Emerging roles of cadmium and heme oxygenase in type-2 diabetes and cancer susceptibility

Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine

Volumn 228, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 267-288

  Satarug, Soisungwan ^a,b   Moore, Michael R ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b TOHOKU UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^c GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cadmium; Cancer; Epigenetics; Heme oxygenases; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

6 PHOSPHOFRUCTO 2 KINASE; CADMIUM; FRUCTOSE 2,6 BISPHOSPHATASE; FRUCTOSE 2,6 BISPHOSPHATASE 4; HEME OXYGENASE; HEME OXYGENASE 1; HEME OXYGENASE 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; CADMIUM POISONING; CANCER CELL; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; CARCINOGENICITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHRONIC TOXICITY; DIETARY INTAKE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPIGENETICS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCOLYSIS; HUMAN; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; LIVER CANCER; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALS; BLOOD GLUCOSE; CADMIUM; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEME OXYGENASE (DECYCLIZING); HUMANS; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84869007052     PISSN: 00408727     EISSN: 13493329     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1620/tjem.228.267     Document Type: Review

References (206)

1. Achanzar, W.E., Diwan, B.A., Liu, J., Quader, S.T., Webber, M.M. & Waalkes, M.P. (2001) Cadmium-induced malignant transformation of human prostate epithelial cells. Cancer Res., 61, 455-458.
2. Adachi, T., Ishikawa, K., Hida, W., Matsumoto, H., Masuda, T., Date, F., Ogawa, K., Takeda, K., Furuyama, K., Zhang, Y., Kitamuro, T., Ogawa, H., Maruyama, Y. & Shibahara, S. (2004) Hypoxemia and blunted hypoxic ventilatory responses in mice lacking heme oxygenase-2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 320, 514-522.
3. Adams, S.V., Passarelli, M.N. & Newcomb, P.A. (2012) Cadmium exposure and cancer mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cohort. Occup. Environ. Med., 69, 153-156.
4. Akesson, A., Julin, B. & Wolk, A. (2008) Long-term dietary cadmium intake and postmenopausal endometrial cancer incidence: a population-based prospective cohort study. Cancer Res., 68, 6435-6441.
5. Alexandrov, K., Rojas, M. & Satarug, S. (2010) The critical DNA damage by benzo(a)pyrene in lung tissues of smokers and approaches to preventing its formation. Toxicol. Lett., 198, 63-68.
6. Amzal, B., Julin, B., Vahter, M., Wolk, A., Johanson, G. & Akesson, A. (2009) Population toxicokinetic modeling of cadmium for health risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect., 117, 1293-1301.
7. Anagnostou, S.H. & Shepherd, P.R. (2008) Glucose induces an autocrine activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in macrophage cell lines. Biochem. J., 416, 211-218.
8. Arnich, N., Sirot, V., Rivière, G., Jean, J., Noel, L., Guerin, T. & Leblanc, J.C. (2012) Dietary exposure to trace elements and health risk assessment in the 2nd French Total Diet Study. Food Chem. Toxicol., 50, 2432-2449.
9. Baker, J.R., Edwards, R.J., Lasker, J.M., Moore, M.R. & Satarug, S. (2005) Renal and hepatic accumulation of cadmium and lead in the expression of CYP4F2 and CYP2E1. Toxicol. Lett., 159, 182-191.
10. Baker, J.R., Satarug, S., Reilly, P.E.B., Edwards, R.J., Ariyoshi, N., Kamataki, T., Moore, M.R. & Williams, D.J. (2001) Relationships between non-occupational cadmium exposure and expression of nine cytochrome P450 forms in human liver and kidney cortex samples. Biochem. Pharmacol., 62, 713-721.
11. Bao, W., Song, F., Li, X., Rong, S., Yang, W., Wang, D., Xu, J., Fu, J., Zhao, Y. & Liu, L. (2010) Association between heme oxygenase-1 gene promoter polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a HuGE review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol., 172, 631-636.
12. Bass, J. & Takahashi, J.S. (2010) Circadian integration of metabolism and energetics. Science, 330, 1349-1354.
13. Bell, R.R., Early, J.L., Nonavinakere, V.K. & Mallory, Z. (1990a) Effect of cadmium on blood glucose level in the rat. Toxicol. Lett., 54, 199-205.
14. Bell, R.R., Soliman, M.R. & Early, J.L. 2nd (1990b) Acute effects of cadmium and selenium on glucose output from rat liver hepatocytes using various gluconeogenic precursors. Toxicology, 65, 161-168.
15. Benbrahim-Tallaa, L., Tokar, E.J., Diwan, B.A., Dill, A.L., Coppin, J.F. & Waalkes, M.P. (2009) Cadmium malignantly transforms normal human breast epithelial cells into a basal-like phenotype. Environ. Health Perspect., 117, 1847-1852.
16. Benbrahim-Tallaa, L., Waterland, R.A., Dill, A.L., Webber, M.M. & Waalkes, M.P. (2007) Tumor suppressor gene inactivation during cadmium-induced malignant transformation of human prostate cells correlates with overexpression of de novo DNA methyltransferase. Environ. Health Perspect., 115, 1454-1459.
17. Berglund, M., Akesson, A., Nermell, B. & Vahter, M. (1994) Intestinal absorption of dietary cadmium in women depends on body iron stores and fiber intake. Environ. Health Perspect., 102, 1058-1066.
18. Bolaños, J.P., Almeida, A. & Moncada, S. (2010) Glycolysis: a bioenergetic or a survival pathway? Trends Biochem. Sci., 35, 145-149.
19. Bollati, V., Marinelli, B., Apostoli, P., Bonzini, M., Nordio, F., Hoxha, M., Pegoraro, V., Motta, V., Tarantini, L., Cantone, L., Schwartz, J., Bertazzi, P.A. & Baccarelli, A. (2010) Exposure to metal-rich particulate matter modifies the expression of candidate microRNAs in peripheral blood leukocytes. Environ. Health Perspect., 118, 763-768.
