Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Mussidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 166, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 465-529

  Budd, Ann F ^a   Fukami, Hironobu ^b   Smith, Nathan D ^c   Knowlton, Nancy ^d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIYAZAKI   (Japan)

^c FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

^d DEPARTMENT OF PALEOBIOLOGY   (United States)

^e CENTER FOR MARINE BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Caribbean; Faviidae; Morphological phylogenetics; New classification; Phylogenetic mapping

Indexed keywords

ANTHOZOA; CARINAE; CNIDARIA; FAVIIDAE; FAVIINA; HOMOPHYLLIA AUSTRALIS; MERULINIDAE; MONTASTRAEA; MUSSIDAE; PECTINIIDAE; SCLERACTINIA; TRACHYPHYLLIIDAE;

EID: 84868138236     PISSN: 00244082     EISSN: 10963642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00855.x     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Alloiteau J. 1952. Madréporaires Post-Paléozoiques. In: Piveteau J, ed. Traité de paléontologie. Paris: Masson, 539-684.
2. Alvarez-Filip L, Dulvy NK, Côté IM, Watkinson AR, Gill JA. 2011. Coral identity underpins architectural complexity on Caribbean reefs. Ecological Applications 21: 2223-2231.
3. Audouin V. 1826. Explication sommaire des planches de Polypes de l'Égypt et de la Syrie. Description de l'Égypt, ou recueil des observations des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypt pendant l'expédition de l'Armée Française, publie par les ordres de sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand. Histoire Naturelle 1: 225-238, pl. 1-6.
4. Beauvais L, Chaix C, Lathuilière B, Löser H. 1993. Morphological terms for describing Scleractinia. Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera Newsletter 22: 50-72.
5. Benzoni F, Arrigoni R, Stefani F, Pichon M. 2011. Phylogeny of the coral genus Plesiastrea (Cnidaria, Scleractinia). Contributions to Zoology 80: 231-249.
6. Benzoni F, Arrigoni R, Stefani F, Reijnen BT, Montano S, Hoeksema BW. 2012. Phylogenetic position and taxonomy of Cycloseris explanulata and C. wellsi (Scleractinia: Fungiidae): lost mushroom corals find their way home. Contributions to Zoology 81: 125-146.
7. Benzoni F, Stefani F, Stolarski J, Pichon M, Mitra G, Galli P. 2007. Debating phylogenetic relationships of the scleractinian Psammocora: molecular and morphological evidences. Contributions to Zoology 76: 35-54.
8. Best MB, Hoeksema BW. 1987. New observations on scleractinian corals from Indonesia: I. Free-living species belonging to the Faviina. Zoologische Mededelingen 61: 387-403.
9. de Blainville, HMD. 1825. Mollusques, vers et zoophytes. In: Defrance, JLM ed. Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles. Vol. 38. Paris: Levrault, 1-528.
10. de Blainville HMD. 1830. Zoophytes. Dictionnaire Des Sciences Naturelles 60: 297-364.
11. Bourne GC. 1900. Anthozoa. In: Lankester ER, ed. Treatise on zoology. 1-84. part II.
12. Brüggemann F. 1877. Notes on the stony corals in the collection of the British Museum. 3. A revision of the Recent solitary Mussaceae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4: 300-313.
13. Brüggemann, F. 1879. Corals. Zoology of Rodriguez. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 168: 569-579.
14. Bryan W, Hill D. 1941. Sperulitic crystallization as a mechanism of skeletal growth in the hexacorals. Royal Society of Queensland, Proceedings 52: 78-91.
15. Budd AF, Johnson KG, Potts DC. 1994. Recognizing morphospecies of colonial reef corals. I. Landmark-based methods. Paleobiology 20: 484-505.
16. Budd AF, Johnson KG, Stemann TA, Tompkins BH. 1999. Pliocene to Pleistocene reef coral assemblages in the Limon Group of Costa Rica. In: Collins LS, Coates AG, eds. A paleobiotic survey of the Caribbean faunas from the Neogene of the Isthmus of Panama. Special Volume Number 357. Ithaca, NY: Bulletins of American Paleontology, 119-158.
