Henipavirus membrane fusion and viral entry

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Volumn 359, Issue , 2012, Pages 79-94

  Aguilar, Hector C ^a   Iorio, Ronald M ^b  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EPHRIN B2; EPHRIN B3; GLYCOPROTEIN; HYBRID PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; BRAIN; CELL FUSION; CELL SURFACE; DEATH; HEART; HENDRA VIRUS; HENIPAVIRUS; HUMAN; KIDNEY; LUNG; MEMBRANE FUSION; NIPAH VIRUS; NONHUMAN; PARAMYXOVIRUS; PATHOGENICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; VIRUS ATTACHMENT; VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS; VIRUS ENTRY; VIRUS PNEUMONIA;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; EPHRIN-B2; EPHRIN-B3; HENDRA VIRUS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; HUMANS; KIDNEY; LUNG; MEMBRANE FUSION; NIPAH VIRUS; RECEPTORS, VIRUS; VIRAL FUSION PROTEINS; VIRUS INTERNALIZATION;

HENDRA VIRUS; HENIPAVIRUS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE;

EID: 84868304865     PISSN: 0070217X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/82-2012-200     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Aguilar HC, Anderson WF, Cannon PM (2003) Cytoplasmic tail of Moloney murine leukemia virus envelope protein influences the conformation of the extracellular domain: implications for mechanism of action of the R Peptide. J Virol 77:1281-1291 (Pubitemid 36055551)
2. Aguilar HC, Matreyek KA, Filone CM, Hashimi ST, Levroney EL, Negrete OA, Bertolotti-Ciarlet A, Choi DY, McHardy I, Fulcher JA, Su SV, Wolf MC, Kohatsu L, Baum LG, Lee B (2006) N-glycans on Nipah virus fusion protein protect against neutralization but reduce membrane fusion and viral entry. J Virol 80:4878-4889
3. Aguilar HC, Matreyek KA, Choi DY, Filone CM, Young S, Lee B (2007) Polybasic KKR motif in the cytoplasmic tail of Nipah virus fusion protein modulates membrane fusion by inside-out signaling. J Virol 81:4520-4532 (Pubitemid 46668650)
4. Aguilar HC, Ataman ZA, Aspericueta V, Fang AQ, Stroud M, Negrete OA, Kammerer RA, Lee B (2009) A novel receptor-induced activation site in the nipah virus attachment glycoprotein (G) involved in triggering the fusion glycoprotein (F). J Biol Chem 284:1628-1635
5. Aguilar HC, Aspericueta V, Robinson LR Aanensen KE, Lee B (2010) A quantitative and kinetic fusion protein-triggering assay can discern distinct steps in the nipah virus membrane fusion cascade. J Virol 84:8033-8041. doi:10.1128/JVI.00469-10, JVI.00469-10 [pii]
6. Aguilar HC, Lee B (2011) Emerging paramyxoviruses: molecular mechanisms and antiviral strategies. Expert Rev Mol Med 13:e6. doi:10.1017/ S1462399410001754,S1462399410001754 [pii]
7. Baker KA, Dutch RE, Lamb RA, Jardetzky TS (1999) Structural basis for paramyxovirus-mediated membrane fusion. Mol Cell 3:309-319 (Pubitemid 29290671)
8. Begona Ruiz-Arguello M, Gonzalez-Reyes L, Calder LJ, Palomo C, Martin D, Saiz MJ, Garcia-Barreno B, Skehel JJ, Melero JA (2002) Effect of proteolytic processing at two distinct sites on shape and aggregation of an anchorless fusion protein of human respiratory syncytial virus and fate of the intervening segment. Virology 298:317-326. S0042682202914972, [pii] (Pubitemid 35034547)
9. Bishop KA, Stantchev TS, Hickey AC, Khetawat D, Bossart KN, Krasnoperov V, Gill P, Feng YR, Wang L, Eaton BT, Wang LF, Broder CC (2007) Identification of Hendra virus G glycoprotein residues that are critical for receptor binding. J Virol 81:5893-5901 (Pubitemid 46850649)
