Measures of " Race" and the analysis of racial inequality in Brazil

Social Science Research

Volumn 42, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 106-119

  Bailey, Stanley R ^a   Loveman, Mara ^b   Muniz, Jeronimo O ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Brazil; Classification; Inequality; Quantile regression; Race; Skin tone

Indexed keywords

EID: 84869097523     PISSN: 0049089X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.06.006     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Alba Richard Bright vs. blurred boundaries: second-generation assimilation and exclusion in France, Germany, and the United States. Ethnic and Racial Studies 2005, 28:20-49.
2. Arcand J.-L., D'Hombres B. Racial discrimination in the Brazilian labour market: Wage, employment and segregation effects. Journal of International Development 2004, 16:1053-1066.
3. Arias O., Yamada G., Tejerina L. Education, family background and racial earnings inequality in Brazil. International Journal of Manpower 2004, 25(3/4):355-374.
4. Bailey S.R. Unmixing for race making in Brazil. American Journal of Sociology 2008, 114(3):577-614.
5. Bailey S.R., Telles E.E. Multiracialism vs. a collective black: census debates in Brazil. Ethnicities 2006, 6(1):74-101.
6. Barros, R.P., Mendonça, R.S., 1995. Os determinantes da desigualdade no Brasil. Texto para Discussão do IPEA no. 377. IPEA, Rio de Janeiro.
7. Blau F., Kahn L. Wage structures and gender earnings differentials: an international comparison. Economica 1996, 63:29-62.
8. Bruch, S.K., Loveman, M., 2011. Measuring and modeling race as a multidimensional construct: evidence from research on racial disparities in education in the US. Paper presented at the Population Association of America Annual Meeting, April 2011, Washington, DC.
9. Brunsma D.L. Interracial families and the racial identification of mixed-race children: evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. Social Forces 2005, 84:1131-1157.
10. Budig M.J., Hodges M.J. Differences in disadvantage: variation in the motherhood wage penalty across white women's earnings distribution. American Sociological Review 2010, 75(5):705-728.
11. Cade B.S., Noon B.R. A gentle introduction to quantile regression for ecologists. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2003, 1(8):412-420.
12. Campante F.R., Crespo A.R.V., Leite P.G. Desigualdade salarial entre raças no mercado de trabalho urbano brasileiro: aspectos regionais. Revista Brasileira de Economia 2004, 58(2):185-210.
13. Campbell M.E. Thinking outside the (black) box: measuring black and multiracial identification on surveys. Social Science Research 2007, 36:921-994.
14. Campbell M.E. Multiracial groups and educational inequality: a rainbow or a divide?. Social Problems 2009, 56(3):425-446.
15. Campbell M.E., Troyer L. The implications of racial misclassification by observers. American Sociological Review 2007, 72:750-765.
16. Carvalho J.A.M., Wood C.H., Andrade F.C.D. Estimating the stability of census-based racial/ethnic classifications: the case of Brazil. Population Studies 2004, 58(3):331-343.
17. Cornell S., Hartmann D. Ethnicity and Race. Making Identities in a Changing World 1998, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
18. Daynes S., Lee O. Desire for Race 2008, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
19. Degler C.N. Neither Black nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States 1971, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
20. Ferreira, F.H.G., Leite, P.G., Litchfield, J.A., 2006. The rise and fall of Brazilian inequality, 1981-2004. Policy Research Working Paper Series 3867. World Bank Development Research Group Poverty Team, Washington, DC.
21. Golash-Boza T. Does whitening happen? Distinguishing between race and color labels in an African-descended community in Peru. Social Problems 2010, 57:138-156.
22. Goldsmith A.H., Hamilton D., Darity W. Shades of discrimination: skin tone and wages. American Economic Review 2006, 96(2):242-245.
23. Grodsky E., Pager D. The structure of disadvantage: individual and occupational determinants of the black-white wage gap. American Sociological Review 2001, 66:542-567.
24. Gullickson A. The significance of skin color declines: a re-analysis of skin tone differentials in post-civil rights America. Social Forces 2005, 84:157-180.
25. Harris D.R. Does it matter how we measure? Racial classification and the characteristics of multiracial youth. The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals 2002, 62-101. Russell Sage Foundation, New York. J. Perlmann, M. Waters (Eds.).
26. Harris D.R., Sim J.J. Who is multiracial? Assessing the complexity of lived race. American Sociological Review 2002, 67:4614-4627.
27. Hasenbalg C. Race and socioeconomic inequalities in Brazil. Race, Class, and Power in Brazil 1985, 25-41. Center for Afro-American Studies, Los Angeles. P. Fontaine (Ed.).
28. Hitlin S., Brown J.S., Elder G.H. Measuring Latinos: racial vs. ethnic classification and self-understandings. Social Forces 2007, 86(2):587-611.
29. Hughes M., Hertel B.R. The significance of color remains: a study of life chances, mate selection, and ethnic consciousness among Black Americans. Social Forces 1990, 68(4):1105-1120.
30. Ianni, O., 1960. Segunda parte. In: Cardoso, F.H., Ianni, O. (Eds.), Cor e Mobilidade Social em Florianópolis. Companhia Editora Nacional, São Paulo, Brazil, pp. 153-226.
