Bloodstream Infection among Children Presenting to a General Hospital Outpatient Clinic in Urban Nepal

PLoS ONE

Volumn 7, Issue 10, 2012, Pages

  Pradhan, Rahul ^a   Shrestha, Umesh ^a   Gautam, Samir C ^a   Thorson, Stephen ^a   Shrestha, Kabindra ^a   Yadav, Bharat K ^a   Kelly, Dominic F ^b   Adhikari, Neelam ^a   Pollard, Andrew J ^b   Murdoch, David R ^c,d  

^a Patan Academy of Health Science   (Nepal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^d CANTERBURY HEALTH LABORATORIES   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS; ADOLESCENT; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; BLOOD CULTURE; BLOOD SAMPLING; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE DURATION; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FEMALE; FEVER; GENERAL HOSPITAL; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B; HUMAN; LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEPAL; OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RICKETTSIA TYPHI; SALMONELLA ENTERICA; SALMONELLA PARATYPHI; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; SALMONELLOSIS; SCHOOL CHILD; SEASONAL VARIATION; SEROTYPE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; SUMMER; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TYPHOID FEVER; TYPHUS; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; URBAN AREA; WINTER;

ADOLESCENT; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIA; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; NEPAL; OUTPATIENT CLINICS, HOSPITAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; URBAN POPULATION;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ESCHERICHIA COLI; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE SEROTYPE B; MURINAE; RICKETTSIA TYPHI; SALMONELLA; SALMONELLA ENTERICA; SALMONELLA ENTERICA SUBSP. ENTERICA SEROVAR TYPHI; SALMONELLA PARATYPHI; SALMONELLA TYPHI; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

