Vital effects in coccolith calcite: Cenozoic climate-pCO 2 drove the diversity of carbon acquisition strategies in coccolithophores?

Paleoceanography

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2012, Pages

  Bolton, Clara T ^a   Stoll, Heather M ^a   Mendez Vicente, Ana ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OVIEDO   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCITE; CARBON DIOXIDE; CENOZOIC; CLIMATE CHANGE; COCCOLITH; FOSSIL RECORD; HYPSITHERMAL; ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; MICROPALEONTOLOGY; PARTIAL PRESSURE; PHYTOPLANKTON; SPECIES DIVERSITY;

EID: 84868613783     PISSN: 08838305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2012PA002339     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Anderson, T. F., and S. A. Cole (1975), The stable isotope geochemistry of marine coccoliths; a preliminary comparison with planktonic Fora-minifera, J. Foraminiferal Res., 5, 188-192, doi:10.2113/gsjfr.5.3.188.
2. Badger, M. R., T. J. Andrews, S. M. Whitney, M. Ludwig, D. C. Yellowlees, W. Leggat, and G. D. Price (1998), The diversity and coevolution of Rubisco, plastids, pyrenoids, and chloroplast-based CO2-concentrating mechanisms in algae, Can. J. Bot., 76(6), 1052-1071. (Pubitemid 29042840)
3. Bartoli, G., B. Hönisch, and R. E. Zeebe (2011), Atmospheric CO2 decline during the Pliocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciations, Paleoceanography, 26, PA4213, doi:10.1029/2010PA002055.
4. Beaufort, L., Y. Lancelot, P. Camberlin, O. Cayre, E. Vincent, F. Bassinot, and L. Labeyrie (1997), Insolation cycles as a major control of equatorial Indian Ocean primary production, Science, 278, 1451-1454, doi:10.1126/science.278.5342.1451. (Pubitemid 27509815)
5. Bidigare, R. R., et al. (1997), Consistent fractionation of C in nature and in the laboratory: Growth rate effects in some haptophyte algae, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 11(2), 279-292, doi:10.1029/96GB03939.
6. Bijma, J., H. J. Spero, and D. W. Lea (1999), Reassessing foraminiferal stable isotope geochemistry: Impact of the oceanic carbonate system (experimental results), in Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic, edited by G. Fischer and G. Wefer, pp. 489-512, Springer, New York, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58646-0-20.
7. Bolton, C. T., S. J. Gibbs, and P. A. Wilson (2010a), Evolution of nutricline dynamics in the equatorial Pacific during the late Pliocene, Paleoceanography, 25, PA1207, doi:10.1029/2009PA001821.
8. Bolton, C. T., K. T. Lawrence, S. J. Gibbs, P. A. Wilson, L. C. Cleaveland, and T. D. Herbert (2010b), Glacial-interglacial productivity changes recorded by alkenones and microfossils in late Pliocene eastern equatorial Pacific and Atlantic upwelling zones, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, 295, 401-411, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.014.
9. Bown, P. (Ed.) (1998), Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy, Chapman and Hall, Cambridge, U. K., doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4902-0.
10. Bown, P., J. A. Lees, and J. R. Young (2004), Calcareous nannoplankton evolution and diversity through time, in Coccolithophores: From Molecular Processes to Global Impact, edited by H. R. Thierstein and J. R. Young, pp. 481-508, Springer, Berlin.
11. Brownlee, C, and A. Taylor (2004), Calcification in coccolithophores: A cellular perspective, in Coccolithophores: From Molecular Processes to Global Impact, edited by H. R. Thierstein and J. R. Young, pp. 31-49, Springer-Berlin.
12. Cassar, N., E. A. Laws, and B. N. Popp (2006), Carbon isotopic fractionation by the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum under nutrient-and light-limited growth conditions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70, 5323-5335, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.024. (Pubitemid 44615512)
13. Dong, L. F., N. A. Nimer, E. Okus, and M. J. Merrett (1993), Dissolved inorganic carbon utilization in relation to calcite production in Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Kamptner, New Phytol, 123, 679-684, doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137. 1993.tb03777.x.