20. Boonprasert, K., Ruengweerayut, R., Aunpad, R., Satarug, S. & Na-Bangchang, K. (2012) Expression of metallothionein isoforms in peripheral blood leukocytes from Thai population residing in cadmium-contaminated areas. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.08.002
21. Borena, W., Strohmaier, S., Lukanova, A., Bjorge, T., Lindkvist, B., Hallmans, G., Edlinger, M., Stocks, T., Nagel, G., Manjer, J., Engeland, A., Selmer, R., Haggström, C., Tretli, S., Concin, H., Jonsson, H., Stattin, P. & Ulmer, H. (2012) Metabolic risk factors and primary liver cancer in a prospective study of 578,700 adults. Int. J. Cancer, 131. 193-200.
22. Bressler, J., Olivi, L., Cheong, J.H., Kim, Y. & Bannon, D. (2004) Divalent metal transporters in lead and cadmium transport. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1012, 142-152.
23. Campbell, P.T., Newton, C.C., Patel, A.V., Jacobs, E.J. & Gapstur, S.M. (2012) Diabetes and cause-specific mortality in a prospective cohort of one million U.S. adults. Diabetes Care, 35, 1835-1844.
24. Campbell, T.C., Chen, J.S., Liu, C.B., Li, J.Y. & Parpia, B. (1990) Non-association of aflatoxin with primary liver cancer in a cross-sectional ecological survey in the People's Republic of China. Cancer Res., 50, 6882-6893.
25. Chafey, P., Finzi, L., Boisgard, R., Caüüzac, M., Clary, G., Broussard, C., Pégorier, J.P., Guillonneau, F., Mayeux, P., Camoin, L., Tavitian, B., Colnot, S. & Perret, C. (2009) Proteomic analysis of /-catenin activation in mouse liver by DIGE analysis identifies glucose metabolism as a new target of the Wnt pathway. Proteomics, 9, 3889-3900.
26. Chen, C.H., Chiou, H.Y., Hsueh, Y.M., Chen, C.J., Yu, H.J. & Pu, Y.S. (2009) Clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcome of arsenic related bladder cancer in Taiwan. J. Urol., 181, 547-552.
27. Cheung, B.M.Y., Ong, K.L. & Wong, L.Y.F. (2009) Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and peripheral arterial disease in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. Int. J Cardiol., 135, 156-161.
28. Choi, Y.H., Hu, H., Mukherjee, B., Miller, J. & Park, S.K. (2012) Environmental cadmium and lead exposures and hearing loss in US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2004. Environ. Health Perspect., http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104863
29. Choudhury, H., Harvey, T., Thayer, W.C. & Lockwood, T.F. (2001) Urinary cadmium elimination as a biomarker of exposure for evaluating a cadmium dietary exposure-biokinetics model. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 63, 321-350.
30. Ciesielski, T., Weuve, J., Bellinger, D., Schwartz, J., Lanphear, B. & Wright, R. (2012) Cadmium exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in U.S. children. Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 758-763.
31. Copes, R., Clark, N.A., Rideout, K., Palaty, J. & Teschke, K. (2008) Uptake of cadmium from Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in British Columbia oyster growers. Environ. Res., 107, 160-169.
32. Costello, L.C. & Franklin, R.B. (1998) Novel role of zinc in the regulation of prostate citrate metabolism and its implications in prostate cancer. Prostate, 35, 285-296.
33. Costello, L.C., Franklin, R.B. & Feng, P. (2005) Mitochondrial function, zinc, and intermediary metabolism relationships in normal prostate and prostate cancer. Mitochondrion, 5, 143-153.
34. Curtale, G., Citarella, F., Carissimi, C., Goldoni, M., Carucci, N., Fulci, V., Franceschini, D., Meloni, F., Barnaba, V. & Macino, G. (2010) An emerging player in the adaptive immune response: microRNA-146a is a modulator of IL-2 expression and activation-induced cell death in T lymphocytes. Blood, 115, 265-273.
35. Dang, C.V. (2012) Links between metabolism and cancer. Gene Devel., 26, 877-890.
36. DeFronzo, R.A., Davidson, J.A. & Prato, S.D. (2012) The role of the kidneys in glucose homeostasis: a new path towards normalizing glycaemia. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 14, 5-14.
37. Edwards, J.R. & Prozialeck, W.C. (2009) Cadmium, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 238, 289-293.
38. Ellis, J.K., Athersuch, T.J., Thomas, L.D., Teichert, F., Perez-Trujillo, M., Svendsen, C., Spurgeon, D.J., Singh, R., Järup, L., Bundy, J.G. & Keun, H.C. (2012) Metabolic profiling detects early effects of environmental and lifestyle exposure to cadmium in a human population. BMC Med., 10, 61.
39. Erie, J.C., Butz, J.A., Good, J.A., Erie, E.A., Burritt, M.F. & Cameron, J.D. (2005) Heavy metal concentrations in human eyes. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 139, 888-893.
40. Erie, J.C., Good, J.A., Butz, J.A., Hodge, D.O. & Pulido, J.S. (2007) Urinary cadmium and age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 144, 414-418.
41. European Food Safety Authority (2011) Statement on tolerable weekly intake for cadmium. EFSA J, 9, 1975, 1-19.
42. European Food Safety Authority (2012) Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA J., 10, 2551.
43. Ferraro, P.M., Bonello, M., Frigo, A.C., D'Addessi, A., Sturniolo, A. & Gambaro, G. (2011) Cadmium exposure and kidney stone formation in the general population-An analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Data. Endourol., 25, 875-880.
44. Ferraro, P.M., Costanzi, S., Naticchia, A., Sturniolo, A. & Gambaro, G. (2010) Low level exposure to cadmium increases the risk of chronic kidney disease: analysis of the NHANES 1999-2006. BMC Public Health, 10, 304.
45. Ferreira, L.M. (2010) Cancer metabolism: the Warburg effect today. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 89, 372-380.
46. Finley, J.W. (1999) Manganese absorption and retention by young women is associated with serum ferritin concentration. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 70, 37-43.
47. Fujishiro, H., Yano, Y., Takada, Y., Tanihara, M. & Himeno, S. (2012) Roles of ZIP8, ZIP14, and DMT1 in transport of cadmium and manganese in mouse kidney proximal tubule cells. Metallomics, 4, 700-708.
48. Furuyama, K., Kaneko, K. & Vargas, P.D.V. (2007) Heme as a magnificent molecule with multiple missions: heme determines its own fate and governs cellular homeostasis. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 213, 1-16.
49. Gallagher, C.M., Chen, J.J. & Kovach, J.S. (2010a) The relationship between body iron stores and blood and urine cadmium concentrations in US never-smoking, non-pregnant women aged 20-49 years. Environ. Res., 111, 702-707.