10. Bishop KA, Hickey AC, Khetawat D, Patch JR, Bossart KN, Zhu Z, Wang LF, Dimitrov DS, Broder CC (2008) Residues in the stalk domain of the Hendra virus G glycoprotein modulate conformational changes associated with receptor binding. J Virol 82:11398-11409
11. Bonaparte MI, Dimitrov AS, Bossart KN, Crameri G, Mungall BA, Bishop KA, Choudhry V, Dimitrov DS, Wang LF, Eaton BT, Broder CC (2005) From the cover: ephrin-B2 ligand is a functional receptor for Hendra virus and Nipah virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 10652-10657 (Pubitemid 41061609)
12. Bose S, Welch BD, Kors CA, Yuan P, Jardetzky TS, Lamb RA (2011) Structure and mutagenesis of the parainfluenza virus 5 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase stalk domain reveals a four-helix bundle and the role of the stalk in fusion promotion. J Virol 85:12855-12866. doi:10.1128/JVI.06350-11
13. Bossart KN, Wang LF, Eaton BT, Broder CC (2001) Functional expression and membrane fusion tropism of the envelope glycoproteins of Hendra virus. Virology 290:121-135 (Pubitemid 33111883)
14. Bossart KN, Wang LF, Flora MN, Chua KB, Lam SK, Eaton BT, Broder CC (2002) Membrane fusion tropism and heterotypic functional activities of the Nipah virus and Hendra virus envelope glycoproteins. J Virol 76:11186-11198 (Pubitemid 35231273)
15. Bossart KN, Mungall BA, Crameri G, Wang LF, Eaton BT, Broder CC (2005) Inhibition of Henipavirus fusion and infection by heptad-derived peptides of the Nipah virus fusion glycoprotein. Virol J 2:57
16. Bossart KN, Zhu Z, Middleton D, Klippel J, Crameri G, Bingham J, McEachern JA, Green D, Hancock TJ, Chan YP, Hickey AC, Dimitrov DS, Wang LF, Broder CC (2009) A neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protects against lethal disease in a new ferret model of acute nipah virus infection. PLoS Pathog 5:e1000642. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000642
17. Bossart KN, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H, Zhu Z, Feldmann F, Geisbert JB, Yan L, Feng YR, Brining D, Scott D, Wang Y, Dimitrov AS, Callison J, Chan YP, Hickey AC, Dimitrov DS, Border CC, Rockx B (2011) A neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protects african green monkeys from hendra virus challenge. Sci Transl Med 3:105ra103. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002901
18. Bowden TA, Aricescu AR, Gilbert RJ, Grimes JM, Jones EY, Stuart DI (2008a) Structural basis of Nipah and Hendra virus attachment to their cell-surface receptor ephrin-B2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15:567-572 (Pubitemid 351799140)
19. Bowden TA, Crispin M, Harvey DJ, Aricescu AR, Grimes JM, Jones EY, Stuart DI (2008b) Crystal structure and carbohydrate analysis of Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein: a template for antiviral and vaccine design. J Virol 82:11628-11636
20. Camby I, Le Mercier M, Lefranc F, Kiss R (2006) Galectin-1: a small protein with major functions. Glycobiology 16:137R-157R. doi:10.1093/glycob/ cwl025, cwl025 [pii] (Pubitemid 44530693)
21. Carr CM, Kim PS (1993) A spring-loaded mechanism for the conformational change of influenza hemagglutinin. Cell 73:823-832 (Pubitemid 23159019)
22. Carter JR, Pager CT, Fowler SD, Dutch RE (2005) Role of N-linked glycosylation of the Hendra virus fusion protein. J Virol 79:7922-7925 (Pubitemid 40756830)
23. Corey EA, Iorio RM (2007) Mutations in the stalk of the measles virus hemagglutinin protein decrease fusion but do not interfere with virus-specific interaction with the homologous fusion protein. J Virol 81:9900-9910 (Pubitemid 350067693)