14. Dudley, W. C, and D. E. Goodney (1979), Oxygen isotope analyses of coccoliths grown in culture, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 26, 495-503, doi:10.1016/0198-0149(79)90092-X.
15. Dudley, W. C, J. C. Duplessy, P. L. Blackwelder, L. E. Brand, and R. R. L. Guillard (1980), Coccoliths in Pleistocene-Holocene nannofossil assemblages, Nature, 285, 222-223, doi:10.1038/285222a0.
16. Dudley, W. C, P. Blackwelder, L. Brand, and J. C. Duplessy (1986), Stable isotopic composition of coccoliths, Mar. Micropaleontol., 10, 1-8, doi:10.1016/0377-8398(86)90021-6.
17. Duplessy, J. C, C. Lalou, and A. C. Vinot (1970), Differential isotopic fractionation in benthic foraminifera and paleotemperatures re-assessed, Science, 168, 250-251, doi:10.1126/science.168.3928.250.
18. Erez, J. (1978), Vital effect on stable-isotope composition seen in Foraminifera and coral skeletons, Nature, 273, 199-202, doi:10.1038/273199a0.
19. Fairbanks, R. G., M. Sverdlove, R. Free, P. H. Wiebe, and A. W. H. Bé (1982), Vertical distribution and isotopic fractionation of living planktonic Foraminifera from the Panama Basin, Nature, 298, 841-844, doi:10.1038/298841a0. (Pubitemid 13281731)
20. Falkowski, P. G., and J. A. Raven (2007), Aquatic Photosynthesis, 2nd ed., Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N. J.
21. Falkowski, P. G., M. E. Katz, A. H. Knoll, A. Quigg, J. A. Raven, O. Schofield, and F. J. R. Taylor (2004), The evolution of modern eukaryotic phytoplankton, Science, 305(5682), 354-360, doi:10.1126/science.1095964. (Pubitemid 38938144)
22. Flesche Kleiven, H. F., E. Jansen, T. Fronval, and T. M. Smith (2002), Intensification of Northern hemisphere glaciations in the circum Atlantic region (3.5-2.4 Ma)-ice-rafted detritus evidence, Palaeogeogr. Palaeo-climatol. Palaeoecol, 184, 213-223, doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(01) 00407-2. (Pubitemid 34923045)
23. Flores, J.-A., M. A. Bárcena, and F. J. Sierro (2000), Ocean-surface and wind dynamics in the Atlantic Ocean off Northwest Africa during the last 140 000 years, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol, 161, 459-478, doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00099-7.
24. Foster, G. L. (2008), Seawater pH, pCO2 and [CO32~] variations in the Caribbean Sea over the last 130 kyr: A boron isotope and B/Ca study of planktic Foraminifera, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, 271(1-4), 254-266, doi:10.1016/j.epsl. 2008.04.015.
25. Gervais, F., and U. Riebesell (2001), Effect of phosphorus limitation on elemental composition and stable carbon isotope fractionation in a marine diatom growing under different CO2 concentrations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46(3), 497-504, doi:10.4319/lo.2001.46.3.0497. (Pubitemid 32434647)
26. Gibbs, S., N. Shackleton, and J. Young (2004), Identification of dissolution patterns in nannofossil assemblages: A high-resolution comparison of synchronous records from Ceara Rise, ODP Leg 154, Paleoceanography, 19, PA1029, doi:10.1029/2003PA000958.
27. Gibbs, S. J., H. M. Stoll, P. Bown, and T. J. Bralower (2010), Ocean acidification and surface water carbonate production across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 295, 583-592, doi:10.1016/j.epsl. 2010.04.044.
28. Giordano, M., J. Beardall, and J. A. Raven (2005), CO2 concentrating mechanisms in algae: Mechanisms, environmental modulation, and evolution, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 56, 99-131, doi:10.1146/annurev. arplant.56.032604.144052. (Pubitemid 40802405)
29. Groeneveld, J. (2005), Effect of the Pliocene closure of the Panamanian Gateway on Caribbean and east Pacific sea surface temperatures and salinities by applying combined Mg/Ca and d18O measurements (5.6-2.2 Ma), PhD thesis, IFM-Geomar, Kiel, Germany.
