Value of PAX2 immunostaining in tumor diagnosis: A review and update

Advances in Anatomic Pathology

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 401-409

  Ordóñez, Nelson G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Immunohistochemistry; Ovarian carcinoma; PAX2; Renal cell carcinoma

Indexed keywords

CROSS REACTING ANTIBODY; PAX2 ANTIBODY; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX8; TUMOR MARKER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

B CELL LYMPHOMA; CROSS REACTION; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; EPITHELIUM TUMOR; FEMALE GENITAL TRACT TUMOR; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; KIDNEY TUMOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOSARCOMA; TUMOR DIAGNOSIS;

ADENOCARCINOMA; ENDOMETRIAL NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; KIDNEY NEOPLASMS; OVARIAN NEOPLASMS; PAX2 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; THYMUS GLAND; THYROID GLAND; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84867973773     PISSN: 10724109     EISSN: 15334031     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PAP.0b013e318271a382     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Bopp D, Burri M, Baumgartner S, et al. Conservation of a large protein domain in the segmentation gene paired and in functionally related genes of Drosophila. Cell. 1986;47: 1033-1040.
2. Treisman J, Harris E, Desplan C. The paired box encodes a second DNA-binding domain in the paired homeo domain protein. Genes Dev. 1991;5:594-604.
3. Chi N, Epstein JA. Getting your Pax straight: Pax proteins in development and disease. Trends Genet. 2002;18:41-47.
4. Dressler GR, Woolf AS. Pax2 in development and renal disease. Int J Dev Biol. 1999;43:463-468.
5. Lang D, Powell SK, Plummer RS, et al. PAX genes: roles in development, pathophysiology, and cancer. Biochem Pharmacol. 2007;73:1-14.
6. Stapleton P, Weith A, Urbánek P, et al. Chromosomal localization of seven PAX genes and cloning of a novel family member, PAX-9. Nat Genet. 1993;3:292-298.
7. Narahara K, Baker E, Ito S, et al. Localisation of a 10q breakpoint within the PAX2 gene in a patient with a de novo t(10;13) translocation and optic nerve coloboma-renal disease. J Med Genet. 1997;34:213-216.
8. Sanyanusin P, Schimmenti LA, McNoe LA, et al. Mutation of the PAX2 gene in a family with optic nerve colobomas, renal anomalies and vesicoureteral reflux. Nat Genet. 1995;9: 358-364.
9. Sanyanusin P, Norrish JH, Ward TA, et al. Genomic structure of the human PAX2 gene. Genomics. 1996;35:258-261.
10. Favor J, Sandulache R, Neuhauser-Klaus A, et al. The mouse Pax2(1Neu) mutation is identical to a human PAX2 mutation in a family with renal-coloboma syndrome and results in developmental defects of the brain, ear, eye, and kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:13870-13875.
11. Bower M, Salomon R, Allanson J, et al. Update of PAX2 mutations in renal coloboma syndrome and establishment of a locus-specific database. Hum Mutat. 2012;33:457-466.
12. Schimmenti LA. Renal coloboma syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2011;19:1207-1212.
13. Dressler GR, Deutsch U, Chowdhury K, et al. Pax2, a new murine paired-box-containing gene and its expression in the developing excretory system. Development. 1990;109:787-795.
14. Dressler GR, Douglass EC. Pax-2 is a DNA-binding protein expressed in embryonic kidney and Wilms tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:1179-1183.
15. Eccles MR, Wallis LJ, Fidler AE, et al. Expression of the PAX2 gene in human fetal kidney and Wilms' tumor. Cell Growth Differ. 1992;3:279-289.
16. Dressler GR. The cellular basis of kidney development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2006;22:509-529.
17. Narlis M, Grote D, Gaitan Y, et al. Pax2 and pax8 regulate branching morphogenesis and nephron differentiation in the developing kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:1121-1129.
18. Gupta R, Balzer B, Picken M, et al. Diagnostic implications of transcription factor Pax 2 protein and transmembrane enzyme complex carbonic anhydrase IX immunoreactivity in adult renal epithelial neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33:241-247.
