Hybrid renewable power systems for mobile telephony base stations in developing countries

Renewable Energy

Volumn 51, Issue , 2013, Pages 419-425

  Kusakana, Kanzumba ^a   Vermaak, Herman Jacobus ^a  

^a CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Base transceiver stations; Cost effectiveness; Environmental impacts; Hybrid renewable energy systems

Indexed keywords

BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION; DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO; DIESEL GENERATORS; FINANCIAL VIABILITY; HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS; LIFE-TIMES; MOBILE TELEPHONES; MOBILE TELEPHONY; NET PRESENT COST; PHOTOVOLTAIC; PRIMARY SOURCES; RURAL REGIONS; SELECTION CRITERIA; SYSTEM CAPACITY; TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE; WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS; WIND RESOURCES;

CARBON DIOXIDE; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; TRANSCEIVERS; WIND POWER;

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT;

CARBON EMISSION; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DEVELOPING WORLD; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; NUMERICAL MODEL; RENEWABLE RESOURCE; WIND POWER;

CONGO;

EID: 84868325677     PISSN: 09601481     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2012.09.045     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Andò ECG, Hartley G, Matos E, Sharp H. Features for optimising a pico hydro system for telecommunications base stations in developing. EWB-UK National Research Conference 2010 'From Small Steps to Giant Leaps. putting research into practice' 19th February 2010.
2. Motorola Inc Alternative power for mobile telephony base stations 2007, [Online], Available from:, [accessed 21.04.12]. http://www.motorola.com/mot/doc/6/6682_MotDoc.pdf.
3. Twidell M. Power to the outback. IEE Review 1988, 34(7):268-269.
4. Dalton G.J., Lockington D.A., Baldock T.E. Feasibility analysis of stand-alone renewable energy supply options for a large hotel. Renewable Energy 2008, 33:1475-1490.
5. Kusakana K. Techno-economic evaluation of micro-hydropower generation as a rural electrification option. Master dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 2009.
6. Bishop P., White M., Kinross A. Minutes from project briefing at Motorola Swindon 2007 October.
7. Conteh ABM. Overcoming the vast challenge of deploying a mobile network in the democratic republic of Congo (DRC). Singapore annual meetings, September 17th, 2006.
8. US census bureau: international data base. [Online] Available from: [accessed 21.04.12]. http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/region.php.
9. Africa: electrification rate. [Online] Available from: [accessed 21.04.2012]. http://www.africapedia.com.
10. Kusakana K, Munda JL, Jimoh AA. Economic and environmental analysis of micro hydropower system for rural power supply. 2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 08), December 1-3, 2008, [Johor Baharu, Malaysia].
11. Brinkhoff T. City population. [Online] Available from: [accessed 21.04.12]. http://www.citypopulation.de.
12. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NERL). Hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER), 2/005. [Online] Available from: [accessed 21.04.12]. http://www.nrel.gov/international/tools/tools.html.
13. Clean Energy Decision Support Center, RETScreen software. [Online] Available from: [accessed 17.06.2011]. http://www.retscree.net.
14. Iverson J. How to size a genset: Proper generator set sizing requires analysis of parameters and loads. Available from: [accessed 15.10.2009]. http://www.cumminspower.com.
15. Barley D.C., Winn B.C. Optimal dispatch strategy in remote hybrid power systems. Solar Energy 1996, 58(4-6):165-179.
16. NREL Wind turbine calculator 2005, Available from:, [accessed 24.03.12]. http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/power_databook/calc_wind.php.
17. Razak J.A., Sopian Ali Y., Alghoul M.E., Zaharim A., Ahmad I. Optimization of PV-wind-hydro-diesel hybrid system by minimizing excess capacity. European Journal of Scientific Research 2009, 25(4):663-671.
18. Diaf S., Haddadi M., Belhamel M. Analyse technico économique d'un système hybride (photovoltaïque/éolien) autonome pour le site d'Adrar. Revue des Energies Renouvelables 2006, 9(3):127-134.
19. El Khadimi A., Bchir L., Zeroual A. Dimensionnement et Optimisation Technico-économique d'un système d'Energie Hybride photovoltaïque-Eolien avec Système de stockage. Energies Renouvelable 2004, 7:73-83.
20. Yang H., Zhou W., Lu L., Fang Z. Optimal sizing method for stand-alone hybrid solar-wind system with LPSP technology by using genetic algorithm. Solar Energy 2008, 82:354-367. Elsevier.
21. Kusakana K, Vermaak HJ. Hybrid photovoltaic-wind system as power solution for network operators in the D.R. Congo. International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP 2011), June 14-16, 2011, [Ischia Italy].
22. 125 Watts and higher module index, retail price per watt peak. [Online] Available from: [accessed 07.11.11]. http://www.solarbuzz.com/Moduleprices.htm.
23. Ahmed S., Othman H., Anis S. Optimal sizing of a hybrid system of renewable energy for a reliable load supply without interruption. European Journal of Scientific Research 2010, 45(4):620-629.
24. Trojan battery L16p price, [Online] Available from: [accessed 07.11.11]. http://www.solar-review.com/reviews/read-review.cfm/id/8/.
25. 10.1 kW hybrid system. [Online] Available from: [accessed 07.11.11]. http://www.bergey.com/pages/101_kw_hybrid_system.
26. Price of 12 kW diesel generator. [Online] Available from: [accessed 07.11.11]. http://www.peakpowertools.com/Standby-Generator-Diesel-Pramac-12-kW-Watt-p/gprobw15p.htm.