30. Grossman, E. L. (1987), Stable isotopes in modern benthic foraminifera: A study of vital effect, J. Foraminiferal Res., 17(1), 48-61, doi:10.2113/gsjfr.17.1.48. (Pubitemid 17264376)
31. Haug, G. H., and R. Tiedemann (1998), Effect of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama on Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation, Nature, 393, 673-676, doi:10.1038/31447. (Pubitemid 28289653)
32. Haug, G. H., R. Tiedemann, R. Zahn, and A. C. Ravelo (2001) Role of Panama uplift on oceanic freshwater balance, Geology, 29(3), 207-210.
33. Henderiks, J. (2008), Coccolithophore size rules: Reconstructing ancient cell geometry and cellular calcite quota from fossil coccoliths, Mar. Micropaleontol., 67, 143-154, doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.01.005.
34. Henderiks, J., and M. Pagani (2008), Coccolithophore cell size and the Paleogene decline in atmospheric CO2, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 269, 576-584, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.016.
35. Herrmann, S., and H. R. Thierstein (2012), Cenozoic coccolith size changes-Evolutionary and/or ecological controls?, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli-matol. Palaeoecol., 333-334, 92-106, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.011.
36. Honjo, S., and H. Okada (1974), Community structure of coccolithophores in the photic layer of the mid-Pacific, Micropaleontology, 20(2), 209-230, doi:10.2307/1485061.
37. Janofske, D. (1992), Calcareous nannofossils of the Alpine Upper Triassic, in Nannoplankton Research, vol. 1, Knihovnicka ZPZ, vol. 14a, edited by B. Hamrsmid and J. R. Young, pp. 87-109, Hodonin, Czech Republic.
38. John, C. M., S. M. Bohaty, J. C. Zachos, A. Sluijs, S. J. Gibbs, H. Brinkhuis, and T. J. Bralower (2008), North American continental margin records of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Implications for global carbon and hydrological cycling, Paleoceanography, 23, PA2217, doi:10.1029/2007PA001465.
39. Kopp, R. E., D. Schumann, T. D. Raub, D. S. Powars, L. V. Godfrey, N. L. Swanson-Hysell, A. C. Maloof, and H. Vali (2009), An Appalachian Amazon? Magnetofossil evidence for the development of a tropical river-like system in the mid-Atlantic United States during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Paleoceanography, 24, PA4211, doi:10.1029/2009PA001783.
40. Langer, G., M. Geisen, K.-H. Baumann, J. Kläs, U. Riebesell, S. Thoms, and J. R. Young (2006), Species-specific responses of calcifying algae to changing seawater carbonate chemistry, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7, Q09006, doi:10.1029/2005GC001227.
41. Lawrence, K. T., T. D. Herbert, C. M. Brown, M. E. Raymo, and A. M. Haywood (2009), High-amplitude variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature during the early Pliocene warm Period, Paleoceanography, 24, PA2218, doi:10.1029/2008PA001669.
42. Leonardos, N., B. Read, B. Thake, and J. R. Young (2009), No mechanistic dependence of photosynthesis on calcification in the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyta), J. Phycol., 45(5), 1046-1051.
43. Lisiecki, L. E., and M. E. Raymo (2005), A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003, doi:10.1029/2004PA001071. (Pubitemid 40865277)
44. Margolis, S. V., P. Kroopnick, D. E. Goodney, W. C. Dudley, and M. E. Mahoney (1975), Oxygen and carbon isotopes from calcareous nanno-fossils as paleoceanographic indicators, Science, 189(4202), 555-557, doi:10.1126/science. 189.4202.555.
45. McConnaughey, T. A. (1989a), 13C and 18O isotopic disequilibrium in biological carbonates; I. Patterns, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, 151-162, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90282-2.