24. Diederich S, Moll M, Klenk HD, Maisner A (2005) The Nipah virus fusion protein is cleaved within the endosomal compartment. J Biol Chem 280:29899-29903 (Pubitemid 41177067)
25. Diederich S, Thiel L, Maisner A (2008) Role of endocytosis and cathepsin-mediated activation in Nipah virus entry. Virology 375:391-400
26. Dorig RE, Marcil A, Chopra A, Richardson CD (1993) The human CD46 molecule is a receptor for measles virus (Edmonston strain). Cell 75:295-305 (Pubitemid 23320293)
27. Dutch RE (2010) Entry and fusion of emerging paramyxoviruses. PLoS Pathog 6:e1000881. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000881
28. Fass D, Harrison SC, Kim PS (1996) Retrovirus envelope domain at 1.7 Angstrom resolution. Nat Struct Biol 3:465-469
29. Gardner AE, Dutch RE (2007) A conserved region in the F(2) subunit of paramyxovirus fusion proteins is involved in fusion regulation. J Virol 81:8303-8314. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00366-07, JVI.00366-07 [pii] (Pubitemid 47101515)
30. Gardner AE, Martin KL, Dutch RE (2007) A conserved region between the heptad repeats of paramyxovirus fusion proteins is critical for proper F protein folding. Biochemistry 46:5094-5105. doi:10.1021/bi6025648 (Pubitemid 46683007)
31. Garner OB, Aguilar HC, Fulcher JA, Levroney EL, Harrison R, Wright L, Robinson LR, Aspericueta V, Panico M, Haslam SM, Morris HR, Dell A, Lee B, Baum LG (2010) Endothelial galectin-1 binds to specific glycans on nipah virus fusion protein and inhibits maturation, mobility, and function to block syncytia formation. PLoS Pathog 6:e1000993. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000993
32. Garten W, Hallenberger S, Ortmann D, Schafer W, Vey M, Angliker H, Shaw E, Klenk HD (1994) Processing of viral glycoproteins by the subtilisin-like endoprotease furin and its inhibition by specific peptidylchloroalkylketones. Biochimie 76: 217-25. 0300-9084(94) 90149-X [pii] (Pubitemid 24295536)
33. Gonzalez-Reyes L, Ruiz-Arguello MB, Garcia-Barreno B, Calder L, Lopez JA, Albar JP, Skehel JJ, Wiley DC, Melero JA (2001) Cleavage of the human respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein at two distinct sites is required for activation of membrane fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:9859-9864. doi:10.1073/pnas.151098198, 151098198 [pii] (Pubitemid 32769394)
34. Gravel KA, Morrison TG (2003) Interacting domains of the HN and F proteins of newcastle disease virus. J Virol 77:11040-11049 (Pubitemid 37204295)
35. Guillaume V, Contamin H, Loth P, Grosjean I, Courbot MC, Deubel V, Buckland R, Wild TF (2006) Antibody prophylaxis and therapy against Nipah virus infection in hamsters. J Virol 80:1972-1978. doi:10.1128/JVI.80.4.1972-1978. 2006, 80/4/1972 [pii] (Pubitemid 43228737)
36. Hashiguchi T, Ose T, Kubota M, Maita N, Kamishikiryo J, Maenaka K, Yanagi Y (2011) Structure of the measles virus hemagglutinin bound to its cellular receptor SLAM. Nat struct mol biol 18:135-141. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1969
37. He Y, Xiao Y, Song H, Liang Q, Ju D, Chen X, Lu H, Jing W, Jiang S, Zhang L (2008) Design and evaluation of sifuvirtide, a novel HIV-1 fusion inhibitor. J Biol Chem 283:11126-11134. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M800200200, M800200200 [pii]
38. Herfst S, Mas V, Ver LS, Wierda RJ, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, Melero JA (2008) Low-pH-induced membrane fusion mediated by human metapneumovirus F protein is a rare, strain-dependent phenomenon. J Virol 82:8891-8895. doi:10.1128/JVI.00472-08
