Metabolomics in diabetes research

Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 215, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 29-42

  Friedrich, Nele ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GREIFSWALD   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARACHIDONIC ACID; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; GLUCOSE; HEXANOIC ACID; INSULIN; LAURIC ACID; LIGNOCERIC ACID; LINOLEIC ACID; LINOLENIC ACID; MYRISTIC ACID; OCTANOYLCARNITINE; PALMITIC ACID; PHENYLALANINE; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; PROPIONYLCARNITINE; STEARIC ACID; THREONINE; TRYPTOPHAN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALINE;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; ARTICLE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; GLUCOSE INTAKE; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLYCOLYSIS; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLOMICS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; PATHOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ANIMALS; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; DIABETES MELLITUS; GLUCOSE; HUMANS; METABOLOMICS;

EID: 84869031541     PISSN: 00220795     EISSN: 14796805     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/JOE-12-0120     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2007 State of diabetes complications in America: a comprehensive report issued by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. http://multivu.prnewswire.com/ mnr/AACE/2007/docs/Diabetes_Complications_Report.pdf. Accessed May 23, 2012.
2. Bell JD, Brown JC & Sadler PJ. 1989 NMR studies of body fluids. NMR in Biomedicine 2 246-256.
3. Bictash M, Ebbels TM, Chan Q, Loo RL, Yap IK, Brown IJ, de Iorio M, Daviglus ML, Holmes E, Stamler J et al. 2010 Opening up the "Black Box": metabolic phenotyping and metabolome-wide association studies in epidemiology. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 63 970-979.
4. Blümich B. 2005 Essential NMR: for Scientists and Engineers. Berlin: Springer.
5. Boden G. 2003 Effects of free fatty acids (FFA) on glucose metabolism: significance for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 111 121-124.
6. Boden G. 2011 Obesity, insulin resistance and free fatty acids. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity 18 139-143.
7. Boden G, Chen X & Iqbal N. 1998 Acute lowering of plasma fatty acids lowers basal insulin secretion in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes 47 1609-1612.
8. Brufau G, Stellaard F, Prado K, Bloks VW, Jonkers E, Boverhof R, Kuipers F & Murphy EJ. 2010 Improved glycemic control with colesevelam treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes is not directly associated with changes in bile acid metabolism. Hepatology 52 1455-1464.
9. Buscher JM, Czernik D, Ewald JC, Sauer U & Zamboni N. 2009 Cross-platform comparison of methods for quantitative metabolomics of primary metabolism. Analytical Chemistry 81 2135-2143.
10. Charles MA, Eschwege E, Thibult N, Claude JR, Warnet JM, Rosselin GE, Girard J & Balkau B. 1997 The role of non-esterified fatty acids in the deterioration of glucose tolerance in Caucasian subjects: results of the Paris Prospective Study. Diabetologia 40 1101-1106.
11. Chen D & Wang MW. 2005 Development and application of rodent models for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 7 307-317.
12. Connor SC, Hansen MK, Corner A, Smith RF & Ryan TE. 2010 Integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics data to aid biomarker discovery in type 2 diabetes. Molecular BioSystems 6 909-921.
13. Cusi K, Kashyap S, Gastaldelli A, Bajaj M & Cersosimo E. 2007 Effects on insulin secretion and insulin action of a 48-h reduction of plasma free fatty acids with acipimox in nondiabetic subjects genetically predisposed to type 2 diabetes. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 292 E1775-E1781.
14. De Barros SG, Balistreri WF, Soloway RD, Weiss SG, Miller PC & Soper K. 1982 Response of total and individual serum bile acids to endogenous and exogenous bile acid input to the enterohepatic circulation. Gastroenterology 82 647-652.
15. Delarue J & Magnan C. 2007 Free fatty acids and insulin resistance. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 10 142-148.
16. De Palo E, Gatti R, Sicolo N, Padovan D, Vettor R & Federspil G 1981 Plasma and urine free L-carnitine in human diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetologica Latina 18 91-95.
