Understanding the Influence of Loneliness on HIV Risk Behavior in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men

Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 371-395

  Hubach, Randolph D ^a   DiStefano, Anthony S ^b   Wood, Michele M ^b  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

grounded theory; HIV AIDS; qualitative research; risk behaviors; young men who have sex with men (YMSM)

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867936628     PISSN: 10538720     EISSN: 15404056     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10538720.2012.721676     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Agwu, A. and Ellen, J. 2009. Rising rates of HIV infection among young U.S. men who have sex with men. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 28(7): 633-634.
2. Bauermeister, J. A., Leslie-Santana, M., Johns, M. M., Pingel, E. and Eisenberg, A. 2011. Mr. Right and Mr. Right Now: Romantic and casual parter-seeking online among young men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 15(2): 261-272.
3. Bauermeister, J. A., Ventuneac, A., Pingel, E. and Parsons, J. T. 2012. Spectrums of love: Examining the relationship between romantic motivations and sexual risk among young gay and bisexual men. AIDS and Behavior, 12(6): 1549-1559.
4. Berg, M. B., Mimiaga, M. J. and Safren, S. A. 2008. Mental health concerns of gay and bisexual men seeking mental health services. Journal of Homosexuality, 54(3): 293-306.
5. Bolding, G., Davis, M., Sherr, L., Hart, G. and Elford, J. 2004. Use of gay Internet sites and views about online health promotion among men who have sex with men. AIDS Care, 16(8): 993-1001.
6. Booth, R. E., Kwiatkowski, C. F. and Chitwood, D. D. 2000. Sex related HIV risk behaviors: Differential risks among injection drug users, crack users, and injection drug users who smoke crack. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 58(3): 219-226.
7. Catania, J. A., Kegeles, S. M. and Coates, T. J. 1990. Towards understanding of risk behavior: An AIDS Risk Reduction Model (AARM). Health Education Quarterly, 17: 53-72.
8. CDC. 2007, May 25. "HIV prevalence among selected populations: Youth populations". Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/testing/resources/reports/hiv_prevalence/youth.htm
9. CDC. 2010. Prevalence and awareness of HIV infection among men who have sex with men-21 cities, United States, 2008. Morbidity and Mortalitity Weekly Report, 59: 1201-1207.
10. CDC. 2011, July 9. "Compendium of evidence-based HIV behavioral interventions". Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/research/prs/compendium-evidence-based-interventions.htm
11. CDC. 2012, May 18. "HIV among gay and bisexual men". Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/topics/msm/index.htm
12. Charmaz, K. 2006. Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis, Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
13. Corbin, J. and Strauss, A. 2008. "3rd ed.". In Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory, Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
14. DeLonga, K., Torres, H. L., Kamen, C., Evans, S. N., Lee, S., Koopman, C. and Gore-Felton, C. 2011. Loneliess, internalized homophobia, and compulsive Internet use: Factors associated with sexual risk behavior among a sample of adolescent males seeking services at a community LGBT center. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 18(2): 61-74.
15. Dew, B. J. and Channey, M. P. 2004. Sexual addiction and the Internet: Implications for gay men. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 24(2): 101-114.
16. Dowshen, N., Binns, H. J. and Garofalo, R. 2009. Experiences of HIV-related stigma among young men who have sex with men. AIDS Patient Care & STDs, 23(5): 371-376.
17. Fishbein, M. 2009. "An Integrative Model for Behavioral Prediction and its application to health promotion.". In Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research, 2nd ed., Edited by: DiClemente, R. J., Crosby, R. A. and Kegler, M. C. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
18. Fisher, J. D., Fisher, W. A. and Shuper, P. A. 2009. "The Informational-Motivational-Behavioral Skills Model of HIV Prevention Behavior.". In Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research, 2nd ed., Edited by: DiClemente, R. J., Crosby, R. A. and Kegler, M. C. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
19. Frost, D. M., Parsons, J. T. and Nanin, J. D. 2007. Stigma, concealment and symptoms of depression as explanations for sexually transmitted infections among gay men. Journal of Health Psychology, 12(4): 636-640.