39. Hu A, Cathomen T, Cattaneo R, Norrby E (1995) Influence of N-linked oligosaccharide chains on the processing, cell surface expression and function of the measles virus fusion protein. J Gen Virol 76(Pt 3):705-710
40. Iida A, Ozaki K, Tanaka T, Nakamura Y (2005) Fine-scale SNP map of an 11-kb genomic region at 22q13.1 containing the galectin-1 gene. J Hum Genet 50:42-45. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0218-4 (Pubitemid 40248315)
41. Iorio RM, Mahon PJ (2008) Paramyxoviruses: different receptors - different mechanisms of fusion. Trends Microbiol 16:135-137
42. Iorio RM, Melanson VR, Mahon PJ (2009) Glycoprotein interactions in paramyxovirus fusion. Future Virol 4:335-351. doi:10.2217/fvl.09.17
43. Kahn JS, Schnell MJ, Buonocore L, Rose JK (1999) Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) glycoproteins: RSV fusion protein can mediate infection and cell fusion. Virology 254:81-91. doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9535 (Pubitemid 29391716)
44. Lamb RA, Paterson RG, Jardetzky TS (2006) Paramyxovirus membrane fusion: lessons from the F and HN atomic structures. Virology 344:30-37 (Pubitemid 41814447)
45. Lamb RA, Jardetzky TS (2007) Structural basis of viral invasion: lessons from paramyxovirus F. Curr Opin Struct Biol 17:427-436 (Pubitemid 47451774)
46. Lamb RA, Parks GD (2007) Paramyxoviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds) Fields virology, 5th edn, vol 1. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1449-1496
47. Lambert DM, Barney S, Lambert AL, Guthrie K, Medinas R, Davis DE, Bucy T, Erickson J, Merutka G, Petteway SR Jr (1996) Peptides from conserved regions of paramyxovirus fusion (F) proteins are potent inhibitors of viral fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:2186-2191 (Pubitemid 26079903)
48. Lee B, Ataman ZA, Jin L (2008a) Evil versus 'eph-ective' use of ephrin-B2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15:540-542 (Pubitemid 351799145)
49. Lee JK, Prussia A, Paal T, White LK, Snyder JP, Plemper RK (2008b) Functional interaction between paramyxovirus fusion and attachment proteins. J Biol Chem 283:16561-16572
50. Levroney EL, Aguilar HC, Fulcher JA, Kohatsu L, Pace KE, Pang M, Gurney KB, Baum LG, Lee B (2005) Novel innate immune functions for galectin-1: galectin-1 inhibits cell fusion by Nipah virus envelope glycoproteins and augments dendritic cell secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. J Immunol 175:413-420 (Pubitemid 40884345)
51. Lou Z, Xu Y, Xiang K, Su N, Qin L, Li X, Gao GF, Bartlam M, Rao Z (2006) Crystal structures of Nipah and Hendra virus fusion core proteins. FEBS J 273:4538-4547 (Pubitemid 44401604)
52. Mahon PJ, Mirza AM, Iorio RM (2011) Role of the two sialic acid binding sites on the newcastle disease virus HN protein in triggering the interaction with the F protein required for the promotion of fusion. J Virol 85:12079-12082. doi:10.1128/JVI.05679-11
53. Makinson A, Reynes J (2009) The fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide in recent antiretroviral strategies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 4:150-158. doi:10.1097/COH. 0b013e32832498d8, 01222929-200903000-00013 [pii]
54. McGinnes L, Sergel T, Reitter J, Morrison T (2001) Carbohydrate modifications of the NDV fusion protein heptad repeat domains influence maturation and fusion activity. Virology 283:332-342 (Pubitemid 32881180)