19. Ozcan A, Zhai J, Hamilton C, et al. PAX-2 in the diagnosis of primary renal tumors: immunohistochemical comparison with renal cell carcinoma marker antigen and kidney-specific cadherin. Am J Clin Pathol. 2009;131:393-404.
20. Zhai QJ, Ozcan A, Hamilton C, et al. PAX-2 expression in non-neoplastic, primary neoplastic, and metastatic neoplastic tissue: a comprehensive immunohistochemical study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2010;18:323-332.
21. Davis JL, Matsumura L, Weeks DA, et al. PAX2 expression in Wilms tumors and other childhood neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011;35:1186-1194.
22. Daniel L, Lechevallier E, Giorgi R, et al. Pax-2 expression in adult renal tumors. Hum Pathol. 2001;32:282-287.
23. Mazal PR, Stichenwirth M, Koller A, et al. Expression of aquaporins and PAX-2 compared to CD10 and cytokeratin 7 in renal neoplasms: a tissue microarray study. Mod Pathol. 2005;18:535-540.
24. Memeo L, Jhang J, Assaad AM, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis for cytokeratin 7, KIT, and PAX2: value in the differential diagnosis of chromophobe cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2007;127:225-229.
25. Gokden N, Gokden M, Phan DC, et al. The utility of PAX-2 in distinguishing metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma from its morphologic mimics: an immunohistochemical study with comparison to renal cell carcinoma marker. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32:1462-1467.
26. Wasco MJ, Pu RT. Comparison of PAX-2, RCC antigen, and antiphosphorylated H2AX antibody (gamma-H2AX) in diagnosing metastatic renal cell carcinoma by fine-needle aspiration. Diagn Cytopathol. 2008;36:568-573.
27. Argani P, Hicks J, De Marzo AM, et al. Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma (RCC): extended immunohistochemical profile emphasizing novel RCC markers. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34:1295-1303.
28. Rivera AL, Takei H, Zhai J, et al. Useful immunohistochemical markers in differentiating hemangioblastoma versus metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Neuropathology. 2010;30: 580-585.
29. Sharma SG, Gokden M, McKenney JK, et al. The utility of PAX-2 and renal cell carcinoma marker immunohistochemistry in distinguishing papillary renal cell carcinoma from nonrenal cell neoplasms with papillary features. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2010;18:494-498.
30. Carney EM, Banerjee P, Ellis CL, et al. PAX2(-)/PAX8(-)/ inhibin A(+) immunoprofile in hemangioblastoma: a helpful combination in the differential diagnosis with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma to the central nervous system. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011;35:262-267.
31. Carvalho JC, Wasco MJ, Kunju LP, et al. Cluster analysis of immunohistochemical profiles delineates CK7, vimentin, S100A1 and C-kit (CD117) as an optimal panel in the differential diagnosis of renal oncocytoma from its mimics. Histopathology. 2011;58:169-179.
32. Sangoi AR, Fujiwara M, West RB, et al. Immunohistochemical distinction of primary adrenal cortical lesions from metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a study of 248 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011;35:678-686.
33. Wiseman W, Michael CW, Roh MH. Diagnostic utility of PAX8 and PAX2 immunohistochemistry in the identification of metastatic Mü llerian carcinoma in effusions. Diagn Cytopathol. 2011;39:651-656.
34. Tong GX, Melamed J, Mansukhani M, et al. PAX2: a reliable marker for nephrogenic adenoma. Mod Pathol. 2006;19: 356-363.
35. Hansel DE, Nadasdy T, Epstein JI. Fibromyxoid nephrogenic adenoma: a newly recognized variant mimicking mucinous adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31:1231-1237.
36. Amin MB, MacLennan GT, Gupta R, et al. Tubulocystic carcinoma of the kidney: clinicopathologic analysis of 31 cases of a distinctive rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33:384-392.
37. Jeung JA, Cao D, Selli BW, et al. Primary renal carcinoid tumors: clinicopathologic features of 9 cases with emphasis on novel immunohistochemical findings. Hum Pathol. 2011; 42:1554-1561.