17. Budd AF, Klaus JS. 2001. The origin and early evolution of the Montastraea 'annularis' species complex (Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Journal of Paleontology 75: 527-545.
18. Budd AF, Pandolfi JM. 2004. Overlapping species boundaries and hybridization within the Montastraea 'annularis' reef coral complex in the Pleistocene of the Bahama Islands. Paleobiology 30: 396-425.
19. Budd AF, Pandolfi JM. 2010. Evolutionary novelty is concentrated at the edge of species distributions. Science 328: 1558-1561.
20. Budd AF, Petersen RA, McNeill DF. 1998. Stepwise faunal change during evolutionary turnover: a case study from the Neogene of Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. PALAIOS 13: 167-185.
21. Budd AF, Romano SL, Smith ND, Barbeitos MS. 2010. Rethinking the phylogeny of scleractinian corals: a review of morphologic and molecular data. Integrative and Comparative Biology 50: 411-427.
22. Budd AF, Smith ND. 2005. Diversification of a new Atlantic clade of scleractinian reef corals: insights from phylogenetic analysis of morphologic and molecular data. Paleontological Society Papers 11: 103-128.
23. Budd AF, Stemann TA, Johnson KG. 1994. Stratigraphic distributions of genera and species of Neogene to Recent Caribbean reef corals. Journal of Paleontology 68: 951-977.
24. Budd AF, Stolarski J. 2009. Searching for new morphological characters in the systematics of scleractinian reef corals: comparison of septal teeth and granules between Atlantic and Pacific Mussidae. Acta Zoologica 90: 142-165.
25. Budd AF, Stolarski J. 2011. Corallite wall and septal microstructure in scleractinian reef corals: comparison of molecular clades within the family Faviidae. Journal of Morphology 272: 66-88.
26. Cairns SD, Hoeksema BW, Land J. 1999. Appendix: list of extant stony corals. Atoll Research Bulletin 459: 13-46.
27. Carlon DB, Budd AF, Lippé C, Andrew RL. 2011. The quantitative genetics of incipient speciation: heritability and genetic correlations of skeletal traits in populations of diverging Favia fragum ecomorphs. Evolution 65: 3428-3447.
28. Chevalier J-P, Beauvais L. 1987. Ordre des Scléractiniaires. In: Grasse P, ed. Traité de zoologie, cnidaires, anthozoaires. Vol. 3. Paris: Masson, 403-764.
29. Coddington JA, Scharff N. 1994. Problems with zero-length branches. Cladistics 10: 415-423.
30. Cuif J-P, Dauphin Y. 2005. The two-step mode of growth in the scleractinian coral skeletons from the micrometre to the overall scale. Journal of Structural Biology 150: 319-331.
31. Cuif J-P, Dauphin Y, Gautret P. 1998. Compositional diversity of soluble mineralizing matrices in some recent coral skeletons compared to fine-scale growth structures of fibers: discussion of consequences for biomineralization and diagenesis. International Journal of Earth Sciences 88: 582-592.
32. Cuif J-P, Lecointre G, Perrin C, Tillier A, Tillier S. 2003. Patterns of septal biomineralization in Scleractinia compared with their 28S rRNA phylogeny: a dual approach for a new taxonomic framework. Zoologica Scripta 32: 459-473.
33. Cuif J-P, Perrin C. 1999. Micromorphology and microstructure as expressions of scleractinian skeletogenesis in Favia fragum (Esper, 1795) (Faviidae, Scleractinia). Zoosystema 21: 137-156.
34. Dana JD. 1846. Zoophytes. U.S. Exploring Expedition 1838-1842 7: 1-740, pl. 1-61.
35. Danaher DG. 1998. Environmental plasticity in the Caribbean coral genus Mycetophyllia (Milne-Edwards & Haime 1848): depth and flow effects on taxonomic characters. Unpublished Master of Science thesis, University of Maryland.
36. Defrance MJL. 1826. Polypiers. Dictionnaire Des Sciences Naturelles 42: 377-398.
37. Edmunds PJ, Elahi R. 2007. The demographics of a 15-year decline in cover of the Caribbean reef coral Montastraea annularis. Ecological Monographs 77: 3-18.