17. Duggan GE, Hittel DS, Hughey CC, Weljie A, Vogel HJ & Shearer J 2011 Differentiating short- and long-term effects of diet in the obese mouse using (1) H-nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 13 859-862.
18. Dunn WB, Bailey NJ & Johnson HE 2005 Measuring the metabolome: current analytical technologies. Analyst 130 606-625.
19. Fearnside JF, Dumas ME, Rothwell AR, Wilder SP, Cloarec O, Toye A, Blancher C, Holmes E, Tatoud R, Barton RH et al. 2008 Phylometabonomic patterns of adaptation to high fat diet feeding in inbred mice. PLoS ONE 3 e1668.
20. Felig P, Marliss E & Cahill GF Jr 1969 Plasma amino acid levels and insulin secretion in obesity. New England Journal of Medicine 281 811-816.
21. Floyd JC Jr, Fajans SS, Conn JW, Knopf RF & Rull J 1966 Stimulation of insulin secretion by amino acids. Journal of Clinical Investigation 45 1487-1502.
22. Floyd JC Jr, Fajans SS, Conn JW, Thiffault C, Knopf RF & Guntsche E 1968 Secretion of insulin induced by amino acids and glucose in diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 28 266-276.
23. Fraenkel M, Ketzinel-Gilad M, Ariav Y, Pappo O, Karaca M, Castel J, Berthault MF, Magnan C, Cerasi E, Kaiser N et al. 2008 mTOR inhibition by rapamycin prevents beta-cell adaptation to hyperglycemia and exacerbates the metabolic state in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 57 945-957.
24. Fujimura KE, Slusher NA, Cabana MD & Lynch SV 2010 Role of the gut microbiota in defining human health. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 8 435-454.
25. Garg A & Grundy SM 1994 Cholestyramine therapy for dyslipidemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A short-term, double-blind, crossover trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 121 416-422.
26. Gipson GT, Tatsuoka KS, Ball RJ, Sokhansanj BA, Hansen MK, Ryan TE, Hodson MP, Sweatman BC & Connor SC 2008 Multi-platform investigation of the metabolome in a leptin receptor defective murine model of type 2 diabetes. Molecular BioSystems 4 1015-1023.
27. Griffin ME, Marcucci MJ, Cline GW, Bell K, Barucci N, Lee D, Goodyear LJ, Kraegen EW, White MF & Shulman GI 1999 Free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance is associated with activation of protein kinase C theta and alterations in the insulin signaling cascade. Diabetes 48 1270-1274.
28. Griffin JL, Atherton H, Shockcor J & Atzori L 2011 Metabolomics as a tool for cardiac research. Nature Reviews. Cardiology 8 630-643.
29. Herder C & RodenM. 2011 Genetics of type 2 diabetes: pathophysiologic and clinical relevance. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 41 679-692.
30. de Hoffmann & Stroobant 2007 Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
31. Hollywood K, Brison DR & Goodacre R 2006 Metabolomics: current technologies and future trends. Proteomics 6 4716-4723.
32. Houten SM, Watanabe M & Auwerx J 2006 Endocrine functions of bile acids. EMBO Journal 25 1419-1425.
33. Huffman KM, Shah SH, Stevens RD, Bain JR, Muehlbauer M, Slentz CA, Tanner CJ, Kuchibhatla M, Houmard JA, Newgard CB et al. 2009 Relationships between circulating metabolic intermediates and insulin action in overweight to obese, inactive men and women. Diabetes Care 32 1678-1683.
34. Iles RA, Hind AJ & Chalmers RA 1985 Use of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in detection and study of organic acidurias. Clinical Chemistry 31 1795-1801.
35. Jensen MD, Haymond MW, Rizza RA, Cryer PE & Miles JM 1989 Influence of body fat distribution on free fatty acid metabolism in obesity. Journal of Clinical Investigation 83 1168-1173.
