Reliable facial muscle activation enhances recognizability and credibility of emotional expression

Emotion

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 701-715

  Mehu, Marc ^a   Mortillaro, Marcello ^a   Bänziger, Tanja ^a   Scherer, Klaus R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Authenticity; Emotional communication; Facial expression; FACS; Reliable action units; Versatile action units

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ARTICLE; EMOTION; FACE MUSCLE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; NORMAL HUMAN; RECOGNITION; ADULT; FEMALE; MALE;

EXPRESSED EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FACIAL MUSCLES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); SMILING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84868373739     PISSN: 15283542     EISSN: 19311516     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0026717     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Bänziger, T., Mortillaro, M., & Scherer, K. R. (2011). Introducing the Geneva Multimodal Expression corpus for experimental research on emotion perception. Emotion. Advanced online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0025827
2. Bänziger, T., & Scherer, K. R. (2007). Using actor portrayals to systematically study multimodal emotion expression: The GEMEP corpus. In A. Paiva & R. Prada (Eds.), ACII 2007, lecture notes in computer science 4738 (pp. 476-487). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
3. Bänziger, T., & Scherer, K. R. (2010). Introducing the Geneva Multimodal Emotion Portrayal (GEMEP) corpus. In K. R. Scherer, T. Bänziger, & E. Roesch (Eds.), Blueprint for affective computing: A sourcebook (pp. 271-294). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
4. Bassili, J. N. (1979). Emotion recognition: The role of facial movement and the relative importance of upper and lower areas of the face. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2049-2058. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2049
5. Bolzani Dinehart, L. H., Messinger, D. S., Acosta, S. I., Cassel, T.,Ambadar, Z., & Cohn, J. (2005). Adult perceptions of positive and negative infant emotional expressions. Infancy, 8, 279-303. doi: 10.1207/s15327078in0803_5
6. Bradbury, J. W., & Vehrencamp, S. L. (1998). Principles of animal communication. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
7. Brown, W. M., & Moore, C. (2002). Smile asymmetries and reputation as reliable indicators of likelihood to cooperate: An evolutionary analysis. In S. P. Shohov (Ed.), Advances in psychology research (pp. 19-36). Huntington, NY: Nova Science.
8. Buck, R. (1985). Prime theory: An integrated view of motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92, 389-413. doi:10.1037/0033295X.92.3.389
9. Calder, A. J., Young, A. W., Keane, J., & Dean, M. (2000). Configural information in facial expression perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 527-551. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.26.2.527
10. Chartrand, J., & Gosselin, P. (2005). Jugement de l'authenticité des sourires et détection des indices faciaux [Judgment of smiles authenticity and detection of facial cues]. Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale, 59, 179-189.
11. Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37-46. doi:10.1177/001316446002000104
12. Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2000). Evolutionary psychology and the emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 91-115). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
13. Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London, England: John Murray. doi:10.1037/10001-000
14. Douglas-Cowie, E., Campbell, N., Cowie, R., & Roach, P. (2003). Emotional speech: Towards a new generation of databases. Speech Communication, 40, 33-60. doi:10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00070-5
15. Duchenne de Boulogne, G.-B. (1990). The mechanism of human facial expression. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511752841 (Original work published 1862)
16. Ekman, P. (1993). Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist, 48, 384-392. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.384
17. Ekman, P. (2001). Telling lies: Clues to deceit in the market place, marriage, and politics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Norton.
18. Ekman, P. (2003). Darwin, deception, and facial expression. In P. Ekman, J. J. Campos, R. J. Davidson, & F. B. M. de Waal (Eds.), Emotions inside out (pp. 205-221). New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences.
19. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1982). Felt, false, and miserable smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 6, 238-252. doi:10.1007/BF00987191
20. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ancoli, S. (1980). Facial signs of emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1125-1134. doi:10.1037/h0077722
21. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Hager, J. C. (2002a). Facial action coding system (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City, UT: Research Nexus.
22. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Hager, J. C. (2002b). Facial action coding system: Investigator's guide (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City, UT: Research Nexus.
23. Ekman, P., Roper, G., & Hager, J. C. (1980). Deliberate facial movement. Child Development, 51, 886-891. doi:10.2307/1129478
24. Ellison, J. W., & Massaro, D. W. (1997). Featural evaluation, integration, and judgment of facial affect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23, 213-226. doi:10.1037/00961523.23.1.213
25. Frank, M. G., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1993). Behavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 83-93. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.83
26. Frank, R. H. (1988). Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. New York, NY: Norton.
27. Frijda, N. H. (1988). The laws of emotion. American Psychologist, 43, 349-358. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.43.5.349
28. Gilbert, C. A., Lilley, C. M., Craig, K. D., McGrath, P. J., Court, C. A.,Bennett, S. M., & Montgomery, C. J. (1999). Postoperative pain expression in preschool children: Validation of the child facial coding system. Clinical Journal of Pain, 15, 192-200. doi:10.1097/00002508199909000-00006
29. Gosselin, P., Kirouac, G., & Doré, F. Y. (1995). Components and recognition of facial expression in the communication of emotion by actors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 83-96. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.83
30. Gosselin, P., Perron, M., & Beaupré, M. (2010). The voluntary control of facial action units in adults. Emotion, 10, 266-271. doi:10.1037/a0017748
31. Gosselin, P., Perron, M., Legault, M., & Campanella, P. (2002). Children's and adults' knowledge of the distinction between enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 26, 83-108. doi: 10.1023/A:1015613504532
32. Hanawalt, N. G. (1944). The role of the upper and the lower parts of the face as a basis for judging facial expressions: II. In posed expressions and candid-camera pictures. Journal of General Psychology, 31, 23-36.
33. Hess, U., Blairy, S., & Kleck, R. E. (1997). The intensity of emotional facial expressions and decoding accuracy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21, 241-257. doi:10.1023/A:1024952730333
34. Hinde, R. A. (1985). Expression and negotiation. In G. Zivin (Ed.), The development of expressive behavior: Biology-environment interactions (pp. 103-116). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
35. Howell, D. C. (1997). Statistical methods for psychology (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press.
36. Kaiser, S., & Wehrle, T. (2001). Facial expressions as indicators of appraisal processes. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, method, research (pp. 285-300). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
37. Kipp, M. (2004). Gesture generation by imitation-From human behavior to computer character animation. Retrieved from http://www.dissertation.com
38. Kline, P. (1999). Handbook of psychological testing (2nd ed.). London, England: Routledge.
39. Krumhuber, E., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2009). Can Duchenne smiles be feigned? new evidence on felt and false smiles. Emotion, 9, 807-820.
40. Maynard-Smith, J., & Harper, D. G. C. (2003). Animal signals. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
41. McLellan, T., Johnston, L., Dalrymple-Alford, J., & Porter, R. (2010). Sensitivity to genuine versus posed emotion specified in facial displays. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 1277-1292. doi:10.1080/02699930903306181
42. Mehu, M., Little, A. C., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2007). Duchenne smiles and the perception of generosity and sociability in faces. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 5, 183-196.
43. Messinger, D. S. (2002). Positive and negative: Infant facial expressions and emotions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 1-6. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00156
44. Mortillaro, M., Mehu, M., & Scherer, K. R. (2011). Subtly different positive emotions can be distinguished by their facial expressions. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 262-271. doi:10.1177/1948550610389080
45. Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotion. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
46. Parkinson, B. (2005). Do facial movements express emotions or communicate motives? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 278-311. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0904_1
47. Pickering, A. D. (2001). Compcor1: A programme for comparing correlations using the methods advocated by Steiger (1980). Retrieved from http://homepages.gold.ac.uk/aphome/compcor1.exe
48. Prkachin, K. M. (1992). The consistency of facial expressions of pain: A comparison across modalities. Pain, 51, 297-306. doi:10.1016/03043959(92)90213-U
49. Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178. doi:10.1037/h0077714
50. Russell, J. A. (1994). Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 102-141. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.102