38. Ehrenberg CG. 1834. Die Corallenthiere des rothen Meeres physiologisch Untersucht und systematisch Verzeichnet. Beiträge zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. Königlichen Akademie Der Wissenschaften Berlin, Abhandlungen 1832: 225-380.
39. Ellis J, Solander DC. 1786. The natural history of many curious and common zoophytes. London: Benjamin White & Son. 208pp., 63pls.
40. Esper EJC. 1795. Fortsetzungen der pflanzenthiere. Vol. 1. Nürnberg: Raspeschen Buchhandlung, 65-116.
41. Felix JP. 1925. Über die Gattung Phyllocoenia (Teil 1). Zentralblatt Für Mineralogie, Geologie Und Paläontologie, Abteilung B 2: 363-368.
42. Felsenstein J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-791.
43. Fischer von Waldheim G. 1807. Museum Demidoff, ou, Catalogue systématique et raisonné des curiosités de la nature et de l'art: données à l'Université Impériale de Moscou par son excellence Monsieur Paul de Demidoff. Vol. 3. Moscow: Imprimerie de Université Impériale de Moscou. 300pp., 6pls.
44. Forskål P. 1775. Icones rerum naturalium quam in itinere orientali depingi curavit Petrus Forskål, post mortem auctorio ad regis mandatum acri incisas edidit Carsten Niebur: Hauniae. 15pp., 43pls.
45. Foster AB. 1979. Phenotypic plasticity in the reef corals Montastraea annularis (Ellis & Solander) and Siderastrea siderea (Ellis & Solander). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 39: 25-54.
46. Fukami H, Budd AF, Paulay G, Solé-Cava A, Chen CA, Iwao K, Knowlton N. 2004. Conventional taxonomy obscures deep divergence between Pacific and Atlantic corals. Nature 427: 832-835.
47. Fukami H, Chen CA, Budd AF, Collins A, Wallace C, Chuang Y-Y, Chen C, Dai C-F, Iwao K, Sheppard C, Knowlton N. 2008. Mitochondrial and nuclear genes suggest that stony corals are monophyletic but most families of stony corals are not (Order Scleractinia, Class Anthozoa, Phylum Cnidaria). PLoS ONE 3: e3222. 1-9.
48. Gardiner JS. 1899. On the astraeid corals collected by the author in the South Pacific. Zoological Society of London, Proceedings 67: 734-764. pl.46-49.
49. Gerth H. 1921. Coelenterata. Anthozoa. In: Martin K, ed. Die Fossilen von Java. Sammlungen Des Geologischen Reichsmuseums Leiden 1: 387-445, pls. 55-57.
50. Gittenberger A, Reijnen BT, Hoeksema BW. 2011. A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. Contributions to Zoology 80: 107-132.
51. Gray JE. 1847. An outline of an arrangement of stony corals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 1: 120-128.
52. Gregory JW. 1900. The corals Jurassic fauna of Cutch. Palaeontologica Indica, Ser. 9 2: 1-195. 26pls.
53. Haime J. 1852. Polypiers et Bryozoaires. Mémoires De La Société Géologique De France, Sér. 2 4: 279-290. pl.22.
54. Hoeksema BW. 1989. Taxonomy, biogeography, and phylogeny of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen 254: 1-295.
55. Hoeksema BW. 2012. Extreme morphological plasticity enables a free mode of life in Favia gravida at Ascension Island (South Atlantic). Marine Biodiversity 42: 289-295.
56. Houttuyn M. 1772. Natuurlyke historie of uitvoerige beschryving ver dieren, planten en mineraalen, volgens het samenstel van den heer Linnaeus. Amsterdam: De erven van F. Houttuyn. 614 pp., pl.126-138.
57. Huang D, Licuanan WY, Baird AH, Fukami H. 2011. Cleaning up the 'Bigmessidae': molecular phylogeny of scleractinian corals from Faviidae, Merulinidae, Pectiniidae and Trachyphylliidae. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11: 1-13.