EID: 84868159190     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047531     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Kelly DF, Thorson S, Maskey M, Mahat S, Shrestha U, et al. (2011) The burden of vaccine-preventable invasive bacterial infections and pneumonia in children admitted to hospital in urban Nepal. Int J Infect Dis 15: e17-e23.
2. Williams EJ, Thorson S, Maskey M, Mahat S, Hamaluba M, et al. (2009) Hospital-based surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease among young children in urban Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 48: S114-S122.
3. Blacksell SD, Sharma NP, Phumratanaprapin W, Jenjaroen K, Peacock SJ, et al. (2007) Serological and blood culture investigations of Nepalese fever patients. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 686-690.
4. Murdoch DR, Woods CW, Zimmerman MD, Dull PM, Belbase RH, et al. (2004) The etiology of febrile illness in adults presenting to Patan Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 670-675.
5. Kularatne SA, Edirisingha JS, Gawarammana IB, Urakami H, Chenchittikul M, et al. (2003) Emerging rickettsial infections in Sri Lanka: the pattern in the hilly Central Province. Trop Med Int Health 8: 803-811.
6. Mathai E, Lloyd G, Cherian T, Abraham OC, Cherian AM, (2001) Serological evidence for the continued presence of human rickettsioses in southern India. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95: 395-398.
7. Zimmerman MD, Murdoch DR, Rozmajzl PJ, Basnyat B, Woods CW, et al. (2008) Murine typhus and febrile illness, Nepal. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1656-1659.
8. Hidalgo M, Salguero E, de la Ossa A, Sánchez R, Vesga JF, et al. (2008) Murine typhus in Caldas, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 321-322.
9. Nogueras MM, Cardeñosa N, Sanfeliu I, Muñoz T, Font B, et al. (2006) Serological evidence of infection with Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis among the human population of Catalonia, in the northeast of Spain. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 123-126.
10. Shalev H, Raissa R, Evgenia Z, Yagupsky P, (2006) Murine typhus is a common cause of febrile illness in Bedouin children in Israel. Scand J Infect Dis 38: 451-455.
11. Purcell K, Fergie J, Richman K, Rocha L, (2007) Murine typhus in children, South Texas. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 926-927.
12. UNICEF Nepal Statistics Basic Indicator. Available: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/nepal_nepal_statistics.html. Accessed 2012 May 24.
13. Sharma NK, Joshi SR, Bhandari H (2007) District profile of Nepal 2007/2008 (A socio-economic development database of Nepal). Kathmandu: Intensive Study and Research Center.
14. Clinical and Laboratory Standards institute (CLSI) CaLSI (2006) Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; sixteenth informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S16. Wayne, PA: CLSI.
15. Owais A, Tikmani SS, Sultana S, Zaman U, Ahmed I, et al. (2010) Incidence of pneumonia, bacteremia, and invasive pneumococcal disease in Pakistani children. Trop Med Int Health 15: 1029-1036.
16. Nizami SQ, Bhutta ZA, Hasan R, (2006) Incidence of acute respiratory infections in children 2 months to 5 years of age in periurban communities in Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 56: 163-167.
17. Ghafoor A, Nomani NK, Ishaq Z, Zaidi SZ, Anwar F, et al. (1990) Diagnoses of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. Rev Infect Dis 12: S907-S914.
18. Owais A, Sultana S, Zaman U, Rizvi A, Zaidi AK, (2010) Incidence of typhoid bacteremia in infants and young children in southern coastal Pakistan. Pediatr Infect Dis J 29: 1035-1039.
19. Factor SH, Schillinger JA, Kalter HD, Saha S, Begum H, et al. (2001) Diagnosis and management of febrile children using the WHO/UNICEF guidelines for IMCI in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ 79: 1096-1105.
20. Saha SK, Baqui AH, Hanif M, Darmstadt GL, Ruhulamin M, et al. (2001) Typhoid fever in Bangladesh: implications for vaccination policy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20: 521-524.
21. Amatya NM, Shrestha B, Lekhak B, (2007) Etiological agents of bacteraemia and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Kathmandu Model Hospital. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 46: 112-118.
22. Sharma N, Koju R, Karmacharya B, Tamang MD, Makaju R, et al. (2004) Typhoid fever in Dhulikhel hospital, Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2: 188-192.
23. Khan MI, Sahito SM, Khan MJ, Wassan SM, Shaikh AW, et al. (2006) Enhanced disease surveillance through private health care sector cooperation in Karachi, Pakistan: experience from a vaccine trial. Bull World Health Organ 84: 72-77.
24. Naheed A, Ram PK, Brooks WA, Hossain MA, Parsons MB, et al. (2010) Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in a densely populated urban community, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int J Infect Dis 14: e93-e99.
25. Sinha A, Sazawal S, Kumar R, Sood S, Reddaiah VP, et al. (1999) Typhoid fever in children aged less than 5 years. Lancet 354: 734-737.
26. Crump JA, Mintz ED, (2010) Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Clin Infect Dis 50: 241-246.
27. Ochiai RL, Acosta CJ, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Baiqing D, Bhattacharya SK, et al. (2008) A study of typhoid fever in five asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls. Bull World Health Org 86: 260-268.
28. Maskey AP, Basnyat B, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, Farrar JJ, et al. (2008) Emerging trends in enteric fever in Nepal: 9124 cases confirmed by blood culture 1993-2003. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 91-95.
29. Woods CW, Murdoch DR, Zimmerman MD, Glover WA, Basnyat B, et al. (2006) Emergence of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A as a major cause of enteric fever in Kathmandu, Nepal. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 1063-1067.
30. Vollaard AM, Ali S, Widjaja S, Asten HAGH, Visser LG, et al. (2005) Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 440-450.
31. Maskey AP, Day JN, Tuan PQ, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, et al. (2006) Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1247-1253.
32. Joshi S, Amarnath SK, (2007) Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi A in Bangalore, India. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 308-310.
33. Kumar Y, Sharma A, Mani KR, (2009) High level of resistance to nalidixic acid in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Central India. J Infect Dev Ctries 3: 467-469.
34. Parry CM, (2004) The treatment of multidrug-resistant and nalidixic acid-resistant typhoid fever in Viet Nam. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 413-422.
35. Krishnan P, Stalin M, Balasubramanian S, (2009) Changing trends in antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi A in Chennai. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 52: 505-508.
36. Renuka K, Kapil A, Kabra SK, Wig N, Das BK, et al. (2004) Reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and gyra gene mutation in North Indian strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and serotype Paratyphi A. Microb Drug Resist. 10: 146-153.
37. Kadhiravan T, Wig N, Renuka K, Kapil A, Kabra SK, et al. (2008) Is nalidixic acid resistance linked to clinical virulence in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infections? J Med Microbiol 57: 1046-1048.
38. Dimitrov T, Udo EE, Albaksami O, Kilani AA, Shehab E-DMR, (2007) Ciprofloxacin treatment failure in a case of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. J Med Microbiol 56: 277-279.
39. Nkemngu N, Asonganyi E, Njunda A, (2005) Treatment failure in a typhoid patient infected with nalidixic acid resistant S. enterica serovar Typhi with reduced susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin: a case report from Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis 5: 49.
40. Rupali P, Abraham OC, Jesudason MV, John TJ, Zachariah A, et al. (2004) Treatment failure in typhoid fever with ciprofloxacin susceptible Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 49: 1-3.
41. Dolecek C, Phi la TT, Rang NN, Phuong LT, Vinh H, et al. (2008) A multi-center randomised controlled trial of gatifloxacin versus azithromycin for the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children and adults in Vietnam. PLoS ONE 3: e2188.
42. Rotimi VO, Jamal W, Pal T, Sovenned A, Albert MJ, (2008) Emergence of CTX-M-15 type extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Salmonella spp. in Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. J Med Microbiol 57: 881-886.
43. Ahmed D, Hoque A, Mazumder R, Nahar K, Islam N, et al. (2012) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Dhaka, Bangladesh. J Med Microbiol 61: 1032-1033.
44. Al Naiemi N, Zwart B, Rijnsburger MC, Roosendaal R, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, et al. (2008) Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase production in a Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi Strain from the Philippines. J Clin Microbiol 46: 2794-2795.
45. Pfeifer Y, Matten J, Rabsch W, (2009) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with CTX-M beta-lactamase, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1533-1535.
46. Pokharel BM, Koirala J, Dahal RK, Mishra SK, Khadga PK, et al. (2006) Multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella enterica (serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A) from blood isolates in Nepal: surveillance of resistance and a search for newer alternatives. Int J Infect Dis 10: 434-438.
47. Sur D, Ochiai RL, Bhattacharya SK, Ganguly NK, Ali M, et al. (2009) A cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of Vi typhoid vaccine in India. N Engl J Med 361: 335-344.
48. WHO (2008) Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 83: 49-59.
49. Halle S, Dasch GA, (1980) Use of a sensitive microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a retrospective serological analysis of a laboratory population at risk to infection with typhus group rickettsiae. J Clin Microbiol 12: 343-350.
50. Kelly DJ, Chan CT, Paxton H, Thompson K, Howard R, et al. (1995) Comparative evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for the detection of human antibody to Rickettsia typhi. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2: 356-360.
51. Henry KM, Jiang J, Rozmajzl PJ, Azad AF, Macaluso KR, et al. (2007) Development of quantitative real-time PCR assays to detect Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis, the causative agents of murine typhus and flea-borne spotted fever. Mol Cell Probes 21: 17-23.