50. Gallagher, C.M., Chen, J.J. & Kovach, J.S. (2010b) Environmental cadmium and breast cancer risk. Aging (Albany NY), 2, 804-814.
51. Gambhir, S.S. (2002) Molecular imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2, 683-693.
52. Garrick, M.D., Dolan, K.G., Horbinski, C., Ghio, A.J., Higgins, D., Porubcin, M., Moore, E.G., Hainsworth, L.N., Umbreit, J.N., Conrad, M.E., Feng, L., Lis, A., Roth, J.A., Singleton, S. & Garrick, L.M. (2003) DMT1: a mammalian transporter for multiple metals. Biometals, 16, 41-54.
53. Gerich, J.E. (2010) Role of the kidney in normal glucose homeostasis and in the hyperglycaemia of diabetes mellitus: therapeutic implications. Diabet.Med., 27, 136-142.
54. Girijashanker, K., He, L., Soleimani, M., Reed, J.M., Li, H., Liu, Z., Wang, B., Dalton, T.P. & Nebert, D.W. (2008) Slc39a14 gene encodes ZIP14, a metal/bicarbonate symporter: similarities to the ZIP8 transporter. Mol. Pharmacol., 73, 1413-1423.
55. Gobe, G. & Crane, D. (2010) Mitochondria, reactive oxygen species and cadmium toxicity in the kidney. Toxicol. Lett., 198, 49-55.
56. Goto, Y., Kakizaki, M. & Masaki, N. (1976) Production of spontaneous diabetic rats by repetition of selective breeding. Tohoku. J. Exp. Med., 119, 85-90.
57. Goidts, V., Bageritz, J., Puccio, L., Nakata, S., Zapatka, M., Barbus, S., Toedt, G., Campos, B., Korshunov, A., Momma, S., Van Schaftingen, E., Reifenberger, G., Herold-Mende, C., Lichter, P. & Radlwimmer, B. (2012) RNAi screening in glioma stem-like cells identifies PFKFB4 as a key molecule important for cancer cell survival. Oncogene, 31, 3235-3243.
58. Goodman, A.I., Chander, P.N., Rezzani, R., Schwartzman, M.L., Regan, R.F., Rodella, L., Turkseven, S., Lianos, E.A., Dennery, P.A. & Abraham, N.G. (2006) Heme oxygenase-2 deficiency contributes to diabetes-mediated increase in superoxide anion and renal dysfunction. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 17, l073-1081
59. Han, F., Takeda, K., Ishikawa, K., Ono, M., Date, F., Yokoyama, S., Furuyama, K., Shinozawa, Y., Urade, Y. & Shibahara, S. (2009) Induction of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in mouse heart under hypoxemia. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 385, 449-453.
60. Haswell-Elkins, M., Imray, P., Satarug, S., Moore, M.R. & O'dea, K. (2007a) Urinary excretion of cadmium among Torres Strait Islanders (Australia) at risk of elevated dietary exposure through traditional foods. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 17, 372-377.
61. Haswell-Elkins, M., McGrath, V., Moore, M., Satarug, S., Walmby, M. & Ng, J. (2007b) Exploring potential dietary contributions including traditional seafood and other determinants of urinary cadmium levels among indigenous women of a Tones Strait Island (Australia). J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 17, 298-306.
62. Haswell-Elkins, M., Satarug, S., O'Rourke, P., Moore, M., Ng, J., McGrath, V. & Walmby, M. (2008) Striking association between urinary cadmium level and albuminuria among Tones Strait Islander people with diabetes. Environ. Res., 106, 379-383.
63. Hemminki, K., Li, X., Sundquist, J. & Sundquist, K. (2010) Risk of cancer following hospitalization for type 2 diabetes. Oncologist, 15, 548-555.
64. Hong, Y.M. & Loughlin, K.R. (2008) Economic impact of tumor markers in bladder cancer surveillance. Urology, 71, 131-135.
65. Horiguchi, H., Oguma, E., Sasaki, S., Miyamoto, K., Ikeda, Y., Machida, M. & Kayama, F. (2004) Comprehensive study of the effects of age, iron deficiency, diabetes mellitus, and cadmium burden on dietary cadmium absorption in cadmiumexposed female Japanese farmers. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 196, 114-123.
66. Hosick, P.A. & Stec, D.E. (2011) Heme oxygenase, a novel target for the treatment of hypertension and obesity? Am. J Physiol. Regal. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 302, R207-214.
67. Hossain, M.B., Vahter, M., Concha, G. & Broberg, K. (2012) Low-level environmental cadmium exposure is associated with DNA hypomethylation in Argentinean women. Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 879-884.
68. Hou, L., Zhang, X., Wang, D. & Baccarelli, A. (2012) Environmental chemical exposures and human epigenetics. Int. J. Epidemiol., 41, 79-105.
69. Huang, W., Ramsey, K.M., Marcheva, B. & Bass, J. (2011) Circadian rhythms, sleep, and metabolism. J. Clin. Invest., 121, 2133-2141.
70. Huang, D., Zhang, Y., Qia, Y., Chen, C. & Ji, W. (2008) Global DNA hypomethylation, rather than reactive oxygen species (ROS), a potential facilitator of cadmium-stimulated K562 cell proliferation. Toxicol. Lett., 179, 43-47.
71. IARC (1993) Beryllium, Cadmium, mercury and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry, Vol. 58, pp. 119-238. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
72. Ikeda, M., Zhang, Z.W., Shimbo, S., Watanabe, T., Nakatsuka, H., Moon, C.S., Matsuda-Inoguchi, N. & Higashikawa, K. (2000) Urban population exposure to lead and cadmium in east and south-east Asia. Sci. Total Environ., 249, 373-384.
73. Inaba, T., Kobayashi, E., Suwazono, Y., Uetani, M., Oishi, M., Nakagawa, H. & Nogawa, K. (2005) Estimation of cumulative cadmium intake causing Itai-itai disease. Toxicol Lett., 159, 192-201.
74. Iwata, K., Saito, H., Moriyama, M. & Nakano, A. (1993) Renal tubular function after reduction of environmental cadmium exposure: a ten-year follow-up. Arch. Environ. Health, 48, 157-163.