58. ICZN Commission. 1956. Opinion 417. Rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of volume 3 (Zoologie) of the work by Lorenz Oken entitled Okens Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte published in 1815 - 1816. Opinions and Declarations of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 14: 3-42.
59. ICZN Commission. 2004. Opinion 2061 (Case 2900). Porites Link, 1807, Galaxea Oken, 1815, and Dendrophyllia Blainville, 1830 (Anthozoa, Scleractinia): generic names conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 61: 51-53.
60. ICZN Commission. 2011. Coral taxon names published in 'Corals of the world' by J.E.N. Veron (2000): potential availability confirmed under Article 86.1.2. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 68: 162-166.
61. Johnson KG. 1998. A phylogenetic test of accelerated turnover in Neogene Caribbean brain corals. Palaeontology 41: 1247-1268.
62. Kitahara M, Cairns SD, Stolarski J, Blair D, Miller DJ. 2010. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial CO1 sequence data. PLoS ONE 5: e11490.
63. Klaus JS, Budd AF. 2003. Comparison of Caribbean coral reef communities before and after Plio-Pleistocene faunal turnover: analyses of two Dominican Republic reef sequences. PALAIOS 18: 3-21.
64. Klunzinger CB. 1879. Die korallenthiere des rothen meeres. III. Die steinkorallen. Berlin: Die Astraeaeen und Fungiaceen 100pp., 10pls.
65. Laborel J. 1967. A revised list of Brazilian scleractinian corals and description of a new species. Postilla 107: 1-14.
66. Laborel J. 1969. Madréporaires et hydrocoralliaires récifaux des côtes brésiliennes. Annales De l'Institut Océanographique 47: 171-229.
67. de Lamarck JBP. 1801. Système des animaux sans vertèbres. Paris: L'auteur, au Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle; Deterville, Libraire. 432pp.
68. de Lamarck JBP. 1816. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Vol. 2. Paris: Verdière, Libraire. 568pp.
69. Lang J. 1971. Interspecific aggression by scleractinian corals. 1. The rediscovery of Scolymia cubensis (Milne Edwards & Haime). Bulletin of Marine Science 21: 952-959.
70. Lang J. 1973. Interspecific aggression by scleractinian corals. 2. Why the race is not only to the swift. Bulletin of Marine Science 23: 260-279.
71. Lang WD, Smith S. 1935. Cyathophyllum caespitosum Goldfuss, and other Devonian corals considered in a revision of that species. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 19: 538-590.
72. Link HF. 1807. Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlungen der Universität zu Rostock, pt. 3. Rostock: Adlers Erben, 161-169.
73. Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum characteribus, differentiis, sonymis, locis. Tomus I. Regnum Animale. Holmiae, Editio Decima, Reformata. 824pp.
74. Maddison W, Maddison D. 2009. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis Version 2.72. Published by the authors. http://mesquiteproject.org
75. Matthai G. 1914. A revision of the recent colonial Astreidae possessing distinct corallites. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd Series Zoology 17: 1-140, pl.1-38.
76. Matthai G. 1919. Coelenterata. Part II. Madreporaria. On Favia conferta, Verrill, with notes on other Atlantic species of Favia. British Museum (Natural History), British Antarctic 'Terra Nova' Expedition 1910, Reports, Zoology 5: 69-96, pl.1-4.
77. Matthai G. 1928. A monograph of the recent meandroid Astraeidae. Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British Museum (Natural History) 7: 1-288, pl. 1-72.
78. Michelin JLH. 1847. Iconographie zoophytologique. Descriptions par localités et terrains des polypiers fossiles de France, et pays environnants. Paris: P. Bertrand, 307-348, pl.74-79.
79. Milne Edwards H. 1857. Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires ou Polypes proprement dits. Vol. 2. Paris: Roret, 633pp.
80. Milne Edwards H, Haime J. 1848. Note sur la classification de la deuxième tribu de la famille des Astréides. Académie Des Sciences, Paris, Comptes Rendus 27: 490-497.
81. Milne Edwards H, Haime J. 1849. Recherches sur les polypiers. Quatrième mémoire. Monographie des astréides (1). Tribu II. Astréens (Astreinae). Annales Des Sciences Naturelles, Série 3, Zoologie 11: 233-312.