36. Khamzina L, Veilleux A, Bergeron S & Marette A 2005 Increased activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in liver and skeletal muscle of obese rats: possible involvement in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Endocrinology 146 1473-1481.
37. Kim SH, Yang SO, Kim HS, Kim Y, Park T & Choi HK 2009 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolic assessment in a rat model of obesity induced by a high-fat diet. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 395 1117-1124.
38. Kim HJ, Kim JH, Noh S, Hur HJ, Sung MJ, Hwang JT, Park JH, Yang HJ, Kim MS, Kwon DY et al. 2011 Metabolomic analysis of livers and serum from high-fat diet induced obese mice. Journal of Proteome Research 10 722-731.
39. Kondo K & Kadowaki T 2010 Colestilan monotherapy significantly improves glycaemic control and LDL cholesterol levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 12 246-251.
40. Krebs M, Krssak M, Bernroider E, Anderwald C, Brehm A, Meyerspeer M, Nowotny P, Roth E, Waldhausl W & Roden M 2002 Mechanism of amino acid-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance in humans. Diabetes 51 599-605.
41. Langenberg C & Savage DB 2011 An amino acid profile to predict diabetes? Nature Medicine 17 418-420
42. Lanza IR, Zhang S, Ward LE, Karakelides H, Raftery D & Nair KS 2010 Quantitative metabolomics by H-NMR and LC-MS/MS confirms altered metabolic pathways in diabetes. PLoS ONE 5 e10538.
43. Lefebvre P, Cariou B, Lien F, Kuipers F & Staels B 2009 Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation. Physiological Reviews 89 147-191.
44. Lenz EM & Wilson ID 2007 Analytical strategies in metabonomics. Journal of Proteome Research 6 443-458.
45. Li T, Kong X, Owsley E, Ellis E, Strom S & Chiang JY 2006 Insulin regulation of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase expression in human hepatocytes: roles of forkhead box O1 and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c. Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 28745-28754.
46. Li X, Xu Z, Lu X, Yang X, Yin P, Kong H, Yu Y & Xu G 2009 Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry for metabonomics: biomarker discovery for diabetes mellitus. Analytica Chimica Acta 633 257-262.
47. Li LO, Hu YF, Wang L, Mitchell M, Berger A & Coleman RA 2010a Early hepatic insulin resistance in mice: a metabolomics analysis. Molecular Endocrinology 24 657-666.
48. Li T, Chanda D, Zhang Y, Choi HS & Chiang JY 2010b Glucose stimulates cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene transcription in human hepatocytes. Journal of Lipid Research 51 832-842.
49. Li T, Francl JM, Boehme S, Ochoa A, Zhang Y, Klaassen CD, Erickson SK & Chiang JY 2012 Glucose and insulin induction of bile acid synthesis: mechanisms and implication in diabetes and obesity. Journal of Biological Chemistry 287 1861-1873.
50. Liddle RA, Goldfine ID, Rosen MS, Taplitz RA & Williams JA 1985 Cholecystokinin bioactivity in human plasma. Molecular forms, responses to feeding, and relationship to gallbladder contraction. Journal of Clinical Investigation 75 1144-1152.
51. Lin S, Yang Z, Liu H, Tang L & Cai Z 2011 Beyond glucose: metabolic shifts in responses to the effects of the oral glucose tolerance test and the highfructose diet in rats. Molecular BioSystems 7 1537-1548.
52. Lindon JC, Holmes E & Nicholson JK 2007 Metabonomics in pharmaceutical R&D. FEBS Journal 274 1140-1151.
53. Luetscher JA 1942 The metabolism of amino acids in diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Investigation 21 275-279.
54. Lyssenko V, Jonsson A, Almgren P, Pulizzi N, Isomaa B, Tuomi T, Berglund G, Altshuler D, Nilsson P & Groop L 2008 Clinical risk factors, DNAvariants, and the development of type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 359 2220-2232.