75. Järup, L. & Akesson, A. (2009) Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 238. 201-208.
76. Jenkitkasemwong, S., Wang, C.Y., Mackenzie, B. & Knutson, M.D. (2012) Physiologic implications of metal-ion transport by ZIP14 and ZIP8. Biometals, 25, 643-655.
77. Jeon, Y.K., Yoo, D.R., Jang, Y.H., Jang, S.Y. & Nam, M.J. (2011) Sulforaphane induces apoptosis in human hepatic cancer cells through inhibition of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose2,6-biphosphatase4, mediated by hypoxia inducible factor1-dependent pathway. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1814, 1340-1348.
78. Jing, Y., Liu, L.Z., Jiang, Y., Zhu, Y., Guo, N.L., Barnett, J., Rojanasakul, Y., Agani, F. & Jiang, B.H. (2012) Cadmium increases HIF-1 and VEGF expression through ROS, ERK, and AKT signaling pathways and induces malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol. Sci., 125, 10-19.
79. Johnson, R.F. & Perkins, N.D. (2012) Nuclear factor-KB, p53, and mitochondria: regulation of cellular metabolism and the Warburg effect. Trends Biochem. Sci., 37, 317-324.
80. Julin, B., Wolk, A., Bergkvist, L., Bottai, M. & Akesson, A. (2012a) Dietary cadmium exposure and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: a population-based prospective cohort study. Cancer Res., 72, 1459-1466.
81. Julin, B., Wolk, A., Johansson, J.E., Andersson, S.O., Andrén, O. & Akesson, A. (2012b) Dietary cadmium exposure and prostate cancer incidence: a population-based prospective cohort study. Br. J. Cancer, 107, 895-900.
82. Karagas, M.R., Tosteson, T.D., Morris, J.S., Demidenko, E., Mott, L.A., Heaney, J. & Schned, A. (2004) Incidence of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and arsenic exposure in New Hampshire. Cancer Causes Control, 15, 465-472.
83. Kawakami, T., Sugimoto, H., Furuichi, R., Katoda, Y., Inoue, M., Setsu, K., Suzuki, S. & Sato, M. (2010) Cadmium reduces adipocyte size and expression levels of adiponectin and Peg1/ Mest in adipose tissue. Toxicology, 267, 20-26.
84. Kawata, T., Nakamura, S., Nakayama, A., Fukuda, H., Ebara, M., Nagamine, T., Minami, T. & Sakurai, H. (2006) An improved diagnostic method for chronic hepatic disorder: analyses of metallothionein isoforms and trace metals in the liver of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma as determined by capillary zone electrophoresis and inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 29, 403-409.
85. Kellen, E., Zeegers, M.P., Hond, E.D. & Buntinx, F. (2007) Blood cadmium may be associated with bladder carcinogenesis: the Belgian case-control study on bladder cancer. Cancer Detect. Prey., 31, 77-82.
86. Khan, A.A. & Quigley, J.G. (2011) Control of intracellular heme levels: heme transporters and heme oxygenases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1813, 668-682.
87. Kjellström, T. & Nordberg, G.F. (1978) A kinetic model of cadmium metabolism in the human being. Environ. Res., 16, 248-269.
88. Kobayashi, E., Suwazono, Y., Dochi, M., Honda, R. & Kido, T. (2009) Association of lifetime cadmium intake or drinking Jinzu River water with the occurrence of renal tubular dysfunction. Environ. Toxicol., 24, 421-428.
89. Koppenol, W.H., Bounds, P.L. & Dang, C.V. (2011) Otto Warburg's contributions to current concepts of cancer metabolism. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 11, 325-337.
90. Lannoy, V.J., Decaux, J.F., Pierreux, C.E., Lemaigre, F.P. & Rousseau, G.G. (2002) Liver glucokinase gene expression is controlled by the onecut transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor-6. Diabetologia, 45, 1136-1141.
91. Lee, B.K. & Kim, Y. (2012) Iron deficiency is associated with increased levels of blood cadmium in the Korean general population: analysis of 2008-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Environ. Res., 112, 155-163.
92. Lee, D.H., Lim, J.S., Song, K., Boo, Y. & Jacobs, D.R. Jr. (2006) Graded associations of blood lead and urinary cadmium concentrations with oxidative-stress-related markers in the U.S. population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 350-354.
93. Lee, M.Y., Lina, K.D., Hsiao, P.J. & Shin, S.J. (2012) The association of diabetes mellitus with liver, colon, lung, and prostate cancer is independent of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and gout in Taiwanese patients. Metabolism, 61, 242-249.
94. Lengyel, I., Flinn, J.M., Peto, T., Linkous, D.H., Cano, K., Bird, A.C., Lanzirotti, A., Frederickson, C.J. & van Kuijk, F.J. (2007) High concentration of zinc in sub-retinal pigment epithelial deposits. Exp. Eye Res., 84, 772-780.
95. Li, B., Takeda, K., Ishikawa, K., Yoshizawa, M., Sato, M., Shibahara, S. & Furuyama, K. (2012) Coordinated expression of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase 4 and heme oxygenase 2: Evidence for a regulatory link between glycolysis and heme catabolism. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 228, 27-41.
96. Li, M., Kim, D.H., Tsenovoy, P.L., Peterson, S.J., Rezzani, R., Rodella, L.F., Aronow, W.S., Ikehara, S. & Abraham, N.G. (2008) Treatment of obese diabetic mice with a heme oxygenase inducer reduces visceral and subcutaneous adiposity, increases adiponectin levels, and improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Diabetes, 57, 1526-1535.
97. Liu, J., Qu, W. & Kadiiska, M.B. (2009) Role of oxidative stress in cadmium toxicity and carcinogenesis. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 238, 209-214.
98. Liu, Z., Li, H., Soleimani, M., Girijashanker, K., Reed, J.M., He, L., Dalton, T.P. & Nebert, D.W. (2008) Cd2+ versus Zn2+ uptake by the ZIP8 HCO3-dependent symporter: kinetics, electrogenicity and trafficking. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 365, 814-820.
99. Louekari, K., Uusitalo, U. & Pietinen, P. (1989) Variation and modifying factors of the exposure to lead and cadmium based on an epidemiology study. Sci. Total Environ., 84, 1-12.
100. Lyon, T.D., Aughey, E., Scott, R. & Fell, G.S. (1999) Cadmium concentrations in human kidney in the UK: 1978-1993. J. Environ. Monit., 1, 227-231.