38. Simsir A, Chhieng D, Wei XJ, et al. Utility of CD10 and RCCma in the diagnosis of metastatic conventional renal-cell adenocarcinoma by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Diagn Cytopathol. 2005;33:3-7.
39. Butnor KJ, Nicholson AG, Allred DC, et al. Expression of renal cell carcinoma-associated markers erythropoietin, CD10, and renal cell carcinoma marker in diffuse malignant mesothelioma and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130:823-827.
40. Bakshi N, Kunju LP, Giordano T, et al. Expression of renal cell carcinoma antigen (RCC) in renal epithelial and nonrenal tumors: diagnostic Implications. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2007;15:310-315.
41. Ingold B, Wild PJ, Nocito A, et al. Renal cell carcinoma marker reliably discriminates central nervous system haemangioblastoma from brain metastases of renal cell carcinoma. Histopathology. 2008;52:674-681.
42. Ozcan A, Zhai Q, Javed R, et al. PAX-2 is a helpful marker for diagnosing metastatic renal cell carcinoma: comparison with the renal cell carcinoma marker antigen and kidney-specific cadherin. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010;134:1121-1129.
43. Tong GX, Yu WM, Beaubier NT, et al. Expression of PAX8 in normal and neoplastic renal tissues: an immunohistochemical study. Mod Pathol. 2009;22:1218-1227.
44. Albadine R, Schultz L, Illei P, et al. PAX8 (+)/p63 (-) immunostaining pattern in renal collecting duct carcinoma (CDC): a useful immunoprofile in the differential diagnosis of CDC versus urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34:965-969.
45. Fujiwara M, Taube J, Sharma M, et al. PAX8 discriminates ovarian metastases from adnexal tumors and other cutaneous metastases. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37:938-943.
46. Ozcan A, Shen SS, Hamilton C, et al. PAX 8 expression in non-neoplastic tissues, primary tumors, and metastatic tumors: a comprehensive immunohistochemical study. Mod Pathol. 2011;24:751-764.
47. Tacha D, Zhou D, Cheng L. Expression of PAX8 in normal and neoplastic tissues: a comprehensive immunohistochemical study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2011;19:293-299.
48. Torres M, Gó mez-Pardo E, Dressler GR, et al. Pax-2 controls multiple steps of urogenital development. Development. 1995;121:4057-4065.
49. Ozcan A, Truong LD. PAX2 and PAX8 expression in the ovarian surface epithelium and inclusion cysts. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36:1100-1102.
50. Tong GX, Chiriboga L, Hamele-Bena D, et al. Expression of PAX2 in papillary serous carcinoma of the ovary: immunohistochemical evidence of fallopian tube or secondary Mü llerian system origin? Mod Pathol. 2007;20:856-863.
51. Gao FF, Krasinskas AM, Chivukula M. Is PAX2 a reliable marker in differentiating diffuse malignant mesotheliomas of peritoneum from serous carcinomas of mü llerian origin? Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2012;20:272-276.
52. Chivukula M, Dabbs DJ, O'Connor S, et al. PAX 2: a novel Mü llerian marker for serous papillary carcinomas to differentiate from micropapillary breast carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2009;28:570-578.
53. Sangoi AR, West RB, Bonventre JV, et al. Exploring the specificity of putative renal cell carcinoma (RCC) markers in non-renal tissues and neoplasms from various organ systems: a tissue microarray (TMA) study of 501 cases. Mod Pathol. 2010;23(suppl 1):216AY217A. 54. Bowen NJ, Logani S, Dickerson EB, et al. Emerging roles for PAX8 in ovarian cancer and endosalpingeal development. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;104:331-337.
54. Kö bel M, Kalloger SE, Boyd N, et al. Ovarian carcinoma subtypes are different diseases: implications for biomarker studies. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e232.
55. Nonaka D, Chiriboga L, Soslow RA. Expression of pax8 as a useful marker in distinguishing ovarian carcinomas from mammary carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32: 1566-1571.
56. Nonaka D, Tang Y, Chiriboga L, et al. Diagnostic utility of thyroid transcription factor Pax8 and TTF-2 (FOXE1) in thyroid epithelial neoplasms. Mod Pathol. 2008;21:192-200.