55. Major HJ, Williams R, Wilson AJ &Wilson ID 2006 A metabonomic analysis of plasma from Zucker rat strains using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and pattern recognition. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 20 3295-3302.
56. Matysik S, Martin J, Bala M, Scherer M, Schaffler A & Schmitz G 2011 Bile acid signaling after an oral glucose tolerance test. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 164 525-529.
57. Meigs JB, Shrader P, Sullivan LM, McAteer JB, Fox CS, Dupuis J, Manning AK, Florez JC, Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB Sr et al. 2008 Genotype score in addition to common risk factors for prediction of type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine 359 2208-2219.
58. Messana I, Forni F, Ferrari F, Rossi C, Giardina B & Zuppi C 1998 Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectral profiles of urine in type II diabetic patients. Clinical Chemistry 44 1529-1534.
59. Mihalik SJ, Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE, Chace DH, Vockley J, Toledo FG & DeLany JP 2010 Increased levels of plasma acylcarnitines in obesity and type 2 diabetes and identification of a marker of glucolipotoxicity. Obesity 18 1695-1700.
60. Mochida T, Tanaka T, Shiraki Y, Tajiri H, Matsumoto S, Shimbo K, Ando T, Nakamura K, Okamoto M & Endo F 2011 Time-dependent changes in the plasma amino acid concentration in diabetes mellitus. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 103 406-409.
61. Newgard CB, An J, Bain JR, Muehlbauer MJ, Stevens RD, Lien LF, Haqq AM, Shah SH, Arlotto M, Slentz CA et al. 2009 A branched-chain amino acid-related metabolic signature that differentiates obese and lean humans and contributes to insulin resistance. Cell Metabolism 9 311-326.
62. Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM & Sonksen PH 1984 Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. Biochemical Journal 217 365-375.
63. Nicholson JK, Lindon JC & Holmes E 1999 'Metabonomics': understanding the metabolic responses of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli via multivariate statistical analysis of biological NMR spectroscopic data. Xenobiotica 29 1181-1189.
64. Nicholson JK, Holmes E & Wilson ID 2005 Gut microorganisms, mammalian metabolism and personalized health care. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 3 431-438.
65. Noble JA & Erlich HA 2012 Genetics of type 1 diabetes. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2 a007732.
66. Oliver SG, Winson MK, Kell DB & Baganz F 1998 Systematic functional analysis of the yeast genome. Trends in Biotechnology 16 373-378.
67. Opie LH & Walfish PG 1963 Plasma free fatty acid concentrations in obesity. New England Journal of Medicine 268 757-760.
68. Oresic M, Simell S, Sysi-Aho M, Nanto-Salonen K, Seppanen-Laakso T, Parikka V, Katajamaa M, Hekkala A, Mattila I, Keskinen P et al. 2008 Dysregulation of lipid and amino acid metabolism precedes islet autoimmunity in children who later progress to type 1 diabetes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 205 2975-2984.
69. Pankow JS, Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Ballantyne CM, Couper DJ, Hoogeveen RC & Golden SH 2004 Fasting plasma free fatty acids and risk of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes Care 27 77-82.
70. Paolisso G, Tataranni PA, Foley JE, Bogardus C, Howard BV & Ravussin E 1995 A high concentration of fasting plasma non-esterified fatty acids is a risk factor for the development of NIDDM. Diabetologia 38 1213-1217.
71. Patterson AD, Bonzo JA, Li F, Krausz KW, Eichler GS, Aslam S, Tigno X, Weinstein JN, Hansen BC, Idle JR et al. 2011 Metabolomics reveals attenuation of the SLC6A20 kidney transporter in nonhuman primate and mouse models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 286 19511-19522.
72. Patti ME, Brambilla E, Luzi L, Landaker EJ & Kahn CR 1998 Bidirectional modulation of insulin action by amino acids. Journal of Clinical Investigation 101 1519-1529.