55. McKinnell JA, Saag MS (2009) Novel drug classes: entry inhibitors [enfuvirtide, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 antagonists]. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 4: 513-517. doi:10.1097/COH.0b013e328331d3d0, 01222929-200911000-00010 [pii]
56. Melanson VR, Iorio RM (2004) Amino acid substitutions in the F-specific domain in the stalk of the newcastle disease virus HN protein modulate fusion and interfere with its interaction with the F protein. J Virol 78:13053-13061 (Pubitemid 39507813)
57. Melanson VR, Iorio RM (2006) Addition of N-glycans in the stalk of the Newcastle disease virus HN protein blocks its interaction with the F protein and prevents fusion. J Virol 80:623-633 (Pubitemid 43062875)
58. Meulendyke KA, Wurth MA, McCann RO, Dutch RE (2005) Endocytosis plays a critical role in proteolytic processing of the Hendra virus fusion protein. J Virol 79:12643-12649 (Pubitemid 41433183)
59. Mirza AM, Aguilar HC, Zhu Q, Mahon PJ, Rota PA, Lee B, Iorio RM (2011) Triggering of the newcastle disease virus fusion protein by a chimeric attachment protein that binds to Nipah virus receptors. J Biol Chem 286:17851-17860. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.233965
60. Miyauchi K, Kozlov MM, Melikyan GB (2009) Early steps of HIV-1 fusion define the sensitivity to inhibitory peptides that block 6-helix bundle formation. PLoS Pathog 5:e1000585. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000585
61. Moll M, Kaufmann A, Maisner A (2004) Influence of N-glycans on processing and biological activity of the nipah virus fusion protein. J Virol 78:7274-7278 (Pubitemid 38781566)
62. Muhlebach MD, Mateo M, Sinn PL, Prufer S, Uhlig KM, Leonard VH, Navaratnarajah CK, Frenzke M, Wong XX, Sawatsky B, Ramachandran S, McCray PB, Cichutek K, von Messling V, Lopez M, Cattaneo R (2011) Adherens junction protein nectin-4 is the epithelial receptor for measles virus. Nature 480(7378):530. doi:10.1038/nature10639
63. Murakami M, Towatari T, Ohuchi M, Shiota M, Akao M, Okumura Y, Parry MA, Kido H (2001) Mini-plasmin found in the epithelial cells of bronchioles triggers infection by broad-spectrum influenza A viruses and Sendai virus. Eur J Biochem 268:2847-55. ejb2166 [pii] (Pubitemid 32862967)
64. Murineddu G, Murruzzu C, Pinna GA (2010) An overview on different classes of viral entry and respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) fusion inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 17:1067-1091. BSP/CMC/E-Pub/067 [pii]
65. Negrete OA, Levroney EL, Aguilar HC, Bertolotti-Ciarlet A, Nazarian R, Tajyar S, Lee B (2005) EphrinB2 is the entry receptor for Nipah virus, an emergent deadly paramyxovirus. Nature 436:401-405 (Pubitemid 41059050)
66. Negrete OA, Wolf MC, Aguilar HC, Enterlein S, Wang W, Muhlberger E, Su SV, Bertolotti-Ciarlet A, Flick R, Lee B (2006) Two key residues in ephrinB3 are critical for its use as an alternative receptor for Nipah virus. PLoS Pathog 2:e7
67. Negrete OA, Chu D, Aguilar HC, Lee B (2007) Single amino acid changes in the Nipah and Hendra virus attachment glycoproteins distinguish ephrinB2 from ephrinB3 usage. J Virol 81:10804-10814 (Pubitemid 47463353)
68. Noyce RS, Bondre DG, Ha MN, Lin LT, Sisson G, Tsao MS, Richardson CD (2011) Tumor cell marker PVRL4 (nectin 4) is an epithelial cell receptor for measles virus. PLoS pathogens 7:e1002240. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002240
69. Ortmann D, Ohuchi M, Angliker H, Shaw E, Garten W, Klenk HD (1994) Proteolytic cleavage of wild type and mutants of the F protein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 by two subtilisin-like endoproteases, furin and Kex2. J Virol 68:2772-2776 (Pubitemid 24091961)
