Pharmacology of Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Elderly Patients

Clinics in Geriatric Medicine

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 575-615

  Frishman, William H ^a   Aronow, Wilbert S ^a  

^a WESTCHESTER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiarrhythmic drugs; Arrhythmias; Bradyarrhythmias; Elderly; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacotherapy; Tachyarrhythmias

Indexed keywords

ACEBUTOLOL; ADENOSINE; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; AMIODARONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ATENOLOL; ATROPINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BISOPROLOL; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CARVEDILOL; DIGOXIN; DILTIAZEM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DISOPYRAMIDE; FLECAINIDE; IBUTILIDE; LABETALOL; LIDOCAINE; METOPROLOL; MEXILETINE; NADOLOL; PINDOLOL; PROCAINAMIDE; PROPRANOLOL; SOTALOL; TOCAINIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERAPAMIL;

AGING; ARRHYTHMOGENESIS; BRADYCARDIA; CONFUSION; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DELIRIUM; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FIRST PASS EFFECT; GERIATRIC DISORDER; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HEART SUPRAVENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INCIDENCE; PARESTHESIA; PHARMACOLOGY; PREVALENCE; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SLURRED SPEECH; TACHYCARDIA; TINNITUS; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TREMOR;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; FEMALE; HEART; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS;

EID: 84867961430     PISSN: 07490690     EISSN: 18798853     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2012.07.001     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Schwartz J.B., Zipes D.P. Cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Braunwald's heart disease-a textbook of cardiovascular medicine 2011, 1727-1756. Saunders, Philadelphia. 9th edition. R.O. Bonow, D.L. Mann, D.P. Zipes, P. Libby (Eds.).
2. Fleg J.L., Lakatta E.G. Normal aging of the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular disease in the elderly 2008, 1-43. Informa, New York. 4th edition. W.S. Aronow, J.L. Fleg, M.W. Rich (Eds.).
3. Aronow W.S., Sorbera C. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in the elderly. Cardiovascular disease in the elderly 2008, 577-603. Informa, New York. 4th edition. W.S. Aronow, J.L. Fleg, M.W. Rich (Eds.).
4. Frishman M.D. Alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapeutics 2011, 57-85. Cardiotext, Minneapolis (MN). 3rd edition. W.H. Frishman, D.A. Sica (Eds.).
5. Aronow W.S., Sorbera C. Ventricular arrhythmias in the elderly. Cardiovascular disease in the elderly 2008, 605-625. Informa, New York. 4th edition. W.S. Aronow, J.L. Fleg, M.W. Rich (Eds.).
6. Frishman W.H., Aronow W.S., Cheng-Lai A. Cardiovascular drug therapy in the elderly. Cardiovascular disease in the elderly 2008, 99-135. Informa, New York. 4th edition. W.S. Aronow, J.L. Fleg, M.W. Rich (Eds.).
7. Novak L.P. Aging, total body potassium, fat-free mass and cell mass in males and females between the ages of 18 and 85 years. J Gerontol 1972, 27:438-443.
8. Vestal R.E., Norris A.H., Tobin J.D., et al. Antipyrine metabolism in man: influence of age, alcohol, caffeine, and smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975, 18:425-432.
9. Cusack B., Kelly J., O'Malley K., et al. Digoxin in the elderly: pharmacokinetic consequences of old age. Clin Pharm 1979, 2:722-726.
10. Abernethy D.R., Kerzner L. Age effects on alpha-1 acid glycoprotein concentration and imipramine plasma protein binding. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984, 32:705-708.
11. Holt D.W., Hayler A.M., Healey G.F. Effect of age and plasma concentrations of albumin and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein on protein binding of disopyramide. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983, 16:344-345.
12. Schmucker D.L. Aging and drug disposition: an update. Pharmacol Rev 1985, 37:133-148.
13. Hayes M.J., Langman M.J., Short A.H. Changes in drug metabolism with increasing age. II. Phenytoin clearance and protein binding. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1975, 2:73-79.
14. Cheng-Lai A., Frishman W.H. Appendices. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapeutics 2011, 633-651. Cardiotext, Minneapolis (MN). 3rd edition. W.H. Frishman, D.A. Sica (Eds.).
15. Wynne H.A., Cope L.H., Mutch E., et al. The effect of age upon liver volume and apparent liver blood flow in healthy man. Hepatology 1989, 9:297-301.
16. Rowe J.W., Andres R., Tobin J.D., et al. The effect of age on creatinine clearance in man: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J Gerontol 1976, 31:155-163.
17. Bender A.D. The effect of increasing age on the distribution of peripheral blood flow in man. J Am Geriatr Soc 1965, 13:192-198.
18. Cockcroft D.W., Gault M.H. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976, 16:31-41.
19. Levey A.S., Coresh J., Balk E., et al. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med 2003, 39:137-147.
20. Zimetbaum P., Kowey P.R., Michelson E.L. Antiarrhythmic drugs. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapeutics 2011, 227-256. Cardiotext, Minneapolis (MN). 3rd edition. W.H. Frishman, D.A. Sica (Eds.).