101. Marshall, G., Ferreccio, C., Yuan, Y., Bates, M.N., Steinmaus, C., Selvin, S., Liaw, J. & Smith, A.H. (2007) Fifty-year study of lung and bladder cancer mortality in Chile related to arsenic in drinking water. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 99, 920-928.
102. Martin, P., Fareh, M., Poggi, M.C., Boulukos, K.E. & Pognonec, P. (2006) Manganese is highly effective in protecting cells from cadmium intoxication. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 351, 294-299.
103. McCoubrey, W.K., Huang, T.J. & Maines, M.D. (1997) Heme oxygenase-2 is a hemoprotein and binds heme through heme regulatory motifs that are not involved in heme catalysis. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 12568-12574.
104. McElroy, J.A., Shafer, M.M., Trentham-Dietz, A., Hampton, J.M. & Newcomb, P.A. (2006) Cadmium exposure and breast cancer risk. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 98, 869-873.
105. Meltzer, H.M., Brantsaeter, A.L., Borch-Iohnsen, B., Ellingsen, D.G., Alexander, J., Thomassen, Y., Stigum, H. & Ydersbond, T.A. (2010) Low iron stores are related to higher blood concentrations of manganese, cobalt and cadmium in nonsmoking, Norwegian women in the HUNT 2 study. Environ. Res., 110, 497-504.
106. Menke, A., Muntner, P., Silbergeld, E.K., Platz, E.A. & Guallar, E. (2009) Cadmium levels in urine and mortality among U.S. adults. Environ. Health Perspect., 117, 190-196.
107. Merali, Z., Kacew, S. & Singhal, R.L. (1975) Response of hepatic carbohydrate and cyclic AMP metabolism to cadmium treatment in rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 53, 174-184.
108. Merali, Z. & Singhal, R.L. (1980) Diabetogenic effects of chronic oral cadmium administration to neonatal rats. Br J. Pharmac., 69, 151-157.
109. Meyer, C., Stumvoll, M., Nadkarni, V., Dostou, J., Mitrakou, A. & Gerich, J. (1998) Abnormal renal and hepatic glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Invest., 102, 619-624.
110. Moretti, M., Bennett, J., Tornatore, L., Thotakura, A.K. & Franzoso, G. (2012) Cancer: NF-B regulates energy metabolism. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioce1.2012.08.002
111. Morikawa, T., Kajimura, M., Nakamura, T., Hishiki, T., Nakanishi, T., Yukutake, Y., Nagahata, Y., Ishikawa, M., Hattori, K., Takenouchi, T., Takahashi, T., Ishii, I., Matsubara, K., Kabe, Y., Uchiyama, S., Nagata, E., Gadalla, M.M., Snyder, S.H. & Suematsu, M. (2012) Hypoxic regulation of the cerebral microcirculation is mediated by a carbon monoxide-sensitive hydrogen sulfide pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 109, 1293-1298.
112. Mortensen, M.E., Wong, L.Y. & Osterloh, J.D. (2011) Smoking status and urine cadmium above levels associated with subclinical renal effects in U.S. adults without chronic kidney disease. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 214, 305-310.
113. Murta-Nascimento, C., Schmitz-Drager, B.J., Zeegers, M.P., Steineck, G., Kogevinas, M., Real, F.X. & Malats, N. (2007) Epidemiology of urinary bladder cancer: from tumor development to patient's death. World J. Urol., 25, 285-295.
114. Nagata, C., Nagao, Y., Shibuya, C., Kashiki, Y. & Shimizu, H. (2005) Urinary cadmium and serum levels of estrogens and androgens in postmenopausal Japanese women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 14, 705-708.
115. Naugler, W.E., Sakurai, T., Kim, S., Maeda, S., Kim, K., Elsharkawy, A.M. & Michael, K.M. (2007) Gender disparity in liver cancer due to sex differences in MyD88-dependent IL-6 production. Science, 317, 121-124.
116. Nawrot, T., Plusquin, M., Hogervorst, J., Roels, H.A., Celis, H., Thijs, L., Vangronsveld, J., Van Hecke, E. & Staessen, J.A. (2006) Environmental exposure to cadmium and risk of cancer: a prospective population-based study. Lancet Oncol., 7, 119-126.
117. Nawrot, T.S., Van Hecke, E., Thijs, L., Richart, T., Kuznetsova, T., Jin, Y., Vangronsveld, J., Roels, H.A. & Staessen, J.A. (2008) Cadmium-related mortality and long-term secular trends in the cadmium body burden of an environmentally exposed population. Environ. Health Perspect., 116, 1620-1628.
118. Ndisang, J.F., Lane, N. & Jadhav, A. (2009) Upregulation of the heme oxygenase system ameliorates postprandial and fasting hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 296, E1029-E1041.
119. Nolan, C.J., Damm, P. & Prentki, M. (2011) Type 2 diabetes across generations: from pathophysiology to prevention and management. Lancet, 378, 169-181.
120. O'Connor, R.J., Li, Q., Stephens, W.E., Hammond, D., EltonMarshall, T., Cummings, K.M., Giovino, G.A. & Fong, G.T. (2010) Cigarettes sold in China: design, emissions and metals. Tob. Control., 19, Suppl 2, i47-53.
121. Okar, D.A., Manzano, A., Navarro-Sabatè, A., Riera, L., Bartrons, R. & Lange, A.J. (2001)PFK-2/FBPase-2:maker and breaker of the essential biofactor fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate. Trends Biochem. Sci., 26, 30-35.
122. Ohana, E., Sekler, I., Kaisman, T., Kahn, N., Cove, J., Silverman, W.F., Amsterdam, A. & Hershfinkel, M. (2006) Silencing of ZnT-1 expression enhances heavy metal influx and toxicity. J. Mol. Med. (Berl.), 84, 753-763.
123. Paredi, P., Biernacki, W., Invernizzi, G., Kharitonov, S.A. & Barnes, P.J. (1999) Exhaled carbon monoxide levels elevated in diabetes and correlated with glucose concentration in blood: a new test for monitoring the disease? Chest, 116, 1007-1011.
124. Parkin, D.M. (2008) The global burden of urinary bladder cancer. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. Suppl., 218, 12-20.
125. Pasin, E., Josephson, D.Y., Mitra, A.P., Cote, R.J. & Stein, J.P. (2008) Superficial bladder cancer: an update on etiology, molecular development, classification, and natural history. Rev. Urol., 10, 31-43.