46. McConnaughey, T. A. (1989b), 13C and 18O isotopic disequilibrium in biological carbonates; II. In vitro simulation of kinetic isotope effects, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, 163-171, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(89) 90283-4.
47. Miller, K. G., et al. (1998), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, Leg 174AX, U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D. C.
48. Miller, K. G., P. J. Sugarman, J. V. Browning, M. A. Kominz, R. K. Olsson, M. D. Feigenson, and J. C. Hernandez (2004), Upper Cretaceous sequences and sea-level history, New Jersey coastal plain, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 116, 368-393, doi:10.1130/B25279.1. (Pubitemid 38423505)
49. Moolna, A., and R. E. M. Rickaby (2012), Interaction of the coccolitho-phore Gephyrocapsa oceanica with its carbon environment: Response to a recreated high-CO2 geological past, Geobiology, 10, 72-81, doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2011.00308.x.
50. Nimer, N. A., G. K. Dixon, and M. J. Merrett (1992), Utilization of inorganic carbon by the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Kamptner, New Phytol., 120, 153-158, doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992. tb01068.x.
51. Okada, H., and S. Honjo (1973), The distribution of oceanic coccolithophor-ids in the Pacific, Deep Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr., 20(4), 355-374, doi:10.1016/0011-7471(73)90059-4.
52. Pagani, M., M. A. Arthur, and K. H. Freeman (1999), The Miocene evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide, Paleoceanography, 14, 273-292, doi:10.1029/1999PA900006. (Pubitemid 29429406)
53. Pagani, M., J. C. Zachos, K. H. Freeman, B. Tipple, and S. Bohaty (2005), Marked decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Paleogene, Science, 309, 600-603, doi:10.1126/science.1110063. (Pubitemid 41033641)
54. Pagani, M., Z. Liu, J. LaRiviere, and A. C. Ravelo (2010), High Earth-system climate sensitivity determined from Pliocene carbon dioxide concentrations, Nat. Geosci., 3, 27-30, doi:10.1038/ngeo724.
55. Paillard, D., L. Labeyrie, and P. Yiou (1996), Macintosh program performs time-series analysis, Eos Trans. AGU, 77, 379, doi:10.1029/96EO00259.
56. Paull, C. K., and H. R. Thierstein (1987), Stable isotopic fractionation among particles in Quaternary coccolith-sized deep sea sediments, Paleo-ceanography, 2, 423-429, doi:10.1029/PA002i004p00423.
57. Perch-Nielsen, K. (1985), Cenozoic calcareous nannofossils, in Plankton Stratigraphy, edited by H. M. Bolli et al., pp. 427-554, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
58. Pienaar, R. N. (1994), Ultrastructure and calcification of coccolithophores, in Coccolithophores, edited by A. Winter and W. G. Siesser, pp. 13-37, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
59. Popp, B. N., E. A. Laws, R. R. Bidigare, J. E. Dore, K. L. Hanson, and S. G. Wakeham (1998), Effect of phytoplankton cell geometry on carbon isotopic fractionation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62, 69-77, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(97) 00333-5.
60. Quinn, P., M. Y. Cortes, and J. Bollmann (2005), Morphological variation in the deep ocean-dwelling coccolithophore Florisphaera profunda (Hapto-phyta), Eur. J. Phycol., 40(1), 123-133, doi:10.1080/09670260400024667. (Pubitemid 40518804)
61. Rau, G. H., U. Riebesell, and D. Wolf Gladrow (1996), A model of photo-synthetic 13C fractionation by marine phytoplankton based on diffusive molecular CO2 uptake, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 133(1-3), 275-285, doi:10.3354/meps133275.
62. Raven, J. A. (1998), The twelfth Tansley Lecture. Small is beautiful: The picophytoplankton, Funct. Ecol., 12, 503-513, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998. 00233.x. (Pubitemid 28456218)
63. Raven, J. A., and A. M. Johnston (1991), Mechanisms of inorganic-carbon acquisition in marine phytoplankton and their implications for the use of other resources, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36(8), 1701-1714, doi:10.4319/lo.1991.36.8.1701.
