Is chronic hyponatremia a novel risk factor for hip fracture in the elderly?

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation

Volumn 27, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 3725-3731

  Ayus, Juan Carlos ^a,b   Negri, Armando Luis ^c   Kalantar Zadeh, Kamyar ^d   Moritz, Michael L ^e  

^a Renal Consultants of Houston   (United States)

^b HOSPITAL ITALIANO DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

^c UNIVERSIDAD DEL SALVADOR   (Argentina)

^d Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology   (United States)

^e CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

elderly; falls; fractures; hyponatremia; risk factors

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; OXCARBAZEPINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SODIUM; SODIUM CHANNEL; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; VENLAFAXINE;

AGE; ARTICLE; BONE DEMINERALIZATION; BONE DENSITOMETRY; BONE DENSITY; BONE FRAGILITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ELDERLY CARE; FALLING; GAIT DISORDER; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPONATREMIA; INAPPROPRIATE VASOPRESSIN SECRETION; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; NONHUMAN; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SODIUM BLOOD LEVEL; SPINE FRACTURE; UNSTEADINESS;

ACCIDENTAL FALLS; AGED; CHRONIC DISEASE; CONFUSION; GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC; HIP FRACTURES; HUMANS; HYPONATREMIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84868596227     PISSN: 09310509     EISSN: 14602385     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs412     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Moritz ML, Ayus JC. The pathophysiology and treatment of hyponatraemic encephalopathy: an update. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 2486-2491
2. Ayus JC, Achinger SG, Arief A. Brain cell volume regulation in hyponatremia: role of sex, age, vasopressin, and hypoxia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295: F619-F624
3. Ayus JC, Wheeler JM, Arief AI. Postoperative hyponatremic encephalopathy in menstruant women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 891-897
4. Ayus JC, Arieff AI. Pulmonary complications of hyponatremic encephalopathy: noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and hypercapnic respiratory failure. Chest 1995; 107: 517-522
5. Ayus JC, Varon J, Arieff AI. Hyponatremia, cerebral edema, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in marathon runners. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 711-714
6. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Nuguyen MK, Chang R et al. Fatal hyponatremia in a young woman after ecstasy ingestion. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2006; 2: 283-288
7. Ayus JC, Krothapalli RK, Arieff AI. Treatment of symptomatic hyponatremia and its relation to brain damage. A prospective study. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1190-1195
8. Ayus JC, Armstrong D, Arieff AI. Hyponatremia with hypoxia: effects on brain adaptation, perfusion, and histology in rodents. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1319-1325
9. Ayus JC, Krothapalli RK, Armstrong DL et al. Symptomatic hyponatremia in rats: effect of treatment on mortality and brain lesions. Am J Physiol 1989; 257(1 Pt 2): F18-F22
10. Ayus JC, Krothapalli RK, Armstrong DL. Rapid correction of severe hyponatremia in the rat: histopathological changes in the brain. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: F711-F19
11. Miller M. Hyponatremia and arginine vasopressin dysregulation: mechanisms, clinical consequences, and management. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54: 345-53
12. Miller M, Morley JE, Rubenstein LZ. Hyponatremia in a nursing home population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 1410-3
13. Ernst ME, Moser M. Use of diuretics in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 2153-2164
14. Bigaillon C, El Jahiri Y, Garcia C et al. Inappropriate ADH secretion-induced hyponatremia associated with paroxetine use. Rev Med Interne 2007; 28: 642-644
15. Nirmalani A, Stock SL, Catalano G. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone associated with escitalopram therapy. CNS Spect 2006; 11: 429-432
16. Fonzo-Christe C, Vogt N. Susceptibility of the elderly patient to hyponatremia induced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Therapie 2000; 55: 597-604
17. Dong X, Leppik IE, White J et al. Hyponatremia from oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine. Neurology. 2005; 65: 1976-1978
