Future transportation: Lifetime considerations and framework for sustainability assessment

Energy Policy

Volumn 51, Issue , 2012, Pages 927-938

  Sweeting, Walter J ^a   Winfield, Patricia H ^a  

^a OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Powertrain; Sustainability; Transportation

Indexed keywords

SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT; TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM; USER COST; VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY;

COSTS; FOSSIL FUELS; GAS EMISSIONS; GREENHOUSE GASES; POWERTRAINS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TRANSPORTATION;

VEHICLES;

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DEMAND ANALYSIS; GREENHOUSE GAS; HIGH-SPEED TRAIN; POWER GENERATION; SUSTAINABILITY; TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT; TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM;

EID: 84868212680     PISSN: 03014215     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.09.055     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. ACEA (European Automobile Manufacturers Association), 2011. New Passenger Car Registrations in Western Europe-Breakdown by Segments and Bodies, Available at:, (accessed 22/7/11). http://www.acea.be/collection/statistics.
2. Ashby M.F. Materials and the Environment Eco-Informed Material Choice 2009, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
3. Auto Trader, 2012. Buy a car, Available at:, (accessed 13/7/12). http://www.autotrader.co.uk/.
4. Börjesson P., Tufvesson L.M. Agricultural crop-based biofuels-resource efficiency and environmental performance including direct land use changes. Journal of Cleaner Production 2011, 19(2-3):108-120.
5. Burnham, A., Wang, M., Wu. Y., 2006. Development and Applications of GREET 2.7 -The Transportation Vehicle-Cycle Model, Argonne: Argonne National Laboratory, Available from:, (accessed 29/03/11). http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/378.PDF.
6. Collins C., Fanning A., Crowe M., Meaney B. End of Life Vehicles in Ireland 2002, County Wexford: Environmental Protection Agency.
7. Copper.org, 2011. Copper Is on Board as 2011 Detroit Auto Show Electrifies Visitors, Available from:, (accessed 27/09/11). http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/378.PDF.
8. Council Directive 2000/53/EC of 18 September 2000 on end-of-life vehicles. Official Journal of the European Union L269, 21.10.2000, pp. 34-42.
9. Defra Air Pollution: Acting in a Changing Climate 2010, Defra Publications, London.
10. Del Río P. Analysing future trends of renewable electricity in the EU in a low-carbon context. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011, 15(5):2520-2533.
11. Dewulf J., Van der Vorst G., Denturck K., Van Langenhove H., Ghyoot W., Tytgat J., Vandeputte K. Recycling rechargeable lithium ion batteries: critical analysis of natural resource savings. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2010, 54(4):229-234.
12. DfT, 2010. Department for Transport Statistics: ENV0103 Average New car Fuel Consumption: Great Britain 1999-2009, Available at:, (accessed 19/8/11). http://www.dft.gov.uk/statistics/tables/env0103.
13. Di Lucia L., Ahlgren S., Ericsson K. The dilemma of indirect land-use changes in EU biofuel policy-An empirical study of policy-making in the context of scientific uncertainty. Environmental Science and Policy 2012, 16:9-19.
14. EUROPIA, 2011. EUROPIA White Paper on Fuelling EU Transport, Brussels: EUROPIA.
15. European Commission, 2010. Critical raw Materials for the EU, Available at:, (accessed 17/7/12). http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/critical/index_en.htm.
16. Eurostat, 2011. Re-use and Recovery Rate, Available at:, (accessed 7/7/11). http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/waste/data/wastestreams/elvs.
17. Fraunhofer ISE, et al. Fraunhofer ISE opens solar hydrogen station in Freiburg, Germany. Fuel Cells Bulletin 2012, 2012(3):8.
18. H2 Logic., Hydrogen Link First 700 bar hydrogen fueling station opens in Denmark. Fuel Cells Bulletin 2011, 2011(11):8.
19. 2 emissions rates for national electricity systems. Energy Policy 2010, 38(10):5977-5987.