64. Raven, J. A., M. Giordano, and J. Beardall (2008), Insights into the evolution of CCMs from comparisons with other resource acquisition and assimilation processes, Physiol. Plant., 133, 4-14, doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054. 2007.01024.x. (Pubitemid 351519373)
65. Raymo, M. E., B. Grant, M. Horowitz, and G. H. Rau (1996), Mid-Pliocene warmth: Stronger greenhouse and stronger conveyor, Mar. Micropaleon-tol., 27, 313-326, doi:10.1016/0377-8398(95)00048-8.
66. Reinfelder, J. R. (2011), Carbon concentrating mechanisms in eukaryotic marine phytoplankton, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 3, 291-315, doi:10.1146/annurev- marine-120709-142720.
67. Rickaby, R. E. M., and D. P. Schrag (2002), Growth rate dependence of Sr incorporation during calcification of Emiliania huxleyi, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 16(1), 1006, doi:10.1029/2001GB001408.
68. Rickaby, R. E. M., J. Henderiks, and J. N. Young (2010), Perturbing phy-toplankton: Response and isotopic fractionation with changing carbonate chemistry in two coccolithophore species, Clim. Past, 6, 771-785, doi:10.5194/cp-6-771-2010.
69. Röhl, U., T. Westerhold, T. J. Bralower, and J. C. Zachos (2007), On the duration of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q12002, doi:10.1029/2007GC001784.
70. Rohling, E. J., et al. (2004), Reconstructing past planktic Foraminiferal habitiats using stable isotope data: A case history for Mediterranean sapropel S5, Mar. Micropaleontol., 50, 89-123, doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(03)00068-9. (Pubitemid 38106193)
71. Rost, B., U. Riebesell, S. Burkhardt, and D. Sultemeyer (2003), Carbon acquisition of bloom-forming marine phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 55-67, doi:10.4319/lo.2003.48.1.0055. (Pubitemid 36144739)
72. Royer, D. L. (2006), CO2-forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70, 5665-5675, doi:10.1016/j. gca.2005.11.031. (Pubitemid 44712457)
73. Schmidt, M. W., H. J. Spero, and D. W. Lea (2004), Links between salinity variation in the Caribbean and North Atlantic thermohaline circulation, Nature, 428, 160-163, doi:10.1038/nature02346. (Pubitemid 38374308)
74. Schulz, K. G., B. Rost, S. Burkhardt, U. Riebesell, S. Thoms, and D. A. Wolf-Gladrow (2007), The effect of iron availability on the regulation of inorganic carbon acquisition in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and the significance of cellular compartmentation for stable carbon isotope fractionation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 71, 5301-5312, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007. 09.012. (Pubitemid 350028605)
75. Sciandra, A., J. Harlay, D. Lefevre, R. Lemee, P. Rimmelin, M. Denis, and J.-P. Gattuso (2003), Response of coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi to elevated partial pressure of CO2 under nitrogen limitation, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 261, 111-122, doi:10.3354/meps261111. (Pubitemid 37425116)
76. Seki, O., G. L. Foster, D. N. Schmidt, A. Mackensen, K. Kawamura, and R. D. Pancost (2010), Alkenone and boron-based Pliocene pCO2 records, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 292, 201-211, doi:10.1016/j.epsl. 2010.01.037.
77. Shackleton, N. J., J. D. H. Wiseman, and H. A. Buckley (1973), Non-equilibrium isotopic fractionation between seawater and planktonic foraminiferal tests, Nature, 242, 177-179, doi:10.1038/242177a0.
78. Shackleton, N. J., J. Backman, H. Zimmerman, D. V. Kent, M. A. Hall, D. G. Roberts, D. Schnitker, and J. Baldauf (1984), Oxygen isotope calibration of the onset of ice-rafting and history of glaciation in the North Atlantic region, Nature, 307, 620-623, doi:10.1038/307620a0. (Pubitemid 14251928)
79. Shipboard Scientific Party (1997), Site 999, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Initial Rep., 165, 131-230.