21. Teo K.K., Yusuf S., Furberg C.D. Effects of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction: an overview of results from randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1993, 270:1589-1595.
22. Danahy D.T., Aronow W.S. Propranolol and lidocaine: clinical use as antiarrhythmic agents. Postgrad Med 1977, 61:113-117.
23. Fenster P.E., Bressler R. Treating cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. Part 2: antiarrhythmics, diuretics and calcium channel blockers. Drug Ther 1984, 14(3):209-216.
24. Ochs H.R., Carstens G., Greenblatt D.J. Reduction of lidocaine clearance during continuous infusion and by coadministration of propranolol. N Engl J Med 1980, 303:373-377.
25. Frishman W.H., Furberg C.D., Friedewald W.T. β-Adrenergic blockade in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1984, 310:830-837.
26. Lichstein E., Morganroth J., Harrist R., et al. Effect of propranolol on ventricular arrhythmias: the beta blocker heart attack trial experience. Circulation 1983, 67(Suppl I):I5-I10. The BHAT Study Group.
27. Hansteen V. Beta blockade after myocardial infarction: the Norwegian propranolol study in high-risk patients. Circulation 1983, 67(Suppl I):I57-I60.
28. Aronow W.S., Ahn C., Mercando A.D., et al. Effect of propranolol versus no antiarrhythmic drug on sudden cardiac death, total cardiac death, and total death in patients ≥62 years of age with heart disease, complex ventricular arrhythmias, and left ventricular ejection fraction ≥40%. Am J Cardiol 1994, 74:267-270.
29. Aronow W.S., Ahn C., Mercando A.D., et al. Decrease of mortality by propranolol in patients with heart disease and complex ventricular arrhythmias is more an anti-ischemic than an antiarrhythmic effect. Am J Cardiol 1994, 74:613-615.
30. Norris R.M., Barnaby P.F., Brown M.A., et al. Prevention of ventricular fibrillation during acute myocardial infarction by intravenous propranolol. Lancet 1984, 2:883-886.
31. Stone P.H., Gibson R.S., Glasser S.P., et al. Comparison of propranolol, diltiazem and nifedipine in the treatment of ambulatory ischemia in patients with stable angina: differential effects on ambulatory ischemia, exercise performance, and anginal symptoms. Circulation 1990, 82:1962-1972.
32. Hawkins C.M., Richardson D.W., Vokonas P.S. Effect of propranolol in reducing mortality in older myocardial infarction patients: the beta blocker heart attack trial experience. Circulation 1983, 67(Suppl I):I94-I97. The BHAT Research Group.
33. Hallstrom A.P., Cobb L.A., Yu B.H., et al. An antiarrhythmic drug experience in 941 patients resuscitated from an initial cardiac arrest between 1970 and 1985. Am J Cardiol 1991, 68:1025-1031.
34. Aronow W.S., Ahn C., Mercando A.D., et al. Circadian variation of sudden cardiac death or fatal myocardial infarction is abolished by propranolol in patients with heart disease and complex ventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1994, 74:819-821.
35. Kennedy H.L., Brooks M.M., Barker A.H., et al. Beta-blocker therapy in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. Am J Cardiol 1994, 74:674-680.
36. Aronow W.S. Management of the older person with atrial fibrillation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002, 57:M352-M363.
37. Lang R., Klein H.O., Weiss E., et al. Superiority of oral verapamil therapy to digoxin in treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation. Chest 1983, 83:491-499.
38. Roth A., Harrison E., Mitani G., et al. Efficacy and safety of medium and high-dose diltiazem alone and in combination with digoxin for control of heart rate at rest and during exercise in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1986, 73:316-324.
39. David D., DiSegni E., Klein H.O., et al. Inefficacy of digitalis in the control of heart rate in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: beneficial effect of an added beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Am J Cardiol 1979, 44:1378-1382.
40. Nicklas J.M., McKenna W.J., Stewart R.A., et al. Prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of low dose amiodarone in patients with severe heart failure and asymptomatic frequent ventricular ectopy. Am Heart J 1991, 122:1016-1021.
41. Hockings B., George T., Mahrous F., et al. Effectiveness of amiodarone on ventricular arrhythmias during and after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1987, 60:967-970.
42. Pfisterer M., Kiowski W., Burckhardt D., et al. Beneficial effect of amiodarone on cardiac mortality in patients with asymptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction and preserved but not impaired left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol 1992, 69:1399-1402.
43. Julian D.G., Camm A.J., Frangin G., et al. Randomized trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction: EMIAT. Lancet 1997, 349:667-674.
44. Cairns J.A., Connolly S.J., Roberts R., et al. Randomised trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature depolarisations: CAMIAT. Lancet 1997, 349:675-682.
45. Doval H.C., Nul D.R., Grancelli H.O., et al. Randomised trial of low dose amiodarone in severe congestive heart failure. Lancet 1994, 344:493-498.
46. Singh S.N., Fletcher R.D., Fisher S.G., et al. Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:77-82.
47. Bardy G.H., Lee K.L., Mark D.B., et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:225-237.