20. IEA, 2010, World Energy Outlook 2010, Available at:, (accessed 6/912). http://www.iea.org/.
21. IEA, 2011. Technology Roadmap: Biofuel for Transport, Available at:, (accessed 22/6/12). http://www.iea.org/.
22. JEC- Joint Research Centre-EUCAR-CONCAWE collaboration, 2008. Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Powertrains in the European Context: Tank-to-wheels Report, Version 3, Available at:, (accessed 20/7/11). http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.
23. JEC- Joint Research Centre-EUCAR-CONCAWE collaboration, 2011. Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Powertrains in the European Context: Well-to-tank Report, Version 3c, Available at:, (accessed 17/4/12). http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/about-jec/downloads.
24. Moon P., Burnham A., Wang M. Vehicle-Cycle Energy and Emission Effects of Conventional and Advanced Vehicles, SAE World Congress and Exhibition. April 2006 Detroit. SAE 2006, 1-375. paper 2006.
25. Nuffield Council on Bioethics Biofuels: Ethical Issues 2011, Nuffield Press, Abingdon.
26. OICA (International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers), 2011. 2010 Provisional Production Statistics, Available at:, (accessed 20/6/11). http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/.
27. Paster M.D., Ahluwalia R.K., Berry G., Elgowainy A., Lasher S., McKenney K., Gardiner M. Hydrogen storage technology options for fuel cell vehicles: Well-to-wheel costs, energy efficiencies, and greenhouse gas emissions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36(22):14534-14551.
28. Patterson, J., Alexander, M., Gurr, A., 2011. Preparing for a Life Cycle CO2 measure, LowCVP/Ricardo, Available at:, (accessed 29/6/11). http://www.lowcvp.org.uk/resources-library/reports-and-studies.asp.
29. Pemberton M.J., Winfield P.H., Hutchinson A.R. World Auto Report 2009, 2008. Oxford Brookes University.
30. Pemberton, M.J., 2011. Pemberton Associates, (Personal communication, 20 September 2011).
31. Salmons, R., 2011. Road Transport Fuel Prices, Demand and Tax Revenues: Impact of Fuel Duty Escalator and Price Stabiliser, Policy Studies Institute, Available at: (accessed 9/7/12). http://www.psi.org.uk.
32. Savage S.D., Winfield P.H., Hutchinson A.R. The State of Global End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Legislation 2010, Oxford Brookes University.
33. Schweimer, G.W., Levin, M., 2006. Life Cycle Inventory for the Golf A4, Volkswagen, Available at:, (accessed 20/5/11). http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/publications.html.
34. Sweeting W.J., Hutchinson A.R., Savage S.D. Factors affecting electric vehicle energy consumption. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 2011, 4(3):192-201.
35. U.S. Geological Survey, 2011. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2011, Available at:, (accessed 27/9/11). http://www.usgs.gov/.
36. Varun.Bhat, Prakash, R.I.K. LCA of renewable energy for electricity generation systems-a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009, 13(5):1067-1073.
37. Volkswagen AG, 2008. The Golf Environmental Commendation- Detailed Version, Available at:, (accessed 21/6/11). http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2008/09/environmental_commendation0.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/ENG_EC%20Golf-LongVersion.pdf.
38. Volkswagen, 2011. Brochure and Price List, Available at:, (accessed 22/8/11). http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/#/new/golf-vi/which-model/brochures/.
39. WBCSD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development), 2004. Mobility 2030: Meeting the Challenges to Sustainability, Herefordshire: WBCSD c/o SMI Ltd.
40. Winfield P.H., Hutchinson A.R., Pemberton M.J. Whole Life Vehicle Waste Streams-A Global Perspective 2007, Oxford Brookes University.
41. WiseBuyer's, 2012. Used Car Prices, Available at:, (accessed 13/7/12). http://www.wisebuyers.co.uk/motoring/used-car-prices/.
42. Zereini F., Alt F. Palladium Emissions in the Environment: Analytical Methods, Environmental Assessment and health Effects, New York 2006, Springer, Berlin Heidelburg.