80. Sluijs, A. (2006), Global change during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, PhD thesis, Utrecht Univ., Utrecht, Netherlands.
81. Sluijs, A., H. Brinkhuis, S. Schouten, S. M. Bohaty, C. M. John, J. C. Zachos, G.-J. Reichart, J. S. S. Damsté, E. M. Crouch, and G. R. Dickens (2007), Environmental precursors to rapid light carbon injection at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary, Nature, 450, 1218-1221, doi:10.1038/nature06400.
82. Spero, H. J. (1998), Life history and stable isotope geochemistry of planktonic foraminifera, in Isotope Paleobiology and Paleoecology, vol. 4, edited by R. D. Norris and R. M. Corfield, Paleontol. Soc. Pap., 7-36.
83. Spero, H. J., J. Bijma, D. W. Le, and B. E. Bemis (1997), Effect of seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotopes, Nature, 390, 497-500, doi:10.1038/37333. (Pubitemid 28013126)
84. Steinmetz, J. (1994), Stable isotopes in modern coccolithophores, in Coccolithophores, edited by A. Winter and W. G. Siesser, pp. 219-229, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
85. Steph, S. (2005), Pliocene stratigraphy and the impact of Panama uplift on changes in Caribbean and tropical east Pacific upper ocean stratification (6-2.5 Ma), PhD thesis, IFM-Geomar, Kiel, Germany.
86. Steph, S., R. Tiedemann, M. Prange, J. Groeneveld, D. Nürnberg, L. Reuning, M. Schulz, and G. H. Haug (2006), Changes in Caribbean surface hydrography during the Pliocene shoaling of the Central American Seaway, Paleoceanography, 21, PA4221, doi:10.1029/2004PA001092. (Pubitemid 47272047)
87. Steph, S., M. Regenberg, R. Tiedemann, S. Mulitza, and D. Nürnberg (2009), Stable isotopes of planktonic Foraminifera from tropical Atlantic/Caribbean core-tops: Implications for reconstructing upper water column stratification, Mar. Micropaleontol., 71, 1-19, doi:10.1016/j. marmicro.2008.12.004.
88. Stoll, H. M. (2005), Limited range of interspecific vital effects in coccolith stable isotopic records during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1007, doi:10.1029/2004PA001046. (Pubitemid 40865281)
89. Stoll, H. M., and D. P. Schrag (2000), Coccolith Sr/Ca ratios as a new indicator of coccolithophorid calcification and growth rate, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 1, 1006, doi:10.1029/1999GC000015.
90. Stoll, H. M., and N. Shimizu (2009), Micropicking of nannofossils in preparation for analysis by secondary ion mass spectrometry, Nat. Protoc., 4, 1038-1043, doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.83.
91. Stoll, H. M., and P. Ziveri (2002), Methods for separation of monospecic coccolith samples from sediments, Mar. Micropaleontol., 46, 209-221, doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(02)00040-3.
92. Stoll, H. M., and P. Ziveri (2004), Coccolithophore-based geochemical proxies, in Coccolithophores: From Molecular Processes to Global Impact, edited by H. Thierstein and J. Young, pp. 529-562, Springer, New York.
93. Stoll, H. M., C. Klaas, I. Probert, J. Ruiz Encinar, and J. I. Garcia Alonso (2002), Calcification rate and temperature effects on Sr partitioning in coccoliths of multiple species of coccolithophorids in culture, Global Planet. Change, 34, 153-171, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00112-1. (Pubitemid 35374502)
94. Stoll, H. M., A. Arevalos, A. Burke, P. Ziveri, G. Mortyn, N. Shimizu, and D. Unger (2007a), Seasonal cycles in biogenic production and export in Northern Bay of Bengal sediment traps, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 54, 558-580, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.01.002. (Pubitemid 46783463)
95. Stoll, H. M., N. Shimizu, A. Arevalos, N. Matell, A. Banasiak, and S. Zeren (2007b), Insights on coccolith chemistry from a new ion probe method for analysis of individually picked coccoliths, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q06020, doi:10.1029/2006GC001546.