20. Galarraga, O., Colchero, M. A., Wamai, R. G. and Bertozzi, S. M. 2009. HIV prevention cost-effectiveness: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 9(S1): S5
21. Garofalo, R., Herrick, A., Mustanski, B. S. and Donenberg, G. R. 2007. Tip of the iceberg: Young men who have sex with men, the Internet, and HIV risk. American Journal of Public Health, 97(6): 1113-1117.
22. Gold, R. S. and Karmiloff-Smith, A. 1992. Situational factors and thought processes associated with unprotected intercourse in young gay men. AIDS Care, 4(3): 305
23. Gold, R. S. and Skinner, M. J. 1993. Desire for unprotected intercourse preceding its occurrence: The case of young gay men with an anonymous partner. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 4(6): 326-329.
24. Guenther-Grey, C. A., Varnell, S., Weiser, J. I., Mathy, R. M., O'Donnell, L. and Stueve, A. 2005. Community Intervention Trial for Youth (CITY) Study Team, Trends in sexual risk-taking among urban young men who have sex with men, 1999-2002. Journal of the National Medical Association, 97(7 SUPPL.): 38S-43S.
25. Gullette, D. L. and Lyons, M. A. 2005. Sexual sensation seeking, compulsivity, and HIV risk behaviors in college students. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 22(1): 47-60.
26. Halkitis, P. N. 2008. Facilitators of barebacking among emergent adult gay and bisexual men: Implications for HIV prevention. Journal of LGBT Research, 4(1): 11-26.
27. Halkitis, P. N. and Parsons, J. T. 2000. Oral sex and HIV risk reduction: Perceived risk, behaviors, and strategies among young HIV negative gay men. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 11(4): 1-24.
28. Halkitis, P. N., Pollock, J. A., Pappas, M. K., Dayton, A., Moeller, R. W., Siconolfi, D. and Solomon, T. 2011. Substance use in the MSM population of New York City during the era of HIV/AIDS. Substance Use & Misuse, 46(2-3): 264-273.
29. Hart, T. and Heimberg, R. 2005. Social anxiety as a risk factor for unprotected intercourse among gay and bisexual male youth. AIDS and Behavior, 9(4): 505-512.
30. Hatzenbuehler, M. L., O' Cleirigh, C., Mayer, K. H., Mimiaga, M. J. and Safren, S. A. 2011. Prospective associations between HIV-related stigma, transmission risk behaviors, and adverse mental health outcomes in men who have sex with men. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 42(2): 227-234.
31. Hays, R. B., Kegeles, S. M. and Coates, T. J. 1990. High HIV risk-taking among young gay men. AIDS, 4(9): 901-907.
32. Kegeles, S. M., Hays, R. B. and Coates, T. J. 1996. The Mpowerment Project: A community-level HIV prevention intervention for young gay men. American Journal of Public Health, 86(8): 1129-1136.
33. Kelly, J. A., Lawrence, J. S., Diaz, Y. E., Stevenson, L. Y., Hauth, A. C., Brasfield, T. L. and Andrew, M. E. 1991. HIV risk behavior reduction following interevention with key opinion leaders of population: An experimental analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 81(2): 168-171.
34. Knox, D., Vail-Smith, K. and Zusman, M. E. 2007. The lonely college male. International Journal of Men's Health, 6(3): 273-279.
35. Kubicek, K., Carpineto, J., McDavitt, B., Weiss, G., Iverson, E. F., Au, C. W. and Kipke, M.D. 2008. Integrating professional and folk models of HIV risk: YMSM's perceptions of high-risk sex. AIDS Education & Prevention, 20(3): 220-238.
36. Kubicek, K., Carpineto, J., McDavitt, B., Weiss, G. and Kipke, M. D. 2011. Use and perceptions of the Internet for sexual information and partners: A study of young men who have sex with men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(4): 803-816.