31. Jenkins R. Rethinking ethnicity: identity, categorization and power. Ethnic and Racial Studies 1994, 17(2):197-223.
32. Kao G. Racial identity and academic performance: an examination of biracial Asian and African American youth. Journal of Asian American Studies 1999, 2:223-249.
33. Keith V.M., Herring C. Skin tone and stratification in the black community. American Journal of Sociology 1991, 97(3):760-778.
34. Koenker R., Basset G. Regression quantiles. Econometrica 1978, 46:33-50.
35. Koenker R., Hallock K.F. Quantile regression. Journal of Economic Perspectives 2001, 15(4):143-156.
36. Liebler C.A., Halpern-Manners A. A practical approach to using multiple-race response data: a bridging method for public-use microdata. Demography 2008, 45(1):143-155.
37. Lovell P. Race, gender, and work in São Paulo, Brazil, 1960-2000. Latin American Research Review 2006, 41(3):63-87.
38. Loveman M., Muniz J.O., Bailey S.R. Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality. Ethnic and Racial Studies 2012, 35(8):1466-1483.
39. Machado J.A.F., Mata J. Counterfactual decomposition of changes in wage distributions using quantile regression. Journal of Applied Econometrics 2005, 20(4):445-465.
40. Muniz J.O. Sobre o uso da variável raça-cor em estudos quantitativos. Revista de Sociologia e Política 2010, 18(36):277-291.
41. Muniz J.O. Preto no branco? Mensuração, relevância e concordância classificatória no país da incerteza racial. Dados (Rio de Janeiro) 2012, 55(1):251-282.
42. Nobles Melissa. Shades of Citizenship: Race and the Census in Modern Politics 2000, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
43. Nogueira Oracy Tanto preto, quanto branco: estudo de relações raciais 1985, EDUSP, São Paulo.
44. Oaxaca R. Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review 1973, 14(3):693-709.
45. Penner A.M., Saperstein A. How social status shapes race. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008, 105:19628-19630.
46. Ramos L., Vieira M.L. Determinantes da desigualdade de rendimentos no Brasil nos anos 90: discriminação, segmentação e heterogeneidade dos trabalhadores. Desigualdade e pobreza no Brasil 2000, 159-176. IPEA, Rio de Janeiro. R. Henriques (Ed.).
47. Randall, L., 2009. Discrimination by Color, Economic Structure, and Income in Brazil, 1980, 1991, and 2000. (accessed 09.13.11).
48. Reis, M.C., Crespo, A.R.V., 2005. Race discrimination in Brazil: an analysis of the age, period and cohort effects. IPEA Texto para Discussão 1114. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
49. Rockquemore K.A., Arend P. Opting for white: choice, fluidity, and racial identity construction in post-civil rights America. Race and Society 2002, 5:49-64.
50. Rosemberg F. O branco no IBGE continua branco na ação afirmativa?. Estudos Avançados 2004, 18(50):61-66.
51. Roth W.D. The end of the one-drop rule? Labeling of multiracial children in black intermarriages. Sociological Forum 2005, 20:35-67.
52. Roth W.D. Racial mismatch: the divergence between form and function in data for monitoring racial discrimination of Hispanics. Social Science Quarterly 2010, 91(5):1288-1311.
53. Saperstein A. Double-checking the race box: examining inconsistency between survey measures of observed and self-reported race. Social Forces 2006, 85(1):57-74.
54. Saperstein A. (Re)Modeling race: moving from intrinsic characteristic to multidimensional marker of status. Racism in Post-Race America: New theories, New Directions 2008, 335-349. Social Forces Publishing, Chapel Hill, NC. C. Gallagher (Ed.).
55. Schwartzman L.F. Does money whiten? Intergenerational changes in reclassification in Brazil. American Sociological Review 2007, 72:940-963.
56. SEPPIR. 2010. Estatuto da igualdade racial. (accessed 09.13.11).
57. Sheriff R. Dreaming Equality: Color, Race, and Racism in Urban Brazil 2001, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
58. Silva N.D.V. Updating the cost of not being white in Brazil. Race, Class, and Power in Brazil 1985, 42-55. Center for Afro-American Studies, Los Angeles. P. Fontaine (Ed.).
59. Silva N.D.V. Morenidade: Modo de usar. Estudos Afro-Asiáticos 1996, 30:79-98.
60. Silva N.D.V. A research note on the cost of not being white in Brazil. Studies in Comparative International Development 2000, 35(2):18-27.
61. Silva N.D.V. Os rendimentos pessoais. Origens e Destinos: Desigualdades Sociais ao Longo da vida 2003, 431-456. IUPERJ/UCAM; Topbooks; FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro. C. Hasenbalg, N.D.V. Silva (Eds.).
62. Snipp M. Racial measurement in the American census: past practices and implications for the future. Annual Review of Sociology 2003, 29:563-588.
63. Sousa S.I.V., Pires J.C.M., Martins F.G., Pereira M.C., Alvim-Ferraz M.C.M. Potentialities of quantile regression to predict ozone concentrations. Environmetrics 2009, 20:147-158.
64. Telles E.E. Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil 2004, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
65. Telles E.E., Lim N. Does it matter who answers the race question? Racial classification and income inequality in Brazil. Demography 1998, 35:465-474.
66. Villarreal André. Stratification by skin color in contemporary Mexico. American Sociological Review 2010, 75:652-678.
67. Race and Class in Rural Brazil 1952, UNESCO, Paris. C. Wagley (Ed.).
68. Wood, Charles., 1991. Categorias censitarias e classificações subjetivas de raça no Brazil. In Desigualdade racial no Brasil contemporâneo (Ed.), Peggy Lovell. MGSP Editores Ltda., Belo Horizonte.