51. Russell, J. A., & Fernandez-Dols, J.-M. (1997). What does a facial expression mean? In J. A. Russell & J.-M. Fernandez-Dols (Eds.), The psychology of facial expression (pp. 3-30). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511659911.003
52. Sayette, M. A., Cohn, J. F., Wertz, J. M., Perrott, M. A., & Parrott, D. J. (2001). A psychometric evaluation of the Facial Action Coding System for assessing spontaneous expression. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 25, 167-185. doi:10.1023/A:1010671109788
53. Scherer, K. R. (1984). On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 293-317). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
54. Scherer, K. R. (1992). What does facial expression express? In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies of emotion (pp. 139-165). Chichester, England: Wiley.
55. Scherer, K. R. (2001). Appraisal considered as a process of multi-level sequential checking. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.). Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 92-120). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
56. Scherer, K. R. (2005). What are emotions? And how can they be measured? Social Science Information, 44, 695-729. doi:10.1177/0539018405058216
57. Scherer, K. R. (2009). The dynamic architecture of emotion: Evidence for the component process model. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 1307-1351. doi:10.1080/02699930902928969
58. Scherer, K. R., & Bänziger, T. (2010). On the use of actor portrayals in research on emotional expression. In K. R. Scherer, T. Bänziger, & E. Roesch (Eds.), Blueprint for affective computing: A sourcebook (pp. 166-176). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
59. Scherer, K. R., Clark-Polner, E., & Mortillaro, M. (in press). In the eye of the beholder? Universality and cultural specificity in the expression and perception of emotion. International Journal of Psychology.
60. Scherer, K. R., & Ellgring, H. (2007). Are facial expressions of emotion produced by categorical affect programs or dynamically driven by appraisal? Emotion, 7, 113-130. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.113
61. Scherer, K. R. Mortillaro, M. & Mehu, M. (in press). Understanding the facial expression and perception of emotion: A componential perspective. Emotion Review.
62. Schwartz, G. E., Weinberger, D. A., & Singer, J. A. (1981). Cardiovascular differentiation of happiness, sadness, anger, and fear following imagery and exercise. Psychosomatic Medicine, 43, 343-364.
63. Sherwood, C. C., Holloway, R. L., Gannon, P. J., Semendeferi, K., Erwin, J. M., Zilles, K., & Hof, P. R. (2003). Neuroanatomical basis of facial expression in monkeys, apes, and humans. In P. Ekman, J. J. Campos, R. J. Davidson, & F. B. M. de Waal (Eds.), Emotions inside out (pp. 99-103). New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences.
64. Smith, C. A., & Scott, H. S. (1997). A componential approach to the meaning of facial expression. In J. A. Russell & J.-M. FernandezDols (Eds.), The psychology of facial expression (pp. 229-254). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511659911.012
65. Smith, M. L., Cottrell, G. W., Gosselin, F., & Schyns, P. G. (2005). Transmitting and decoding facial expressions. Psychological Science, 16, 184-189. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00801.x
66. Stanislavski, K. (1988). An actor prepares. London, England: Methuen. (Original work published 1936)
67. Steiger, J. H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 245-251. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245
68. Thibault, P., Gosselin, P., Brunel, M.-L., & Hess, U. (2009). Children's and adolescents' perception of the authenticity of smiles. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102, 360-367. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2008.08.005
69. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Show your pride: Evidence for discrete emotion expression. Psychological Science, 15, 194-197. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503008.x
70. Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57. doi:10.1086/406755
71. Trivers, R. L. (1985). Social evolution. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
72. Vehrencamp, S. L. (2000). Handicap, index, and conventional signal elements of bird song. In Y. Edpmark, T. Amundsen, & G. Rosenqvist (Eds.), Animal signals: Signalling and signal design in animal communication (pp. 277-300). Trondheim, Norway: Tapir Academic Press.
73. Wallbott, H. G., & Ricci-Bitti, P. E. (1993). Decoder's processing of emotional facial expression-a top-down or bottom-up mechanism? European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 427-443. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420230408
74. Waller, B. M., Cray, J. J., & Burrows, A. M. (2008). Selection for universal facial emotion. Emotion, 8, 435-439. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.3.435
75. Zahavi, A., & Zahavi, A. (1997). The handicap principle: A missing part of Darwin's puzzle. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.