37. Kubicek, K., McDavitt, B., Carpineto, J., Weiss, G., Iverson, W. and Kipke, M. 2009. "God made me gay for a reason": Young men who have sex with men's resiliency in resolving internalized homophobia from religious sources. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(5): 601-633.
38. Kurtz, S. 2005. Post-circuit blues: Motivations and consequences of crystal meth use among gay men in Miami. AIDS and Behavior, 9(1): 63-72.
39. Lazarus, R. S. and Cohen, J. B. 1977. "Environmental stress". In Human behavior and environment, Edited by: Altman, I. and Wohwill, J. F. Vol. 2, 89-127. New York, NY: Plenum.
40. Leary, M. R. 1990. Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2): 221-229.
41. Lewis, J. E., Malow, R. M. and Ireland, S. J. 1997. HIV/AIDS risk in heterosexual college students: A review of a decade of literature Journal of American College Health, 45(4): 147-158.
42. MacKellar, D., Valleroy, L., Secura, G., Behel, S., Bingham, T., Celentano, D. and Torian, L. V. 2007. Perceptions of lifetime risk and actual risk for acquiring HIV among young men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 11(2): 263-270.
43. Martin, J. I. and D' Augelli, A. R. 2003. How lonely are gay and lesbian youth?. Psychological Reports, 93(2): 486
44. Martin, J. I. and Knox, J. 1997a. Loneliness and sexual risk behavior in gay men. Psychological Reports, 81(3): 815-825.
45. Martin, J. I. and Knox, J. 1997b. Self-esteem instability and its implications for HIV prevention among gay men. Health & Social Work, 22(4): 264-273.
46. McAuliffe, T., Kelly, J. A., Sikkema, K., Murphy, D. A., Winett, R. A., Solomon, L. J. and Roffman, R. A. 1999. Sexual HIV risk behavior levels among young and older gay men outside of AIDS epicenters: Findings of a 16-city sample. AIDS and Behavior, 3(2): 111-119.
47. Meyer, I. H. 2003. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5): 674-697.
48. Meyer, I. H. 2007. "Prejudice and discrimination as social stressors". In The health of sexual minorities: Public health perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations, Edited by: Meyer, I. H. and Northridge, M. E. 242-267. New York, NY: Springer.
49. Morin, S. F., Vernon, K., Harcourt, J., Steward, W. T., Volk, J., Riess, T. H. and Coates, T. J. 2003. Why HIV infections have increased among men who have sex with men and what to do about it: Findings from California focus groups. AIDS and Behavior, 7(4): 353-362.
50. Mustanski, B., Garofalo, R., Herrick, A. and Donenberg, G. 2007. Psychosocial health problems increase risk for HIV among urban young men who have sex with men: Preliminary evidence of a syndemic in need of attention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 34(1): 37-45.
51. Mustanski, B., Newcomb, M., Bois, S. D., Garcia, S. and Grov, C. 2011. HIV in young men who have sex with men: A review of epidemiology, risk and protective factors, and interventions. Journal of Sex Research, 48: 2-3. 218-253.
52. Natale, A. P. 2009. Denver MSM sociostructural factors: Preliminary findings of perceived HIV risk. Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services, 8(1): 35-56.
53. Perdue, T., Hagan, H. and Thiede, H. 2003. Depression and HIV risk behavior among Seattle-area injection drug users and young men who have sex with men. AIDS Education & Prevention, 15(1): 81
54. Quadland, M. C. and Shattls, W. D. 1987. AIDS, sexuality, and sexual control. Journal of Homosexuality, 14(3/4): 277-298.
55. Quinn, D. M. and Earnshaw, V. A. 2011. Understanding concealable stigmatized identities: The role of identity in pscyhological, physical, and behavioral outcomes. Social Issues & Policy Review, 5(1): 160
56. Remafedi, G. 1994a. Cognitive and behavioral adaptations to HIV/AIDS among gay and bisexual adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 15(2): 142-148.
57. Remafedi, G. 1994b. Predictors of unprotected intercourse among gay and bisexual youth: Knowledge, beliefs, and behavior. Pediatrics, 94(2): 163-168.
