P. A. and de Groot, G. 310-314. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
29. Yamamoto, T. 1996. Significance of flexibility for prevention of injuries and enhancement of sports performance. Training Journal, 196: 84-87.
30. Yeater, R. A., Martin, R. B., White, M. K. and Gilson, K. H. 1981. Tethered swimming forces in the crawl, breast and back strokes and their relationship to competitive performance. Journal of Biomechanics, 14: 527-537.