82. Milne Edwards H, Haime J. 1851a. Monographie des polypiers fossiles des terrains paleozoïques précédée d'un tableau général de la classification des polypes. Muséum National D'histoire Naturelle, Paris, Archives 5: 1-502. 20pls.
83. Milne Edwards H, Haime J. 1851b. Recherches sur les polypiers. Sixième mémoire. Monographie des fongides. Annales Des Sciences Naturelles, Série 3, Zoologie 15: 73-144.
84. Moll H, Borel Best M. 1984. New scleractinian corals (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) from the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 58: 47-58.
85. Müller PLS. 1775. Des Ritters Carl von Linné...vollständiges Natursystem nach der zwölften lateinischen Ausgabe, und nach Anleitung des holländischen Houttuynischen Werks, mit einer ausführlichen Erklärung, ausgefertiget von Philipp Ludwig Statius Vol. 6. Nürnberg: Raspe. 960pp., pl.20-37.
86. Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ, Ole M, Scally M, Douady CJ, Teeling E, Ryder OA, Stanhope MJ, de Jong WW, Springer MS. 2001. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science 294: 2348-2351.
87. Nemenzo F. 1971. Systematic studies on Philippine shallow-water scleractinians. VII. Additional forms. Natural and Applied Science Bulletin 23: 141-209.
88. Neves E, Johnsson R, Sampaio C, Pichon M. 2006. The occurrence of Scolymia cubensis in Brazil: revising the problem of the Caribbean solitary mussids. Zootaxa 1366: 45-54.
89. Nunes F, Fukami H, Vollmer SV, Norris RD, Knowlton N. 2008. Re-evaluation of the systematics of the endemic corals of Brazil by molecular data. Coral Reefs 27: 423-432.
90. Ogilvie MM. 1897. Die Korallen der Strambergerschichten. Palaeontographica, Supplement 2: 73-282. 12pls.
91. Oken L. 1815. Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Theil 3, zoologie. Abteilung I, fleischlose thiere. Jena: A. Schmid. 850pp.
92. d'Orbigny ACVD. 1851. Cours élémentaire de Paléontologie. Vol. 2, Pt. 3. Chapitre VIII. Polypiers ou Zoophytes. Paris: Masson, 151-189.
93. Ortmann AE. 1890. Die Morphologie des Skeletts des Steinkorallen in Beziehung zur Koloniebildung. Zeitschrift Für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Leipzig 50: 278-316.
94. Pallas PS. 1766. Elenchus zoophytorum. Hagae-Comitum: Apud Petrum van Cleef. 451pp.
95. Pandolfi JM, Lovelock CE, Budd AF. 2002. Character release following extinction in a Caribbean reef coral species complex. Evolution 56: 479-501.
96. Paulay G. 1997. Diversity and distribution of reef organisms. In: Birkeland C, ed. Life and death of coral reefs. New York: Chapman & Hall, 298-353.
97. Pinzón JHC, Weil E. 2011. Cryptic species within the Atlantic-Caribbean genus Meandrina (Scleractinia): a multidisciplinary approach and description of the new species Meandrina jacksoni. Bulletin of Marine Science 87: 823-853.
98. Quelch JJ. 1884. Preliminary notice of new genera and species of 'Challenger' reef corals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5: 292-297.
99. Quoy JRC, Gaimard JP. 1833. Zoophytes. Voyage de l'Astrolabe. Paris: J. Tastu. 390pp., 26pls.
100. Riegl BM, Dodge RE, eds. 2008. Coral reefs of the USA. New York: Springer.
101. Romano SL, Cairns SD. 2000. Molecular phylogenetic hypotheses for the evolution of scleractinian corals. Bulletin of Marine Science 67: 1043-1068.
102. Romano SL, Palumbi SR. 1996. Evolution of scleractinian corals inferred from molecular systematics. Science 271: 640-642.
103. Romano SL, Palumbi SR. 1997. Molecular evolution of a portion of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal gene region in Scleractinian corals. Journal of Molecular Evolution 45: 397-411.