48. Herre J., Sauve M., Malone P., et al. Long-term results of amiodarone therapy in patients with recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989, 13:442-449.
49. Greene H.L. The CASCADE study: randomized anti-arrhythmic drug therapy in survivors of cardiac arrest in Seattle. Am J Cardiol 1993, 72:70F-74F. for the CASCADE Investigators.
50. Gold R.L., Haffajee C.I., Charos G., et al. Amiodarone for refractory atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1986, 57:124-127.
51. Cavusoglu E., Frishman W.H. Sotalol: a new beta-adrenergic blocker for ventricular arrhythmias. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1995, 37:423-440.
52. Pedersen H.S., Elming H., Seibaek M., et al. Risk factors and predictors of torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction receiving dofetilide. Am J Cardiol 2007, 100:876-880.
53. Køber L., Bloch Thomsen P.E., Møller M., et al. Effect of dofetilide in patients with recent myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction: a randomised trial. Lancet 2000, 356:2052-2058.
54. Schmiegelow M.D., Pedersen O.K., Køber L., et al. Incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with either heart failure or acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction: a cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2001, 11:19.
55. Naccarelli G.V., Wolbrette D.L., Khan M., et al. Old and new antiarrhythmic drugs for converting and maintaining sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation: comparative efficacy and results of trials. Am J Cardiol 2003, 91(6A):15D-26D.
56. Chatterjee S., Ghosh J., Lichstein E., et al. Meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes with dronedarone in patients with atrial fibrillation or heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2012, 110(4):607-613.
57. Connolly S.J., Camm A.J., Halperin J.L., et al. for the PALLAS Investigators. Dronedarone in high-risk permanent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011, 365:2268-2276.
58. Nattel S. Dronedarone in atrial fibrillation - Jekyll and Hyde? (editorial). N Engl J Med 2011, 365:2321-2322.
59. Tian D., Frishman W.H. Vernakalant. A new drug to treat patients with acute onset atrial fibrillation. Cardiol Rev 2011, 19:41-44.
60. Fuccelletti F., Iacomini P., Botta G., et al. Efficacy and safety of vernakalant in recent-onset atrial fibrillation after the European Medicines Agency approval: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Pharmacol 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
61. Frishman W.H., Sica D.A. Calcium channel blockers. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapeutics 2011, 99-120. Cardiotext, Minneapolis (MN). 3rd edition. W.H. Frishman, D.A. Sica (Eds.).
62. Hunt S.A., Abraham W.T., Feldman A.M., et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). Developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2005, 112:1825-1852.
63. LeJemtel T.H., Klapholz M., Frishman W.H. Inotropic agents. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapeutics 2011, 189-203. Cardiotext, Minneapolis (MN). 3rd edition. W.H. Frishman, D.A. Sica (Eds.).
64. Aronow W.S., Ahn C., Kronzon I. Comparison of incidences of congestive heart failure in older African-Americans, Hispanics, and whites. Am J Cardiol 1999, 84:611-612.
65. Gottdiener J.S., McClelland R.L., Marshall R., et al. Outcome of congestive heart failure in elderly persons: influence of left ventricular systolic function. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Ann Intern Med 2002, 137:631-639.
66. Aronow W.S. Echocardiography should be performed in all elderly patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994, 42:1300-1302.
67. Fleg J.L., Gottlieb S.H., Lakatta E.G. Is digoxin really important in treatment of compensated heart failure? A placebo-controlled crossover study in patients with sinus rhythm. Am J Med 1982, 73:244-250.
68. Aronow W.S., Starling L., Etienne F. Lack of efficacy of digoxin in treatment of compensated congestive heart failure with third heart sound and sinus rhythm in elderly patients receiving diuretic therapy. Am J Cardiol 1986, 58:168-169.
69. Murgatroyd F.D., Xie B., Gibson S.M., et al. The effects of digoxin in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: analysis of Holter data from the CRAFT-I trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 21:203A. [abstract].
70. Galun E., Flugelman M.Y., Glickson M., et al. Failure of long-term digitalization to prevent rapid ventricular response in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Chest 1991, 99:1038-1040.
71. Aronow W.S. Digoxin or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors for congestive heart failure in geriatric patients: which is the preferred treatment?. Drugs Aging 1991, 1:98-103.
72. Butler V.P., Odel J.G., Rath E., et al. Digitalis-induced visual disturbances with therapeutic serum digitalis concentrations. Ann Intern Med 1995, 123:676-680.
73. Meyer B.R., Frishman W.H. Cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapeutics 2011, 93-97. Cardiotext, Minneapolis (MN). 3rd edition. W.H. Frishman, D.A. Sica (Eds.).
74. Cheng-Lai A., Nawarskas J.J., Frishman W.H. Cardiovascular drug-drug interactions. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapeutics 2011, 493-518. Cardiotext, Minneapolis (MN). 3rd edition. W.H. Frishman, D.A. Sica (Eds.).