70. Paal T, Brindley MA, St Clair C, Prussia A, Guas D, Krumm SA, Synder JP, Plemper RK (2009) Probing the spatial organization of measles virus fusion complexes. J Virol 83: 10480-93. doi:10.1128/JVI.01195-09, JVI.01195-09 [pii]
71. Pager CT, Dutch RE (2005) Cathepsin L is involved in proteolytic processing of the Hendra virus fusion protein. J Virol 79:12714-12720 (Pubitemid 41433191)
72. Pager CT, Craft WW Jr, Patch J, Dutch RE (2006) A mature and fusogenic form of the Nipah virus fusion protein requires proteolytic processing by cathepsin L. Virology 346:251-257 (Pubitemid 43357869)
73. Porotto M, Doctor L, Carta P, Fornabaio M, Greengard O, Kellogg GE, Moscona A (2006) Inhibition of hendra virus fusion. J Virol 80:9837-9849 (Pubitemid 44435658)
74. Porotto M, Carta P, Deng Y, Kellogg GE, Whitt M, Lu M, Mungall BA, Moscona A (2007) Molecular determinants of antiviral potency of paramyxovirus entry inhibitors. J Virol 81:10567-10574. doi:10.1128/JVI.01181-07, JVI.01181-07 [pii] (Pubitemid 47463330)
75. Porotto M, Yokoyama CC, Orefice G, Kim HS, Aljofan M, Mungall BA, Moscona A (2009) Kinetic dependence of paramyxovirus entry inhibition. J Virol 83:6947-6951. doi:10.1128/JVI.00416-09, JVI.00416-09 [pii]
76. Porotto M, Rockx B, Yokoyama CC, Talekar A, Devito I, Palermo LM, Liu J, Cortese R, Lu M, Feldmann H, Pessi A, Moscona A (2010) Inhibition of Nipah Virus Infection In Vivo: Targeting an Early Stage of Paramyxovirus Fusion Activation during Viral Entry. PLoS Pathog 6:e1001168. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001168
77. Porotto M, Devito I, Palmer SG, Jurgens EM, Yee JL, Yokoyama CC, Pessi A, Moscona A (2011) Spring-loaded model revisited: Paramyxovirus fusion requires engagementofa receptor binding protein beyond initial triggering of the fusion protein. J Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.05873-11
78. Poveda E, Briz V, Soriano V (2005) Enfuvirtide, the first fusion inhibitor to treat HIV infection. AIDS Rev 7:139-147 (Pubitemid 41671913)
79. Rawling J, Garcia-Barreno B, Melero JA (2008) Insertion of the two cleavage sites of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in Sendai virus fusion protein leads to enhanced cell-cell fusion and a decreased dependency on the HN attachment protein for activity. J Virol 82:5986-5998. doi:10.1128/JVI.00078-08 (Pubitemid 351822272)
80. Russell CJ, Jardetzky TS, Lamb RA (2001) Membrane fusion machines of paramyxoviruses: capture of intermediates of fusion. EMBO J 20:4024-4034 (Pubitemid 32751819)
81. Russell CJ, Jardetzky TS, Lamb RA (2004) Conserved glycine residues in the fusion peptide of the paramyxovirus fusion protein regulate activation of the native state. J Virol 78:13727-13742. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.24.13727-13742.2004 (Pubitemid 39612771)
82. Schowalter RM, Smith SE, Dutch RE (2006a) Characterization of human metapneumovirus F protein-promoted membrane fusion: critical roles for proteolytic processing and low pH. J Virol 80:10931-10941 (Pubitemid 44706534)
83. Schowalter RM, Wurth MA, Aguilar HC, Lee B, Moncman CL, McCann RO, Dutch RE (2006b) Rho GTPase activity modulates paramyxovirus fusion protein-mediated cell-cell fusion. Virology 350:323-334 (Pubitemid 43928101)
84. Segawa H, Yamashita T, Kawakita M, Taira H (2000) Functional analysis of the individual oligosaccharide chains of sendai virus fusion protein. J Biochem 128:65-72 (Pubitemid 30485370)