126. Patel, C.J., Bhattacharya, J. & Butte, A.J. (2010) An environmentwide association study (EWAS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS ONE, 5, e10746.
127. Petzoldt, L., Leigh, I.M., Duffy, P.G., Sexton, C. & Masters, R.W. (1995) Immortalisation of human urothelial cells. Urol. Res., 23, 377-380.
128. Poirier, L.A. & Vlasova, T.I. (2002) The prospective role of abnormal methyl metabolism in cadmium toxicity. Environ. Health Perspect., 110, Suppl 5, 793-795.
129. Qu, W., Diwan, B.A., Reece, J.M., Bortner, C.D., Pi, J., Liu, J. & Waalkes, M.P. (2005) Cadmium-induced malignant transformation in rat liver cells: role of aberrant oncogene expression and minimal role of oxidative stress. Int. J. Cancer, 114, 346-355.
130. Qu, W., Tokar, E.J., Kim, A.J., Bell, M.W. & Waalkes, M.P. (2012) Chronic cadmium exposure in vitro causes acquisition of multiple tumor cell characteristics in human pancreatic epithelial cells. Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 1265-1271.
131. Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Shetty, A.S. & Nanditha, A. (2012) Trends in prevalence of diabetes in Asian countries. World J. Diabetes, 3, 110-117.
132. Rappaport, S.M. & Smith, M.T. (2010) Environment and disease risks. Science, 330, 460-461.
133. Rider, M.H., Bertrand, L., Vertommen, D., Michels, P.A., Rousseau, G.G. & Hue, L. (2004) 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/ fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase: head-to-head with a bifunctional enzyme that controls glycolysis. Biochem J., 381, 561-579.
134. Reeves, P.G. & Vanderpool, R.A. (1997) Cadmium burden of men and women who report regular consumption of confectionery sunflower kernels containing a natural abundance of cadmium. Environ. Health Perspect., 105, 1098-1104.
135. Rokadia, H. & Agarwal, S. (2012) Serum heavy metals and obstructive lung disease: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Chest, doi:10.13 78/chest.12-0595.
136. Ros, S., Santos, C.R., Moco, S., Baenke, F., Kelly, G., Howell, M., Zamboni, N. & Schulze, A. (2012) Functional metabolic screen identifies 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-biphosphatase 4 as an important regulator of prostate cancer cell survival. Cancer Discovery, 2, 328-343.
137. Rossi, M.R., Masters, J.R.W., Park, S., Todd, J.H., Garrett, S.H., Sens, M.A., Somji, S., Nath, J. & Sens, D.A. (2001) The immortalized UROtsa cell line as a potential cell culture model of human urothelium. Environ. Health Perspect., 109, 801-808.
138. Ruiz, P., Mumtaz, M., Osterloh, J., Fisher, J. & Fowler, B.A. (2010) Interpreting NHANES biomonitoring data, cadmium. Toxicol. Lett., 198, 44-48.
139. Sabolic, I., Breljak, D., Skarica, M. & Herak-Kramberger, C.M. (2010) Role of metallothionein in cadmium traffic and toxicity in kidneys and other mammalian organs. Biometals, 23, 897-926.
140. Sahar, S. & Sassone-Corsi, P. (2009) Metabolism and cancer: the circadian clock connection. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 9, 886-896.
141. Samanic, C., Kogevinas, M., Dosemeci, M., Malats, N., Real, F.X., Garcia-Closas, M., Serra, C., Carrato, A., García-Closas, R., Sala, M., Lloreta, J., Tardon, A., Rothman, N. & Silverman, D.T. (2006) Smoking and bladder cancer in Spain: effects of tobacco type, timing, environmental tobacco smoke, and gender. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 15, 1348-1354.
142. Sand, S. & Becker, W. (2012) Assessment of dietary cadmium exposure in Sweden and population health concern including scenario analysis. Food Chem. Toxicol., 50, 536-544.
143. Satarug, S. (2012) Long-term exposure to cadmium in food and cigarette smoke, liver effects and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cure Drug Metab., 13, 257-271.
144. Satarug, S., Baker, J.R., Reilly, P.E., Esumi, H. & Moore, M.R. (2000a) Evidence for a synergistic interaction between cadmium and endotoxin toxicity and for nitric oxide and cadmium displacement of metals in the kidney. Nitric Oxide, 4, 431-440.
145. Satarug, S., Baker, J.R., Reilly, P.E., Moore, M.R. & Williams, D.J. (2001) Changes in zinc and copper homeostasis in human livers and kidneys associated with exposure to environmental cadmium. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 20, 205-213.
146. Satarug, S., Baker, J.R., Reilly, P.E., Moore, M.R. & Williams, D.J. (2002) Cadmium levels in the lung, liver, kidney cortex, and urine samples from Australians without occupational exposure to metals. Arch. Environ. Health, 57, 69-77.
147. Satarug, S., Baker, J.R., Urbenjapol, S., Haswell-Elkins, M., Reilly, P.E., Williams, D.J. & Moore, M.R. (2003) A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population. Toxicol. Lett., 137, 65-83.
148. Satarug, S., Garrett, S.H., Sens, M.A. & Sens, D.A. (2010) Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health outcomes. Environ. Health Perspect., 118, 182-190.
149. Satarug, S., Haswell-Elkins, M.R. & Moore, M.R. (2000b) Safe levels of cadmium intake to prevent renal toxicity in human subjects. Br. J. Nutr., 84, 791-802.
150. Satarug, S., Kikuchi, M., Wisedpanichkij, R., Li, B., Takeda, K., Na-Bangchang, K., Moore, M.R., Hirayama, K. & Shibahara, S. (2008) Prevention of cadmium accumulation in retinal pigment epithelium with manganese and zinc. Exp. Eye Res., 87, 587-593.
151. Satarug, S. & Moore, M.R. (2004) Adverse health effects of chronic exposure to low-level cadmium in foodstuffs and cigarette smoke. Environ. Health Perspect., 112, 1099-1103.
152. Satarug, S., Nishijo, M., Lasker, J.M., Edwards, R.J. & Moore, M.R. (2006a) Kidney dysfunction and hypertension: role for cadmium, p450 and heme oxygenases? Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 208, 179-202.