104. Rosen BR, Darrell J. 2010. Cnidaria glossary. In: MacLeod N, ed. Paleobase: macrofossils, Part 3. Oxford: Blackwell, CD-ROM.
105. Saville Kent W. 1871. On some new and little known species of Madreporaria, or stony corals, in the British Museum collection. Zoological Society of London, Proceedings 275-286. pl. 23-25.
106. Scheer G. 1990. Die von E. J. C. Esper 1788-1809 beschriebenen Anthozoa (Cnidaria). IV. Scleractinia. V. Espers Leben und Werk. Senckenbergiana Biologica 71: 369-429.
107. Scheer G, Pillai CSG. 1983. A report on the stony corals of the Red Sea. Zoologica 133: 1-198.
108. Schweigger AF. 1819. Beobachtungen auf naturhistorischen Reisen: anatomisch-physiologische Untersuchungen über Corallen; nebst einem Anhange, Bemerkungen über den Bernstein enthaltend. Berlin: Georg Reimer. 127pp., 8pls.
109. Schweigger AF. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte der Skelettlosen Ungegliederten Thiere. Leipzig: Dorschen Buchhandlung. 776pp.
110. Sheppard C. 1985. Corals of Oman. Report of IUCN Project 9070. Gland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 20.
111. Sorenson MD, Franzosa EA. 2007. Treerot, version 3. Boston, MA: Boston University.
112. Stolarski J. 2003. Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: a biocalcification proxy. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 497-530.
113. Stolarski J, Roniewicz E. 2001. Towards a new synthesis of evolutionary relationships and classification of Scleractinia. Journal of Paleontology 75: 1090-1108.
114. Swofford DL. 2002. PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
115. Todd PA. 2008. Morphological plasticity in scleractinian corals. Biological Reviews 83: 315-337.
116. Todd PA, Ladle RJ, Lewin-Koh N, Chou LM. 2004. Genotype x environment interactions in transplanted clones of the massive corals Favia speciosa and Diploastrea heliopora. Marine Ecology Progress Series 271: 167-182.
117. Tomascik T. 1990. Growth rates of two morphotypes of Montastrea annularis along a eutrophication gradient, Barbados. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21: 376-381.
118. Umbgrove JHF. 1939. Madreporaria from the Bay of Batavia. Zoologische Mededeelingen Leiden 22: 1-64. 18pls.
119. Umbgrove JHF. 1942. Corals from asphalt deposits of the Island Buton (East-Indies). Leidsche Geologische Mededeelingen 13: 29-38, pl. 12-13.
120. Van Veghel MLJ, Bak RPM. 1993. Intraspecific variation of a dominant Caribbean reef building coral, Montastrea annularis: genetic, behavioural and morphometric aspects. Marine Ecology Progress Series 92: 255-265.
121. Vaughan TW. 1901. Some fossil corals from the elevated reefs of Curacao, Aruba and Bonaire. Rijks Geologisches Mineralogisches Museum Sammlungen, Leiden 2: 1-91.
122. Vaughan TW. 1907. Recent Madreporaria of the Hawaiian Islands and Laysan. U. S. National Museum Bulletin 59: 1-222, 415-427, pl.1-96.
123. Vaughan TW. 1918. Some shoal-water from Murray Island (Australia), Cocos-Keeling Islands, and Fanning Island. Papers Department of Marine Biology, Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication No. 213 9: 49-234, pl.20-90.
124. Vaughan TW, Wells JW. 1943. Revision of the suborders, families, and genera of the Scleractinia. Geological Society of America Special Paper 104: 1-363. pl. 1-51.
125. Veron JEN. 1985. New Scleractinia from Australian coral reefs. Records of the Western Australian Museum 12: 147-183.
126. Veron JEN. 1990. New Scleractinia from Japan and other Indo-Pacific Countries. Galaxea 9: 95-173.
127. Veron JEN. 1995. Corals in space and time: the biogeography and evolution of the Scleractinia. Sydney, NSW: University of New South Wales Press.
128. Veron JEN. 2000. Corals of the world, 3 vols. Townsville, Qld: Australian Institute of Marine Science.
129. Veron JEN. 2002. New species described in Corals of the world. Australian Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series 11: 1-206.