85. Spies CP, Ritter GD Jr, Mulligan MJ, Compans RW (1994) Truncation of the cytoplasmic domain of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein alters the conformation of the external domain. J Virol 68:585-591 (Pubitemid 24022156)
86. Stone-Hulslander J, Morrison TG (1999) Mutational analysis of heptad repeats in the membrane-proximal region of Newcastle disease virus HN protein. J Virol 73:3630-3637 (Pubitemid 29189804)
87. Tatsuo H, Ono N, Tanaka K, Yanagi Y (2000) SLAM (CDw150) is a cellular receptor for measles virus. Nature 406:893-897. doi:10.1038/35022579 (Pubitemid 30664265)
88. van den Hoogen BG, de Jong JC, Groen J, Kuiken T, de Groot R, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD (2001) A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease. Nat Med 7:719-724. doi: 10.1038/89098, 89098 [pii] (Pubitemid 32588029)
89. von Messling V, Cattaneo R (2003) N-linked glycans with similar location in the fusion protein head modulate paramyxovirus fusion. J Virol 77:10202-10212 (Pubitemid 37129664)
90. Waning DL, Russell CJ, Jardetzky TS, Lamb RA (2004) Activation of a paramyxovirus fusion protein is modulated by inside-out signaling from the cytoplasmic tail. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:9217-9222 (Pubitemid 38812855)
91. Watanabe M, Hirano A, Stenglein S, Nelson J, Thomas G, Wong TC (1995) Engineered serine protease inhibitor prevents furin-catalyzed activation of the fusion glycoprotein and production of infectious measles virus. J Virol 69:3206-3210
92. White JM, Delos SE, Brecher M, Schornberg K (2008) Structures and mechanisms of viral membrane fusion proteins: multiple variations on a common theme. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 43:189-219 (Pubitemid 351883153)
93. Whitman SD, Smith EC, Dutch RE (2009) Differential rates of protein folding and cellular trafficking for the Hendra virus F and G proteins: implications for F-G complex formation. J Virol 83:8998-9001. doi:10.1128/JVI.00414-09, JVI.00414-09 [pii]
94. Wyss S, Dimitrov AS, Baribaud F, Edwards TG, Blumenthal R, Hoxie JA (2005) Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein fusion by a membrane-interactive domain in the gp41 cytoplasmic tail. J Virol 79:12231-12241 (Pubitemid 41346084)
95. Xu K, Rajashankar KR, Chan YP, Himanen JP, Broder CC, Nikolov DB (2008) Host cell recognition by the henipaviruses: crystal structures of the Nipah G attachment glycoprotein and its complex with ephrin-B3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:9953-9958
96. Xu Y, Lou Z, Liu Y, Cole DK, Su N, Qin L, Li X, Bai Z, Rao Z, Gao GF (2004) Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the fusion core from two new zoonotic paramyxoviruses, Nipah virus and Hendra virus. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 60:1161-1164. doi:10.1107/S0907444904009515 (Pubitemid 41295468)
97. Yin HS, Paterson RG, Wen X, Lamb RA, Jardetzky TS (2005) Structure of the uncleaved ectodomain of the paramyxovirus (hPIV3) fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 9288-9293 (Pubitemid 40923556)
98. Yin HS, Wen X, Paterson RG, Lamb RA, Jardetzky TS (2006) Structure of the parainfluenza virus 5 F protein in its metastable, prefusion conformation. Nature 439:38-44 (Pubitemid 43053622)
99. Yuan P, Swanson KA, Leser GP, Paterson RG, Lamb RA, Jardetzky TS (2011) Structure of the Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) ectodomain reveals a four-helix bundle stalk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:14920-14925. doi:10.1073/pnas.1111691108