Taxonomy, Classification, History, and Evolution of Elephants

Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 3-14

  Shoshani, Jeheskel ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ASMARA   (Eritrea)

^b Elephant Research Foundation   (United States)

Author keywords

Classification; Elephants; Evolution; Example; Taxonomy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84869082339     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470344484.ch1     Document Type: Chapter

References (43)

1. Agnew, D.W., Hagey, L. and Shoshani, J. In press. Cholelithiasis in a wild African elephant (Loxodonta africana). The elephants of Zoba Gash-Barka, Eritrea: Part 4. J Zoo Wildl Med.
2. Agnew, D.W., Munson, L. and Ramsay, E.C. 2004. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia in elephants. Vet Pathol 41:179-183.
3. Benton, M.J. 2000. Vertebrate Paleontology (2nd ed.). London, Blackwell Science, Ltd.
4. Carroll, R.L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York, W.H. Freeman and Company.
5. Debruyne, R. 2005. A case study of apparent conflict between molecular phylogenies: the Interrelationships of African elephants. Cladistics 21:31-50.
6. Deraniyagala, P.E.P. 1955. Some extinct elephants, their relatives and the two living species. Colombo, Ceylon National Museums Administration.
7. Eggert, L.S., Rasner, C.A. and Woodruff, D.S. 2002. The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers. Proc Royal Soc London B 269:1993-2006.
8. Fernando, P., Vidya, T.N.C., Payne, J., Stuewe, M., Davison, G., Alfred, R.J., Andau, P., Bosi, E., Kilbourn, A. and Melnick, D.J. August 2003. DNA Analysis indicates that Asian elephants are native to Borneo and are therefore a high priority for conservation. Public Library of Science, Biology, http://biology.plosjournals.org, online publication.
9. Gheerbrant, E. 1997. The oldest known proboscidean and the role of Africa in the radiation of modern orders of placentals. Bull Geol Soc Denmark 44:181-185.
10. Gheerbrant, E. and Bardet, N. 1999. Les vertébrés des phosphates. In Maroc, Mémoire de la Terre. Editions du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, pp. 160-163.
11. Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J., Sen, S., Abrial, C., Marandat, B., Sige, B. and Vianey-Liaud, M. 1998. Nouvelles données sur les mammifères du Thanétien et de l'Yprésien du bassin d'Ouarzazate (Maroc) et leur contexte stratigraphique. Palaeovertebrata 27:155-202.
12. Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J., Tassy, P., Amaghzaz, M., Bouya, B. and Iarochene, M. In press. Nouvelles données sur Phosphatherium escuilliei de l'Eocène inférieur du Maroc, apports à la phylogénie des Proboscidea et des ongulés lophodontes. Geodiversitas.
13. Groves, C.P. and Grubb, P. 2000. Do Loxodonta cyclotis and L. africana interbreed? Elephant 2(4):4-7.
14. Grubb, P., Groves, C.P., Dudley, J.P. and Shoshani, J. 2000. Living African elephants belong to two species: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900). Elephant 2(4):1-4.
15. Hagey, L.R., Schteingart, C.D., Ton-Nu, H-T., Rossi, S.S. and Hofmann, A.F. 1993. Unique bile alcohols (3,6,7,25,27-pentahydroxy cholestanes) and absence of bile acids are a common feature of three ancient mammals. Hepatol 18:177A.
16. Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic Systematics. Urbana, University of Illinois.
17. Hildebrandt, T.B., Goritz, F., Pratt, N.C., Brown, J.L., Montali, R.J., Schmitt, D.L., Fritsch, G. and Hermes, R. 2000. Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): An important tool for assessing female reproductive function. Zoo Biol 19:321-332.
18. Howard, A.L. 1979. "Motty"-Birth of an African/Asian elephant at Chester Zoo. Elephant 1(3):36-41.
19. Hungerford, D.A., Chandra, H. Sharat, Snyder, R.L. and Olmer, F.A., Jr. 1966. Chromosomes of three elephants, two Asian (Elephas maximus) and one African (Loxodonta africana). Cytogenetics 5(3):243-246.
