Course setting and selected biomechanical variables related to injury risk in alpine ski racing: An explorative case study

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 46, Issue 15, 2012, Pages 1072-1077

  Spörri, Jörg ^a   Kröll, Josef ^a   Schwameder, Hermann ^a   Schiefermüller, Christian ^a   Müller, Erich ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOMECHANICS; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HUMAN; INJURY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; ROTATION; SKIING; SPORT INJURY; SPORTS EQUIPMENT; VIDEORECORDING;

ATHLETIC INJURIES; BIOMECHANICS; ENVIRONMENT DESIGN; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; ROTATION; SKIING; SPORTS EQUIPMENT; VIDEO RECORDING;

EID: 84869093672     PISSN: 03063674     EISSN: 14730480     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091425     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Laporte JD, Binet MH, Constans D. Evolution of ACL ruptures in French ski resorts 1992-1999. Skiing Trauma Safety, 13th Vol. 2000;1397:95-107. (Pubitemid 33585569)
2. Kirkpatrick AW, McBeth PB, Ball CG, et al. Alpine ski and snowboarding traumatic injuries: incidence, injury patterns, and risk factors for 10 years. Am J Surg 2009;197:560-4.
3. Johnson RJ, Ettlinger CF, Shealy JE. Update on injury trends in alpine skiing. Skiing Trauma Safety 2009;1510:11-22.
4. Ekeland A, Rodven A. Injury trends in Norwegian ski resorts in the 10 year period 1996-2006. Skiing Trauma Safety 2009;1510:31-8.
5. Viola RW, Steadman JR, Mair SD, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence among male and female professional alpine skiers. Am J Sports Med 1999;27:792-5.
6. Howe J, Johnson RJ. Knee injuries in skiing. Clin Sports Med 1982;1:277-88.
7. Ekeland A, Thoresen B. Isolated rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament by knee hyperflexion. Skiing Trauma Safety 1987;938:61-7. (Pubitemid 18556890)
8. Jarvinen M, Natri A, Laurila S, et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in skiing. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1994;2:224-8.
9. Ettlinger CF, Johnson RJ, Shealy JE. A method to help reduce the risk of serious knee sprains incurred in alpine skiing. Am J Sports Med 1995;23:531-7.
10. Hunter RE. Skiing injuries. Am J Sports Med 1999;27:381-9.
11. DeMorat G, Weinhold P, Blackburn T, et al. Aggressive quadriceps loading can induce noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med 2004;32:477-83. (Pubitemid 38235520)
12. Mote CD. The forces of skiing and their implication to injury. Int J Sport Biomech 1987;3:309-25.
13. Bissell BT, Johnson RJ, Shafritz AB, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of humerus fractures among skiers and snowboarders. Am J Sports Med 2008;36:1880-8.
14. Pujol N, Blanchi MP, Chambat P. The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries among competitive alpine skiers: a 25-year investigation. Am J Sports Med 2007;35:1070-4. (Pubitemid 46976470)
15. Florenes TW, Bere T, Nordsletten L, et al. Injuries among male and female World Cup alpine skiers. Br J Sports Med 2009;43:973-8.
16. Krosshaug T, Slauterbeck JR, Engebretsen L, et al. Biomechanical analysis of anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanisms: three-dimensional motion reconstruction from video sequences. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007;17:508-19.
17. Bere T, Florenes TW, Krosshaug T, et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in World Cup Alpine Skiing: a systematic video analysis of 20 cases. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:1421-9.
18. Bere T, Florenes TW, Krosshaug T, et al. Events leading to anterior cruciate ligament injury in World Cup Alpine Skiing: a systematic video analysis of 20 cases. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:1294-302.
19. Spörri J, Kröll J, Amesberger G, et al. Perceived key injury risk factors in World Cup alpine ski racing-an explorative qualitative study with expert stakeholders. Br J Sports Med. Published Online First 9 August 2012. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091048
20. Reid R. A Kinematic and kinetic study of alpine skiing technique in Slalom (PhD thesis). Dissertation,: Oslo: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 2010, ISBN Nr. 978-82-502-0440-9.
21. SahashiT, Ichino S Carving-turn and Edging Angle of Skis. Sports Eng 2001;4:135-45.
22. de Leva P. Joint center longitudinal positions computed from a selected subset of Chandler's data. J Biomech 1996;29:1231-3. (Pubitemid 26302192)
23. Drenk V. Photogrammetric evaluation procedures for pannable and tiltable cameras of varlable focal length. Conference Proceedings ISBS-12 International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports; Budapest, 1994:27-30. http://w4.ub.uni- konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/2440 (accessed 7 Aug 2012).
24. Clauser CE, Mc Conville JT, Young JW Weight, volume and centre of mass segments of the human body. Wright-Patterson Air force Base, OH, USA, 1969.
25. Gilat A, Subramaniam V. Numerical methods for engineers and scientists. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008.
26. Supej M, Kugovnik O, Nemec B. Kinematic determination of the beginning of a ski turn. Kinesiol Slov 2003;9:11-17.
27. Reid R, Gilgien M, Morger T, et al. Turn characteristics and energy dissipation in slalom. In: Müller E, Lindinger S, Stöggl T, eds. Science and skiing IV. Maidenhead: Meyer & Meyer Sport (UK) Ltd., 2009:419-29.
28. Schiefermüller C, Lindinger S, Müller E. The skier's centre of gravity as a reference point in movement analyses for different designated systems. In: Müller E, Bacharach D, Klika R, Lindinger S, Schwameder H, eds. Science and skiing III. Oxford: Meyer & Meyer Sport (UK), Ltd., 2005:172-85.
29. Supej M, Kipp R, Holmberg HC. Mechanical parameters as predictors of performance in alpine World Cup slalom racing. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011;21:72-81.
30. Spörri J, Kröll J, Schwameder H, et al. Turn characteristics of a top world class athlete in giant slalom-a case study assessing current performance prediction concepts. Int J Sports Sci Coaching. In press
31. Simoneau M, Begin F Teasdale N. The effects of moderate fatigue on dynamic balance control and attentional demands. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2006;3:22.
32. Qu X, Nussbaum MA. Effects of external loads on balance control during upright stance: experimental results and model-based predictions. Gait Posture 2009;29:23-30.
33. Hamill J, Haddad JM, Heiderscheit BC, et al. Clinical relevance of variability in coordination. In: Davids K, Bennett S, Newell K, eds. Movement system variability. Leeds: Human Kinetics, 2006:153-65.
34. Hasan Z. The human motor control system's response to mechanical perturbation: should it, can it, and does it ensure stability? J Mot Behav 2005;37:484-93. (Pubitemid 41504741)
35. Bates BT. Single-subject methodology: an alternative approach. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996;28:631-8. (Pubitemid 26137900)
36. Klous M, Müller E, Schwameder H. Collecting kinematic data on a ski/snowboard track with panning, tilting, and zooming cameras: is there sufficient accuracy for a biomechanical analysis? J Sports Sci 2010;28:1345-53.