57. Lotan TL, Ye H, Melamed J, et al. Immunohistochemical panel to identify the primary site of invasive micropapillary carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33:1037-1041.
58. Laury AR, Perets R, Piao H, et al. A comprehensive analysis of PAX8 expression in human epithelial tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011;35:816-826.
59. Tong GX, Devaraj K, Hamele-Bena D, et al. Pax8: a marker for carcinoma of Mü llerian origin in serous effusions. Diagn Cytopathol. 2011;39:567-574.
60. Zhao L, Guo M, Sneige N, et al. Value of PAX8 and WT1 immunostaining in confirming the ovarian origin of metastatic carcinoma in serous effusion specimens. Am J Clin Pathol. 2012;137:304-309.
61. Quick CM, Gokden N, Sangoi AR, et al. The distribution of PAX-2 immunoreactivity in the prostate gland, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct: comparison with prostatic adenocarcinoma and discussion of prostatic zonal embryogenesis. Hum Pathol. 2010;41:1145-1149.
62. Tong GX, Weeden EM, Hamele-Bena D, et al. Expression of PAX8 in nephrogenic adenoma and clear cell adenocarcinoma of the lower urinary tract: evidence of related histogenesis? Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32:1380-1387.
63. Gilmore L, Dewar R. Caution in metastatic renal cell carcinoma within lymph nodes: PAX-2 expression is also seen in nodal lymphocytes [letter]. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011; 135:414.
64. Ordó n ez NG. Application of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of epithelioid mesothelioma: a review and update. Hum Pathol. 2012. [Epub ahead of print].
65. Wick MR, Lillemoe TJ, Copland GT, et al. Gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 as a marker for breast cancer: immunohistochemical analysis of 690 human neoplasms and comparison with alpha-lactalbumin. Hum Pathol. 1989;20: 281-287.
66. Monteagudo C, Merino MJ, LaPorte N, et al. Value of gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 in distinguishing metastatic breast carcinomas among poorly differentiated neoplasms involving the ovary. Hum Pathol. 1991;22:368-372.
67. Raab SS, Berg LC, Swanson PE, et al. Adenocarcinoma in the lung in patients with breast cancer. A prospective analysis of the discriminatory value of immunohistology. Am J Clin Pathol. 1993;100:27-35.
68. Fritzsche FR, Thomas A, Winzer KJ, et al. Co-expression and prognostic value of gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 and mammaglobin in primary breast cancer. Histol Histopathol. 2007;22:1221-1230.
69. Tornos C, Soslow R, Chen S, et al. Expression of WT1, CA 125, and GCDFP-15 as useful markers in the differential diagnosis of primary ovarian carcinomas versus metastatic breast cancer to the ovary. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29: 1482-1489.
70. Kanner WA, Galgano MT, Stoler MH, et al. Distinguishing breast carcinoma from Mü llerian serous carcinoma with mammaglobin and mesothelin. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2008; 27:491-495.
71. Moritani S, Ichihara S, Hasegawa M, et al. Serous papillary adenocarcinoma of the female genital organs and invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast. Are WT1, CA125, and GCDFP-15 useful in differential diagnosis? Hum Pathol. 2008;39:666-671.
72. Hwang H, Quenneville L, Yaziji H, et al. Wilms tumor gene product: sensitive and contextually specific marker of serous carcinomas of ovarian surface epithelial origin. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2004;12:122-126.
73. Lee AH, Paish EC, Marchio C, et al. The expression of Wilms' tumour-1 and Ca125 in invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast. Histopathology. 2007;51:824-828.
74. Zhu W, CW Michael. WT1, monoclonal CEA, TTF1, and CA125 antibodies in the differential diagnosis of lung, breast, and ovarian adenocarcinomas in serous effusions. Diagn Cytopathol. 2007;35:370-375.
75. Domfeh AB, Carley AL, Striebel JM, et al. WT1 immunoreactivity in breast carcinoma: selective expression in pure and mixed mucinous subtypes. Mod Pathol. 2008;21:1217-1223.
76. Robson EJ, He SJ, Eccles MR. A PANorama of PAX genes in cancer and development. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6:52-62.