20. International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th edition. London, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature.
21. Juskevich, J.C. 1987. Comparative metabolism in foodproducing animals: Programs sponsored by the Center for Veterinary Medicine. Drug Metab Rev 18(2-3):345-362.
22. Laws, R.M. 1966. Age criteria for the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). East African Wildl J 4:1-37.
23. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum caracteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata, Stockholm, Laurentii Salvii, Vol. I, Regnum animale.
24. Lowenstein, J.M. and Shoshani, J. 1996. Proboscidean relationships based on immunological data. In J. Shoshani, J. and Tassy, P., eds. The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 49-54.
25. Maglio, V.J. 1973. Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae. Transactions of The American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, New Series 63(3):1-149.
26. McKenna, M.C., Bell, S.K., Simpson, G.G., Nichols, R.H., Tedford, R.H., Koopman, K.F., Musser, G.G., Neff, N.A., Shoshani, J. and McKenna, D.M. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York, Columbia University Press.
27. Mayr, E. 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.
28. Moore, W.S. 1977. An evaluation of narrow hybrid zones in vertebrates. Quarterly Rev Biol 52:263-277.
29. Nebert, D.W. and Dieter, M.Z. 2000. The evolution of drug metabolism. Pharmacol 61(3):124-35.
30. Orenstein, R.I. (compiler). 2000. On CITES and conservation related issues. Elephant 2(4):60-62.
31. Osborn, H.F. 1942. Proboscidea: A Monograph of the Discovery, Evolution, Migration and Extinction of the Mastodons and Elephants of the World. Vol. II: Stegodontoidea, Elephantoidea. New York, The American Museum Press.
32. Richman, L.K., Montali, R.J., Cambre, R.C., Schmitt, D., Hardy, D., Hildbrandt, T., Bengis, R.G., Hamzeh, F.M., Shahkolahi, A. and Hayward, G.S. 2000. Clinical and pathological findings of a newly recognized disease of elephants caused by endotheliotropic herpesviruses. J. Wildl Dis 36(1):1-12.
33. Roca, A.L, Georgiadis, N., Pecon-Slattery, J. and O'Brien, S.J. 2001. Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa. Science 293:1473-1477.
34. Sanders, W.J., Kappelman, J. and Rasmussen, D.T. 2004. New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49(3):365-392.
35. Shoshani, J. 1986. On the Phylogenetic Relationships Among Paenungulata and Within Elephantidae as Demonstrated by Molecular and Osteological Evidence. PhD dissertation, Wayne State University, Detroit (Michigan). Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms, 2 vols.
36. Shoshani, J. 1998. Understanding proboscidean evolution: A formidable task. Trends Ecol Evol 13(12):480-487.
37. Shoshani, J. (consult. ed.) 2000. Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild, Revised edition. New York, Checkmark Books.
38. Shoshani, J. and Eisenberg, J.F. 1982. Elephas maximus. Mammalian Species 182:1-8.
39. Shoshani, J. and McKenna, M.C. 1998. Higher taxonomic relationships among extant mammals based on morphology, with selected comparison of results from molecular data. Molec Phylogenet Evol (Special Issue) 9(3):572-584, plus seven appendices on the website (http://www.idealibrary.com).
40. Shoshani, J. and Tassy, P., eds. 1996. The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
41. Shoshani, J. and Tassy, P. 2005. Advances in proboscideans taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior. Quaternary Intl 126-128:5-20.
42. Strickberger, M.W. 1996. Evolution (2nd ed). Sudbury, Massachusetts, Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
43. Temminck, C.J. 1847. Coup-d'oeil Général sur les Possessions Néerlandaises dans l'Inde Archipélagique. Vol. 2. Leide, A. Arnz and Company.