58. Remafedi, G. 2008. "Health disparities for homosexual youth: The children left behind". In Unequal opportunity: Health disparities affecting gay and bisexual men in the United States, Edited by: Wolitski, R. J., Stall, R. and Valdiserri, R. O. 275-302. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
59. Rhodes, S. D. 2004. Hookups or health promotion? An exploratory study of a chat room-based HIV prevention intervention for men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 16(4): 315-327.
60. Ridge, D. T. 2004. "It was an incredible thrill": The social meanings and dynamics of younger gay men's experiences of barebacking in Melbourne. Sexualities, 7(3): 259-279.
61. Rose, I. D. and Friedman, D. B. 2012. We need health information too: A systematic review of studies examining health information seeking and communication practices of sexual minority youth. Health Education Journal, epub ahead of print, Retrieved August 11, 2012. doi: 10.1177/0017896912446739
62. Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Rosario, M., Reid, H. and Koopman, C. 1995. Predicting patterns of sexual acts among homosexual and bisexual youths. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(4): 588-595.
63. Safren, S. A. and Heimberg, R. G. 1999. Depression, hopelessness, suicidality, and related factors in sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 67(6): 859-866.
64. Salomon, E., Mimiaga, M., Husnik, M., Welles, S., Manseau, M., Montenegro, A. and Mayer, K. H. 2009. Depressive symptoms, utilization of mental health care, substance use and sexual risk among young men who have sex with men in EXPLORE: Implications for age-specific interventions. AIDS and Behavior, 13(4): 811-821.
65. Seage, G. R., Mayer, K. H., Lenderking, W. R., Wold, C., Gross, M., Goldstein, R. and Holmberg, S. 1997. HIV and hepatitis B infection and risk behavior in young gay and bisexual men. Public Health Reports, 112(2): 158-167.
66. Seal, D. W., Kelly, J. A., Bloom, F. R., Stevenson, L. Y., Coley, B. I. and Broyles, L. A. 2000. HIV prevention with young men who have sex with men: What young men themselves say is needed. AIDS Care, 12(1): 5-26.
67. Shernoff, M. 2005. Condomless sex: Considerations for psychotherapy with individual gay men and male couples having unsafe sex. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 9(3/4): 149-169.
68. Simmons, R. G. and Rosenberg, F. 1975. Sex, sex roles, and self-image. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 4(3): 229-258.
69. Sumartojo, E., Lyles, C., Choi, K., Clark, L., Collins, C., Grey, C. G. and Remafedi, G. 2008. Prevalence and correlates of HIV testing in a multi-site sample of young men who have sex with men. AIDS Care, 20(1): 1-14.
70. Torres, H. L. and Gore-Felton, C. 2007. Compulsivity, substance use, and loneliness: The loneliness and sexual risk model (LSRM). Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 14(1): 63-75.
71. Valleroy, L. A., MacKellar, D. A., Karon, J. M., Rosen, D. H., McFarland, W., Shehan, D. A. and Janssen, R.S. 2000. HIV prevalence and asociated risks in young men who have sex with men. JAMA, 284(2): 198-204.
72. Wilson, C. M., Wright, P. F., Safrit, J. T. and Rudy, B. 2010. Epidemiology of HIV infection and risk in adolescents and youth. AIDS, 54(S1): S5-S6.
73. Wilton, L., Herbst, J. H., Coury-Doniger, P., Painter, T. M., English, G., Alvarez, M. E. and Carey, J. W. 2009. Efficacy of an HIV/STI prevention intervention for black men who have sex with men: Findings from Many Men, Many Voices (3MV) Project. AIDS and Behavior, 13(3): 532-544.
74. Wong, C. F., Kipke, M. D., Weiss, G. and McDavitt, B. 2010. The impact of recent stressful experiences on HIV-risk related behaviors. Journal of Adolecence, 33(3): 463-475.
75. Xia, Q., Nonoyama, A., Molitor, F., Webb, D. and Osmond, D. 2011. Recent decline in the incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection among California men who have sex with men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174(2): 203-210.