Are we killing the rain? Meditations on the water cycle and, more particularly, on bioprecipitation

Water International

Volumn 37, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 670-682

  Cohen, Jane Maslow ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

bioprecipitation; integrated land and water management; over grazing; precipitation; public lands; rain

Indexed keywords

PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE;

EID: 84868120627     PISSN: 02508060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02508060.2012.706200     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Amato, P. 2007. An important oceanic source of microorganisms for cloud water at the Puy de Dôme (France). Atmospheric Environment, 41(37): 8253-8263.
2. American Meteorological Association. 2009. "Precipitation", Glossary of Meteorology, American Meteorological Association
3. Arny, D.C., Lindow, S.E. and Upper, C.D. 1976. Frost sensitivity of Zea mays increased by application of Pseudomonas syringae. Nature, 262: 282-284.
4. Bashan, Y. and de-Bashan, L.E. 2002a. Reduction of bacterial speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) by combined treatments of plant growth-promoting bacterium, Azospirillum brasilense, streptomycin sulfate, and chemo-thermal seed treatment. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 108(9): 821-829.
5. Bashan, Y. and de-Bashan, L.E. 2002b. Protection of tomato seedlings against infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato by using the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(6): 2637-2643.
6. Beck, R.E., ed., and Kelly, A.K., ed., 2009. Augmenting the available water supply. In: R.E. Beck and A.K. Kelly, eds., Water and Water Rights. New Providence, NJ: LexisNexis, sec. 3.04, pp. 3-13 to 3-29
7. Bozkurt, İ and Soylu, S. 2011. Determination of responses of different bean cultivars against races of Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola, causal agent of halo blight of bean. Euphytica, 179(3): 417-425.
8. Braun-Kiewnick, A., Jacobsen, B. and Sands, D. 2000. Biological control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, the causal agent of basal kernel blight of barley, by antagonistic Pantoea agglomerans. Phytopathology, 90(4): 368-375.
9. Carey, J., 2011. Reducing conflict on public lands [online]. National Wildlife Federation. http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Animals/Archives/2011/Reducing-Conflict-on-Public-Lands.aspx (http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Animals/Archives/2011/Reducing-Conflict-on-Public-Lands.aspx) (Accessed: 25 April 2012).
10. Christner, B. 2008a. Geographic, seasonal, and precipitation chemistry influence on the abundance and activity of biological ice nucleators in rain and snow. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(48): 18854-18859.
11. Christner, B. 2008b. Ubiquity of biological ice nucleators in snowfall. Science, 319(5867): 1214
12. Christner, B. 2012. Cloudy with a chance of microbes: terrestrial microbes swept into clouds can catalyze the freezing of water and may influence precipitation on a global scale. Microbe, 7: 70-76.
13. Cotton, W. 2009. "Weather and Climate Engineering". In Clouds in the perturbed climate system: their relationship to energy balance, atmospheric dynamics, and precipitation, Edited by: Heintzenberg, J. and Charlson, R. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
14. deBuys, W. 2011. A great aridness, New York: Oxford University Press.
15. Farrar, J., 2012. Stop diverting park money to unrelated state purposes [online]. Houston Chronicle, 24 February. http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Stop-diverting-park-money-to-unrelated-state-3360026.php (http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Stop-diverting-park-money-to-unrelated-state-3360026.php) (Accessed: 30 April 2012).
16. Federal Land Policy and Management Act, 43 U.S.C. §1732 et seq. (1976)
17. Finlay, B.J. and Clarke, K.J. 1999. Ubiquitous dispersal of microbial species. Nature, 400(6747): 828
18. Fox, D. 2012. Life at the edge of space: do high-flying microbes control Earth's weather?. Discover, 4/12: 38-44.
19. Fox, D. 2012. The clouds are alive. Discover, April: 38
20. Gates, P. 1968. History of public land law development, Washington, DC: Zenger.
21. Gertner, J. 2007. The future is drying up. New York Times, 21 October: E68
22. Gillis, J. 2012. Clouds' effect on climate change is last bastion for dissenters. New York Times, 1 May: A-1-A-14.
23. Goncalves, F. 2011. Effect of bacterial ice nuclei on the frequency and intensity of lightning activity inferred by the BRAMS model. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 11: 26143-26171.
24. Handwerk, B., 2011. Scientists make dozens of storms in the Abu Dhabi desert? [online]. National Geographic. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110118-abu-dhabi-desert-rain-cloud-seeding-controversy/ (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110118-abu-dhabi-desert-rain-cloud-seeding-controversy/) (Accessed: July 2012).
25. H.B. 148. 2012. General legislative session, State of Utah.,