153. Satarug, S., Nishijo, M., Ujjin, P., Vanavanitkun, Y., Baker, J.R. & Moore, M.R. (2004a) Evidence for concurrent effects of exposure to environmental cadmium and lead on hepatic CYP2A6 phenotype and renal function biomarkers in nonsmokers. Environ. Health Perspect., 112, 1512-1518.
154. Satarug, S., Tassaneeyakul, W., Na-Bangchang, K., Cashman, J.R. & Moore, M.R. (2006b) Genetic and environmental influences on therapeutic and toxicity outcomes: studies with CYP2A6. Cure Clin. Pharmacol., 1, 291-309.
155. Satarug, S., Ujjin, P., Vanavanitkun, Y., Baker, J.R. & Moore, M.R. (2004b) Influence of body iron store status and cigarette smoking on cadmium body burden of healthy Thai women and men. Toxicol. Lett., 148, 177-185.
156. Satarug, S., Ujjin, P., Vanavanitkun, Y., Nishijo, M., Baker, J.R. & Moore, M.R. (2004c) Effects of cigarette smoking and exposure to cadmium and lead on phenotypic variability of hepatic CYP2A6 and renal function biomarkers in men. Toxicology, 204, 161-173.
157. Schroeder, H.A. & Buckman, J. (1967) Cadmium hypertension. Its reversal in rats by a zinc chelate. Arch. Environ. Health, 14, 693-697.
158. Schultz, I.J., Chen, C., Paw, B.H. & Hamza, I. (2010) Iron, porphyrin trafficking in heme biogenesis. J. Biol. Chem., 285, 26753-26759.
159. Schwartz, G.G., Il'yasova, D. & Ivanova, A. (2003) Urinary cadmium, impaired fasting glucose, and diabetes in the NHANES III. Diabetes Care, 26, 468-470.
160. Sens, D.A., Park, S., Gurel, V., Sens, M.A., Garrett, S.H. & Somji, S. (2004) Inorganic cadmium- and arsenite-induced malignant transformation of human bladder urothelial cells. Toxicol. Sci., 79, 56-63.
161. Shargorosky, J., Curhan, S.G., Henderson, E., Eavey, R. & Curhan, G.C. (2011) Heavy metals exposure and hearing loss in US adrescents. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head neck surg., 137, 1183- 1189.
162. Shibahara, S. (2003) The heme oxygenase dilemma in cellular homeostasis: new insights for the feedback regulation of heme catabolism. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 200, 167-186.
163. Shibahara, S., Han, F., Li, B. & Takeda, K. (2007) Hypoxia and heme oxygenases: Oxygen sensing and regulation of expression. Antiox. Redox Signal., 9, 2209-2225.
164. Shibahara, S., Yoshizawa, M., Suzuki, H., Takeda, K., Meguro, K. & Endo, K. (1993) Functional analysis of cDNAs for two types of human heme oxygenase and evidence for their separate regulation. J. Biochem., 113, 214-218.
165. Shimbo, S., Zhang, Z.W., Moon, C.S., Watanabe, T., Nakatsuka, H., Matsuda-Inoguchi, N., Higashikawa, K. & Ikeda, M. (2000) Correlation between urine and blood concentrations, and dietary intake of cadmium and lead among women in the general population of Japan. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 73, 163-170.
166. Singhal, R.L., Merali, Z., Kacew, S. & Sutherland, D.J. (1974) Persistence of cadmium-induced metabolic changes in liver and kidney. Science, 183, 1094-1096.
167. Simmons, S.O., Fan, C.Y., Yeoman, K., Wakefield, J. & Ramabhadran, R. (2011) NRF2 oxidative stress induced by heavy metals is cell type dependent. Cure. Chem. Genom., 5, 1-12.
168. Slob, W. & Krajnc, E.I. (1993) Interindividual variability in modeling exposure and toxicokinetics: a case study on cadmium. Environ. Health Perspect., 102, 78-81.
169. Sodhi, K., Inoue, K., Gotlinger, K.H., Canestraro, M., Vanella, L., Kim, D.H., Manthati, V.L., Koduru, S.R., Falck, J.R., Schwartzman, M.L. & Abraham, N.G. (2009) Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid agonist rescues the metabolic syndrome phenotype of HO-2-null mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 331, 906-916.
170. Souza, V., Escobar, C., Gomez-Quiroz, L., Bucio, L., Hernandez, E., Cossio, E.C. & Gutierrez-Ruiz, M.C. (2004) Acute cadmium exposure enhances AP-1 DNA binding and induces cytokines expression and heat shock protein 70 in HepG2 cells. Toxicology, 197, 213-228.
171. Stein, R.A. (2012) Epigenetics and environmental exposures. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 66, 8-13.
172. Stewart, D., Killeen, E., Naquin, R., Alam, S. & Alam, J. (2003) Degradation of transcription factor Nrf2 via the ubiquitinproteasome pathway and stabilization by cadmium. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 2396-2402.
173. Stumvoll, M., Meyer, C., Mitrakou, A., Nadkarni, V. & Gerich, J.E. (1997) Renal glucose production and utilization: new aspects in humans. Diabetologia, 40, 749-757.
174. Suwazono, Y., Uetani, M., Akesson, A. & Vahter, M. (2010) Recent applications of benchmark dose method for estimation of reference cadmium exposure for renal effects in man. Toxicol. Lett., 198, 40-43.
175. Suzuki, H., Tashiro, S., Sun, J., Doi, H., Satomi, S. & Igarashi, K. (2003) Cadmium induces nuclear export of Bachl, a transcriptional repressor of heme oxygenase-1 gene. J. Biol. Chem., 278, 49246-49253.
176. Takeda, K., Ishizawa, S., Sato, M., Yoshida, T. & Shibahara, S. (1994) Identification of a cis-acting element that is responsible for cadmium-mediated induction of the human heme oxygenase gene. J. Biol. Chem., 269, 22858-22867.
177. Takiguchi, M., Achanzar, W.E., Qu, W., Li, G. & Waalkes, M.P. (2003) Effects of cadmium on DNA-(Cytosine-5) methyltransferase activity and DNA methylation status during cadmium-induced cellular transformation. Exp. Cell Res., 286, 355-365.
178. Takiguchi, M., Cherrington, N.J., Hartley, D.P., Klaassen, C.D. & Waalkes, M.P. (2001) Cyproterone acetate induces a cellular tolerance to cadmium in rat liver epithelial cells involving reduced cadmium accumulation. Toxicology, 165, 13-25.