18. Porto Carreiro F, Christmas C. Hip Fracture. Ann Inter Med 2011; 155: ITC6-1-ITC6-15
19. Hannan EL, Magziner J, Wang JJ et al. Mortality and locomotion 6 months after hospitalization for hip fracture: risk factors and risk-adjusted outcomes. JAMA 2001; 285: 2736-2742
20. Magaziner J, Simonsick EM, Kashner TM et al. Predictors of functional recovery one year following hospital discharge for hip fracture: a prospective study. J Gerontol 1990; 45: M101-M107
21. Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H et al. Development and use of FRAX® in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2010; 21(Suppl 2): S407-S413
22. Ayus JC, Arieff AL. Chronic hyponatremic encephalopathy in postmenopausal women: association of therapies with morbidity and mortality. JAMA 1999; 281: 2299-2304
23. Gankam Kengne F, Andres C, Sattar L et al. Mild hyponatremia and risk of fracture in the ambulatory elderly. QJM 2008; 101: 583-588
24. Sandhu HS, Gilles E, DeVita MV et al. Hyponatremia associated with large-bone fracture in elderly patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2009; 41: 733-737
25. Tolouian R, Alhamad T, Farazmand M et al. The correlation of hip fracture and hyponatremia in the elderly. J Nephrol 2011:0. doi: 10.5301/jn.5000064. [Epub ahead of print]
26. McPherson E, Dunsmuir RA. Hyponatraemia in hip fracture patients. Scott Med J 2002; 47: 115-116
27. Kinsella S, Moran S, Sullivan MO et al. Hyponatremia independent of osteoporosis is associated with fracture occurrence. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5: 275-280
28. Hoorn EJ, Rivadeneira F, van Meurs JB et al. Mild hyponatremia as a risk factor for fractures: The Rotterdam Study. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26: 1822-1828
29. Verghese J, Levalley A, Hall CB et al. Epidemiology of gait disorders in community-residing older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006; 54: 255-261
30. Renneboog B, Musch W, Vandemergel X et al. Mild chronic hyponatremia is associated with falls, unsteadiness, and attention deficits. Am J Med 2006; 119: 71 e1-e8
31. Lien YH, Shapiro JI, Chan L. Study of brain electrolytes and organic osmolytes during correction of chronic hyponatremia. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 303-309
32. Lipton SA, Rosenberg PA. Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders. New Engl J Med 1994; 330: 613-622
33. Verbalis JG, Barsony J, Sugimura Y et al. Hyponatremia-induced osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25: 54-63
34. Barsony J, Sugimura Y, Verbalis JG. Osteoclast response to low extracellular sodium and the mechanism of hyponatremia-induced bone loss. J Biol Chem 2011; 286: 10864-10875
35. Bergstrom WH, Wallace WM. Bone as a sodium and potassium reservoir. J Clin Invest 1954; 33: 867-873
36. Bergstrom WH. The participation of bone in total body sodium metabolism in the rat. J Clin Invest 1955; 34: 97-1004
37. Lara LS, Sato R, Bourgeois CR et al. The sodium-activated sodium 565 channel is expressed in the rat kidney thick ascending limb and collecting duct cells and is upregulated during high salt intake. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303: F105-F109
38. Hoorn EJ, Liamis G, Zietse R et al. Hyponatremia and bone: an emerging relationship. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 8: 33-39
39. Tseng AS, Beane WS, Lemire JM et al. Induction of vertebrate regeneration by transient sodium current. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 13192-13200
40. Ayus JC, Moritz ML. Bone disease as a new complication of hyponatremia: moving beyond brain injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephro 2010; l5: 167-178
41. Hix JK, Silver S, Sterns RH. Diuretic-associated hyponatremia. Semin Nephrol 2011; 31: 553-66
42. Berl T, Quittnat-Pelletier F, Verbalis JG et al. Oral tolvaptan is safe and effective in chronic hyponatremia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 705-712
43. Zeltser D, Rosansky S, van Rensburg H et al. Assessment of the efficacy and safety of intravenous conivaptan in euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. Am J Nephrol 2007; 27: 447-457
44. Berl T, Quittnat-Pelletier F, Verbalis JG et al. SALTWATER Investigators. Oral tolvaptan is safe and effective in chronic hyponatremia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 705-712
45. Gross PA, Wagner A, Decaux G. Vaptans are not the mainstay of treatment in hyponatremia: perhaps not yet. Kidney Int 2011; 80: 594-600
46. Ayus JC, Arieff A, Moritz ML. Hyponatremia in marathon runners. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 427-428