26. Heintzenberg, J. and Charlson, R. 2009. Clouds in the perturbed climate system: their relationship to energy balance, atmospheric dynamics, and precipitation, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
27. Hsu, J., and Bryner, J., 2011. Rainmaking in Middle Eastern desert: success or scam? [online]. LiveScience, 4 January. http://www.livescience.com/10398-rainmaking-middle-eastern-desert-success-scam.html (http://www.livescience.com/10398-rainmaking-middle-eastern-desert-success-scam.html) (Accessed: 12 July 2012).
28. Keil, C. 2008. Sensitivity of quantitative precipitation forecast to height dependent changes in humidity. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(9): 1-5.
29. Keil, C. 2009. American Meteorological Society.,
30. Levin, Z. 2010. Reassessment of rain enhancement experiments and operations in Israel including synoptic considerations. Atmospheric Research, 97(4): 513-525.
31. Lindow, S.E. 1976. Distribution of ice nucleation-active bacteria on plants in nature. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 36(6): 831-838.
32. Maki, L.R. 1974. Ice nucleation induced by pseudomonas syringae. Applied Microbiology, 28(3): 456-459.
33. Möhler, O. 2005. Effect of sulfuric acid coating on heterogeneous ice nucleation by soot aerosol particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110(D11): 1-12.
34. Möhler, O. 2006. Efficiency of the deposition mode ice nucleation on mineral dust particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6(10): 3007-3021.
35. Morris, C.E., Georgakopoulos, D.G. and Sands, D.C. 2004. Ice nucleation active bacteria and their potential role in precipitation. Journal de physique IV, 121: 87-103.
36. Morris, C.E., and Sands, D.C., 2012. From grains to rain: the link between landscape, airborne microorganisms and climate processes [online]. from: http://bioice.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/grainsrain_v26apr2012d.pdf (from: http://bioice.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/grainsrain_v26apr2012d.pdf) (Accessed: 30 April 2012).
37. Morris, C.E. 2007. Surprising niche for the plant pathogen. Pseudomonas syringae. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 7(1): 84-92.
38. National Conference of State Legislatures, 2011. Trends in state funding of parks and recreation [online]. http://www.ncsl.org/documents/fiscal/parks2011.pdf (http://www.ncsl.org/documents/fiscal/parks2011.pdf) (Accessed: 12 July 2012).
39. National Research Council. 2003. "Critical issues in weather modification research". In Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Division of Earth and Life Studies, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
40. Pollack, A. 2012. A battle over an engineered crop: groups oppose a corn impervious to a weed killer. New York Times, 26 April: B1
41. Rasband, J., Salzman, J. and Squillance, M. 2004. Natural resources law and policy, New York: Foundation Press.
42. Sands, D., 2012. A rainmaker named Sue. In: TEDx Bozeman: Big Sky, Big Minds, March 23, 2012. Bozeman, MT. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9ZeYxoWsuk [Accessed July 12, 2012]. TEDx Bozeman program available from: http://www.tedxbozeman.com/event/
43. Sands, D.C., 2012. Speech. TEDx Bozeman Session 1 [internet broadcast, 23 March]. http://www.livestream.com/tedx2/video?clipId=pla_9ae4e1d9-6c47-43d6-9a2b-04ee07d4d238 (http://www.livestream.com/tedx2/video?clipId=pla_9ae4e1d9-6c47-43d6-9a2b-04ee07d4d238) (Accessed: 26 April 2012).
44. Sands, D.C. 1982. The association between bacteria and rain and possible resultant meteorological implications. Journal of Hungarian Meteorological Service, 86: 148-152.
45. S.B. 1332. 2012. Second regular legislative session, State of Arizona.
46. Schnell, R.C. and Vali, G. 1972. Atmospheric ice nuclei from decomposing vegetation. Nature, 236(5343): 163-165.
47. Soulage, G. 1957. Les noyaux de congelation de l'atmosphere. Annales Geophysicae, 13: 103-134.
48. Taylor Grazing Act. 1934. 43 U.S.C. sect. 315 et seq.,
49. Tomihama, T. 2009. Environmental control in tea fields to reduce infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. Theae. Phytopathology, 99(2): 209-216.
50. Trueblood, T. 1980. They're fixing to steal your land. Field and Stream, 84 March: 164-167.
51. United States Constitution, n.d. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution.html (http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution.html)
52. Vali, G. 1968. Ice nucleation relevant to formation of hail, Thesis (Ph.D.). McGill University.
53. Vali, G. 1971. Freezing nucleus content of hail and rain in Alberta. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 10(1): 73-78.
54. Vali, G. 1976. Biogenic ice nuclei. Part II: Bacterial sources. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 33(8): 1565-1570.
55. Wilkerson, C. 1992. Crossing the next meridian: land, water, and the future of the West, Washington, DC: Island Press.
56. Wuerthner, G. and Matteson, M.Y. 2002. Welfare ranching: the subsidized destruction of the American West, Washington, DC: Island Press.