130. Veron JEN, Pichon M. 1980. Scleractinia of Eastern Australia. Part 3, Families Agariciidae, Siderastreidae, Fungiidae, Oculinidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae, Pectiniidae, Caryophylliidae, Dendrophyliidae. Australian Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series 4: 1-422.
131. Veron JEN, Pichon M. 1982. Scleractinia of Eastern Australia. Part 4, Family Poritidae. Australian Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series 5: 1-210.
132. Veron JEN, Pichon M, Wijsman-Best M. 1977. Scleractinia of Eastern Australia. Part 2, Families Faviidae, Trachyphylliidae. Australian Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series 3: 1-233.
133. Verrill AE. 1864. Revision of the Polypi of the eastern coast of the United States. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History 1, 1-45, pl.1.
134. Verrill AE. 1865. Classification of polyps (extract condensed from Synopsis of the Polyps and Corals of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition under Commodore C. Ringgold and Captain John Rodgers, U.S.N.). Communications of the Essex Institute 4: 145-152.
135. Verrill AE. 1867. Notes on the Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science, Transactions 1: pt 2, art. V(1-3): 247-351.
136. Verrill AE. 1868. Notes on the Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 4. Notice of the corals and echinoderms collected by Prof. C.F. Hartt, at the Abrolhos Reefs, Province of Bahia, Brazil, 1867. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science, Transactions 1: pt 2, art. V: 351-371.
137. Verrill AE. 1901. Variations and nomenclature of Bermudian, West Indian, and Brazilian reef corals, with notes on various Indo-Pacific corals. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences Transactions 11: pt. 1, art. 3: 63-168. pl.10-35.
138. Wallace CC. 1999. Staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia; Astrocoeniina; Acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. Melbourne, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing.
139. Walton Smith FG. 1971. Atlantic reef corals. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press. pl. 94-185.
140. Wells JW. 1936. The nomenclature and type species of some genera of recent and fossil corals. American Journal of Science, Series 5 31: 97-135.
141. Wells JW. 1954. Bikini and nearby atolls. Part 2. Oceanography (biologic). Recent corals of the Marshall Islands. US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 260-I: 385-486. pl. 94-185.
142. Wells JW. 1956. Scleractinia. In: Moore RC, ed. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, vol. F. Lawrence, KS: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, F328-F444.
143. Wells JW. 1961. Notes on Indo-Pacific scleractinian corals. III. A new reef coral from New Caledonia. Pacific Science 15: 189-191.
144. Wells JW. 1964. The recent solitary mussid scleractinian corals. Zoologische Mededelingen 39: 375-384.
145. Wells JW. 1968. Notes on Indo-Pacific scleractinian corals. V. A new species of Alveopora from New Caledonia. VI. Further notes on Bantamia merletti Wells. Pacific Science 22: 274-276.
146. Wells JW. 1971. Note on the scleractinian corals Scolymia lacera and S. cubensis in Jamaica. Bulletin of Marine Science 21: 960-963.
147. Wells JW. 1973. New and old scleractinian corals from Jamaica. Bulletin of Marine Science 23: 16-58.
148. Wells JW. 1974. Two new hermatypic scleractinian corals from the West Indies. Bulletin of Marine Science 23: 925-932.
149. Wijsman-Best, M. 1972. Systematics and ecology of New Caledonian Faviinae (Coelenterata, Scleractinia). Bijdragen Tot De Dierkunde 42: 1-76, pl. 1-14.
150. Yabe H, Sugiyama T. 1935. Revised list of the reef corals from the Japanese seas and of the fossil reef corals of the raised reefs and the Ryuku Limestone of Japan. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 42: 379-403, pl. 9-10.
151. Yabe H, Sugiyama T. 1941. Recent reef-building corals from Japan and the South Sea Islands under the Japanese mandate. II. Scientific Reports of Tohoku University, Series 2 (Geology) special volume 2: 67-91. pl. 60-104.
152. Zlatarski VN, Estalella NM. 1982. Les Scléractiniaires de Cuba avec des données sur les organismes associés. Sofia: Editions de l'Académie bulgare des Sciences.