96. Stoll, H. M., P. Ziveri, N. Shimizu, M. Conte, and S. Theroux (2007c), Relationship between coccolith Sr/Ca ratios and coccolithophore production and export in the Arabian Sea and Sargasso Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 54, 581-600, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.01.003. (Pubitemid 46783464)
97. Takahashi, T., et al. (2009), Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 56, 554-577, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009.
98. Tortell, P. D. (2000), Evolutionary and ecological perspectives on carbon acquisition in phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 744-750, doi:10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0744. (Pubitemid 30247486)
99. Trimborn, S., G. Langer, and B. Rost (2007), Effect of varying calcium concentrations and light intensities on calcification and photosynthesis in Emiliania huxleyi, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52(5), 2285-2293, doi:10.4319/lo.2007.52. 5.2285. (Pubitemid 47612149)
100. Weber J. N., and P. M. J. Woodhead (1972), Temperature dependence of O concentration in reef coral carbonates, J. Geophys. Res., 77(3), 463-473, doi:10.1029/JC077i003p00463.
101. Weiner, S., and P. M. Dove (2003), An overview of biomineralization processes and the problem of the vital effect, in Biomineralization, edited by P. M. Dove et al., pp. 1-29, Mineral. Soc. of Am., Washington, D. C, doi:10.2113/0540001.
102. Young, J. R. (1998), Neogene, in Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy, edited by P. Bown, pp. 225-265, Chapman and Hall, Cambridge, U. K., doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4902-08.
103. Young, J., and P. Ziveri (2000), Calculation of coccolith volume and its use in calibration of carbonate flux estimates, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 47, 1679-1700, doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00003-5. (Pubitemid 30427664)
104. Young, J., K. Henriksen, and I. Probert (2004), Structure and morphogenesis of the coccoliths of the CODENET species, in Coccolithophores: From Molecular Processes to Global Impact, edited by H. R. Thierstein and J. Young, pp. 191-216, Springer, Berlin.
105. Young, J. N., R. E. M. Rickaby, M. V. Kapralov, and D. A. Filatov (2012), Adaptive signals in algal Rubisco reveal a history of ancient atmospheric carbon dioxide, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 367, 483-492, doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0145.
106. Zachos, J. C, et al. (2005), Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Science, 308, 1611-1615, doi:10.1126/science. 1109004. (Pubitemid 40807507)
107. Zachos, J. C, G. R. Dickens, and R. E. Zeebe (2008), An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics, Nature, 451, 279-283, doi:10.1038/nature06588.
108. Zeebe, R. E. (1999), An explanation of the effect of seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal oxygen isotopes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63(13-14), 2001-2007, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00091-5. (Pubitemid 30005549)
109. Zeebe, R. E., D. A. Wolf-Gladrow, and H. Jansen (1999), On the time required to establish chemical and isotopic equilibrium in the carbon dioxide system in seawater, Mar. Chem., 65, 135-153, doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00092-9. (Pubitemid 29239882)
110. Zeebe, R. E., J. Bijma, B. Hönisch, A. Sanyal, H. J. Spero, and D. A. Wolf-Gladrow (2008), Vital effects and beyond: A modelling perspective on developing palaeoceanographical proxy relationships in foraminifera, in Biogeochemical Controls on Palaeoceanographic Environmental Proxies, edited by W. E. N. Austin and R. H. James, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 303, 45-58, doi:10.1144/SP303.4.
111. Ziveri, P., H. M. Stoll, I. Probert, C. Klaas, M. Geisen, G. Ganssen, and J. Young (2003), Stable isotope 'vital effects' in coccolith calcite, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 210, 137-149, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03) 00101-8. (Pubitemid 36639886)
112. Ziveri, P., S. Thoms, I. Probert, M. Geisen, and G. Langer (2012), A universal carbonate ion effect on stable oxygen isotope ratios in unicellular planktonic calcifying organisms, Biogeosciences, 9, 1025-1032, doi:10.5194/bg-9-1025-2012.