179. Tellez-Plaza, M., Navas-Acien, A., Caldwell, K.L., Menke, A., Muntner, P. & Guallar, E. (2012a) Reduction in cadmium exposure in the United States population, 1988-2008: The contribution of declining smoking rates. Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 204-209.
180. Tellez-Plaza, M., Navas-Acien, A., Crainiceanu, C.M. & Guallar, E. (2008) Cadmium exposure and hypertension in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Environ. Health Perspect., 116, 51-56.
181. Tellez-Plaza, M., Navas-Acien, A., Menke, A., Crainiceanu, C.M., Pastor-Barriuso, R. & Guallar, E. (2012b) Cadmium exposure and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the U.S. General population. Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 1017-1022.
182. Thayer, K.A., Heindel, J.J., Bucher, J.R. & Gallo, M.A. (2012) Role of environmental chemicals in diabetes and obesity: a national toxicology program workshop review. Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 779-789.
183. Thévenod, F. (2010) Catch me if you can! Novel aspects of cadmium transport in mammalian cells. Biometals., 23, 857-875.
184. Tong, Y., Lin, Y., Zhang, Y., Yang, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, H. & Zhang, B. (2009) Association between TCF7L2 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus: a large Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. Genet., 10, 15.
185. Uetani, M., Kobayashi, E., Suwazono, Y., Honda, R., Nishijo, M., Nakagawa, H., Kido, T. & Nogawa, K. (2006) Tissue cadmium (Cd) concentrations of people living in a Cd polluted area, Japan. Biometals, 19, 521-525.
186. Uraguchi, S. & Fujiwara, T. (2012) Cadmium transport and tolerance in rice: perspectives for reducing grain cadmium accumulation. Rice, 5, 1-8
187. Vader Heiden, M.G., Cantley, L.C. & Thompson, C.B. (2009) Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science, 324, 1029-1033.
188. Vahter, M., Berglund, M., Nermell, B. & Akesson, A. (1996) Bioavailability of cadmium from shellfish and mixed diet in women. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 136, 332-341.
189. Vesey, D.A. (2010) Transport pathways for cadmium in the intestine and kidney proximal tubule: focus on the interaction with essential metals. Toxicol. Lett., 198, 13-19.
190. Vinceti, M., Venturelli, M., Sighinolfi, C., Trerotoli, P., Bonvicini, F., Ferrari, A., Bianchi, G., Serio, G., Bergomi, M. & Vivoli, G. (2007) Case-control study of toenail cadmium and prostate cancer risk in Italy. Sci. Total Environ., 373, 77-81.
191. Waalkes, M.P. & Rehm, S. (1994) Chronic toxic and carcinogenic effects of cadmium chloride in male DBA/2NCr and NFS/NCr mice: strain-dependent association with tumors of the hematopoietic system, injection site, liver, and lung. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 23, 21-31.
192. Wang, B., Wang, S., Shao, C., Wang, G., Li, Y. & Cai, L. (2011) Proteomic characterization of the late and persistent effects of cadmium at low doses on the rat liver. J. Appl. Toxicol., doi: 10.1002/jat.1757
193. Wang, C., Wang, X., Gong, G., Ben, Q., Qiu, W., Chen, Y., Li, G. & Wang, L. (2012) Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int. J. Cancer, 130, 1639- 1648.
194. Warburg, O. (1956) On the origin of cancer cells. Science, 123, 309-314.
195. Wijngaarden, E., Singer, E.A. & Palapattu, G.S. (2008) Prostatespecific antigen levels in relation to cadmium exposure and zinc intake: results from the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Prostate, 68, 122-128.
196. Williams, A.E., Perry, M.M., Moschos, S.A., Larner-Svensson, H.M. & Lindsay, M.A. (2008) Role of miRNA-146a in the regulation of the innate immune response and cancer. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 36, 1211-1215.
197. Wills, N.K., Kalariya, N., Sadagopa Ramanujam, V.M., Lewis, J.R., Haji, Abdollahi, S., Husain, A. & Van Kuijk, F.J. (2009) Human retinal cadmium accumulation as a factor in the etiology of age-related macular degeneration. Exp. Eye Res., 89, 79-87.
198. Wills, N.K., Ramanujam, V.M., Kalariya, N., Lewis, J.R. & van Kuijk, F.J. (2008) Copper and zinc distribution in the human retina: relationship to cadmium accumulation, age, and gender. Exp. Eye Res., 87, 80-88.
199. Wolf, C., Strenziok, R. & Kyriakopoulos, A. (2009) Elevated metallothionein-bound cadmium concentrations in urine from bladder carcinoma patients, investigated by size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 631, 218-222.
200. WHO (2010) Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Seventy-third Meeting, Geneva, 8-17 June 2010. Summary and Conclusions. JECFA/73/SC. Geneva, Switzerland: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; World Health Organization.
201. Wu, K.C., Liu, J.J. & Klaassen, C.D. (2012) Nrf2 activation prevents cadmium-induced acute liver injury. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 263, 14-20.
202. Wu, M., Neilson, A., Swift, A.L., Moran, R., Tamagnine, J., Parslow, D., Armistead, S., Lemire, K., Orrell, J., Teich, J., Chomicz, S. & Ferrick, D.A. (2007) Multiparameter metabolic analysis reveals a close link between attenuated mitochondrial bioenergetic function and enhanced glycolysis dependency in human tumor cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 292, C125-C136.
203. Wu, N., Yin, L., Hanniman, E.A., Joshi, S. & Lazar, M.A. (2009) Negative feedback maintenance of heme homeostasis by its receptor, Rev-erb alpha. Genes Dev., 23, 2201-2209.
204. Yalcin, A. Telang, S. Clem, B. Chesney, J. (2009) Regulation of glucose metabolism by 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose2,6-bisphosphatases in cancer. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 86, 174-179.
205. Yin, L., Wu, N., Curtin, J.C., Qatanani, M., Szwergold, N.R., Reid, R.A., Waitt, G.M., Parks, D.J., Pearce, K.H., Wisely, G.B. & Lazar, M.A. (2007) Rev-erb alpha, a heme sensor that coordinates metabolic and circadian pathways. Science, 318, 1786-1789.
206. Ziemke, F. & Mantzoros, C.S. (2010) Adiponectin in insulin resistance: lessons from translational research. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 91, 258S-261S.