73. Pelkonen R, Nikkila EA & Kekki M 1967 Metabolism of glycerol in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 3 1-8.
74. Polychronakos C & Li Q 2011 Understanding type 1 diabetes through genetics: advances and prospects. Nature Reviews. Genetics 12 781-792.
75. Prakash S, Tomaro-Duchesneau C, Saha S & Cantor A 2011 The gut microbiota and human health with an emphasis on the use of microencapsulated bacterial cells. Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology 2011 981214.
76. Prawitt J, Caron S & Staels B 2011 Bile acid metabolism and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports 11 160-166.
77. Rhee EP & Gerszten RE 2012 Metabolomics and cardiovascular biomarker discovery. Clinical Chemistry 58 139-147.
78. Salek RM, Maguire ML, Bentley E, Rubtsov DV, Hough T, Cheeseman M, Nunez D, Sweatman BC, Haselden JN, Cox RD et al. 2007 A metabolomic comparison of urinary changes in type 2 diabetes in mouse, rat, and human. Physiological Genomics 29 99-108.
79. Salomaa V, Havulinna A, Saarela O, Zeller T, Jousilahti P, Jula A, Muenzel T, Aromaa A, Evans A, Kuulasmaa K et al. 2010 Thirty-one novel biomarkers as predictors for clinically incident diabetes. PLoS ONE 5 e10100.
80. Santomauro AT, Boden G, Silva ME, Rocha DM, Santos RF, Ursich MJ, Strassmann PG & Wajchenberg BL 1999 Overnight lowering of free fatty acids with Acipimox improves insulin resistance and glucose tolerance in obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes 48 1836-1841.
81. Shaham O, Wei R, Wang TJ, Ricciardi C, Lewis GD, Vasan RS, Carr SA, Thadhani R, Gerszten RE & Mootha VK 2008 Metabolic profiling of the human response to a glucose challenge reveals distinct axes of insulin sensitivity. Molecular Systems Biology 4 214.
82. Shearer J, Duggan G, Weljie A, Hittel DS, Wasserman DH & Vogel HJ 2008 Metabolomic profiling of dietary-induced insulin resistance in the high fat-fed C57BL/6J mouse. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 10 950-958.
83. Spegel P, Danielsson APH, Bacos K, Nagorny CLF, Moritz T, Mulder H & Filipsson K 2010 Metabolomic analysis of a human oral glucose tolerance test reveals fatty acids as reliable indicators of regulated metabolism. Metabolomics 6 56-66.
84. Suhre K, Meisinger C, Doring A, Altmaier E, Belcredi P, Gieger C, Chang D, Milburn MV, Gall WE, Weinberger KM et al. 2010 Metabolic footprint of diabetes: a multiplatform metabolomics study in an epidemiological setting. PLoS ONE 5 e13953.
85. Suzuki T, Oba K, Futami S, Suzuki K, Ouchi M, Igari Y, Matsumura N, Watanabe K, Kigawa Y & Nakano H 2006 Blood glucose-lowering activity of colestimide in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia: a case-control study comparing colestimide with acarbose. Journal of Nihon Medical School 73 277-284.
86. Tweeddale H, Notley-McRobb L & Ferenci T 1998 Effect of slow growth on metabolism of Escherichia coli, as revealed by global metabolite pool ("metabolome") analysis. Journal of Bacteriology 180 5109-5116.
87. Um SH, Frigerio F, Watanabe M, Picard F, Joaquin M, Sticker M, Fumagalli S, Allegrini PR, Kozma SC, Auwerx J et al. 2004 Absence of S6K1 protects against age- and diet-induced obesity while enhancing insulin sensitivity. Nature 431 200-205.
88. Wang TJ, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Cheng S, Rhee EP, McCabe E, Lewis GD, Fox CS, Jacques PF, Fernandez C et al. 2011 Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes. Nature Medicine 17 448-453.
89. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R & King H 2004 Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 27 1047-1053.
90. Wilding JP 2007 The importance of free fatty acids in the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 24 934-945.
91. Williams RE, Lenz EM, Evans JA, Wilson ID, Granger JH, Plumb RS & Stumpf CL 2005a A combined (1)H NMR and HPLC-MS-based metabonomic study of urine from obese (fa/fa) Zucker and normal Wistarderived rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 38 465-471.
92. Williams RE, Lenz EM, Lowden JS, Rantalainen M & Wilson ID 2005b The metabonomics of aging and development in the rat: an investigation into the effect of age on the profile of endogenous metabolites in the urine of male rats using 1H NMR and HPLC-TOF MS. Molecular BioSystems 1 166-175.
93. Williams R, Lenz EM, Wilson AJ, Granger J, Wilson ID, Major H, Stumpf C & Plumb R 2006a A multi-analytical platform approach to the metabonomic analysis of plasma from normal and Zucker (fa/fa) obese rats. Molecular BioSystems 2 174-183.
94. Williams RE, Lenz EM, Rantalainen M & Wilson ID 2006b The comparative metabonomics of age-related changes in the urinary composition of male Wistar-derived and Zucker (fa/fa) obese rats. Molecular BioSystems 2 193-202.
95. World Health Organization 2006 Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia. Report of a WHO consultation. Geneva.
96. Xu J, Zhang J, Cai S, Dong J, Yang JY & Chen Z 2009 Metabonomics studies of intact hepatic and renal cortical tissues from diabetic db/db mice using high-resolution magic-angle spinning 1H NMR spectroscopy. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 393 1657-1668.
97. Yi LZ, He J, Liang YZ, Yuan DL & Chau FT 2006 Plasma fatty acid metabolic profiling and biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on GC/MS and PLS-LDA. FEBS Letters 580 6837-6845.
98. Yi L, He J, Liang Y, Yuan D, Gao H & Zhou H 2007 Simultaneously quantitative measurement of comprehensive profiles of esterified and nonesterified fatty acid in plasma of type 2 diabetic patients. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 150 204-216.
99. Yi L, Yuan D, Che Z, Liang Y, Zhou Z, Gao H & Wang Y 2008 Plasma fatty acid metabolic profile coupled with uncorrelated linear discriminant analysis to diagnose and biomarker screening of type 2 diabetes and type 2 diabetic coronary heart diseases. Metabolomics 4 30-38.
100. Zhang S, Nagana Gowda GA, Asiago V, Shanaiah N, Barbas C & Raftery D 2008 Correlative and quantitative 1H NMR-based metabolomics reveals specific metabolic pathway disturbances in diabetic rats. Analytical Biochemistry 383 76-84.
101. Zhao X, Peter A, Fritsche J, Elcnerova M, Fritsche A, Haring HU, Schleicher ED, Xu G & Lehmann R 2009 Changes of the plasma metabolome during an oral glucose tolerance test: is there more than glucose to look at? American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 296 E384-E393.
102. Zhao LC, Zhang XD, Liao SX, Gao HC, Wang HY & Lin DH 2010a A metabonomic comparison of urinary changes in Zucker and GK rats. Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology 2010 431894.
103. Zhao X, Fritsche J, Wang J, Chen J, Rittig K, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Fritsche A, Haring HU, Schleicher ED, Xu G et al. 2010b Metabonomic fingerprints of fasting plasma and spot urine reveal human pre-diabetic metabolic traits. Metabolomics 6 362-374.
104. Zieve FJ, Kalin MF, Schwartz SL, Jones MR & Bailey WL 2007 Results of the glucose-lowering effect of WelChol study (GLOWS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study evaluating the effect of colesevelam hydrochloride on glycemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Clinical Therapeutics 29 74-83.
105. Zuppi C, Messana I, Tapanainen P, Knip M, Vincenzoni F, Giardina B & Nuutinen M 2002 Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectral profiles of urine from children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Clinical Chemistry 48 660-662.