Endocarditis and myocarditis: A brief review

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy

Volumn 10, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 1153-1164

  Yusuf, Syed Wamique ^a   Sharma, Jyoti ^a   Durand, Jean Bernard ^a   Banchs, Jose ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

endocarditis; imaging; myocarditis; treatment

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; AMPICILLIN; AZATHIOPRINE; AZITHROMYCIN; BETA INTERFERON; CYCLOSPORIN; FUROSEMIDE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; METHYLDOPA; OKT 3; PREDNISONE; RIBAVIRIN; TROPONIN I; TROPONIN T;

ADENOVIRUS; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ANTIBODY TITER; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CELIAC DISEASE; CELL DAMAGE; CHAGAS DISEASE; COXSACKIE VIRUS B; CROHN DISEASE; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; ENTEROCOCCUS; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; FOLLOW UP; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE BIOPSY; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; HEMODIALYSIS; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN PARVOVIRUS B19; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LUNG EDEMA; M MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; MORBIDITY; NONHUMAN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RHEUMATIC FEVER; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEPTIC SHOCK; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; STREPTOCOCCUS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; THREE DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TREATMENT DURATION; TWO DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE; VIRUS MYOCARDITIS; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; DECISION TREES; ENDOCARDITIS; HUMANS; MYOCARDITIS;

EID: 84867924665     PISSN: 14779072     EISSN: 17448344     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/erc.12.107     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Fedeli U, Schievano E, Buonfrate D, Pellizzer G, Spolaore P. Increasing incidence and mortality of infective endocarditis: a population-based study through a record-linkage system. BMC Infect. Dis. 11, 48 (2011)
2. Hasbun R, Vikram HR, Barakat LA, Buenconsejo J, Quagliarello VJ. Complicated left-sided native-valve endocarditis in adults: risk classification for mortality. JAMA 289(15), 1933-1940 (2003) (Pubitemid 37430224)
3. Vanassche T, Peetermans WE, Herregods MC, Herijgers P, Verhamme P. Antithrombotic therapy in infective endocarditis. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 9(9), 1203-1219 (2011)
4. Rodbard S. Blood velocity and endocarditis. Circulation 27, 18-28 (1963)
5. Contrepois A. Towards a history of infective endocarditis. Med. Hist. 40(1), 25-54 (1996) (Pubitemid 126678445)
6. Osler W. The Gulstonian lectures, on malignant endocarditis. Br. Med. J. 1(1264), 577-579 (1885)
7. Dillon JC, Feigenbaum H, Konecke LL, Davis RH, Chang S. Echocardiographic manifestations of valvular vegetations. Am. Heart J. 86(5), 698-704 (1973)
8. Que YA, Moreillon P. Infective endocarditis. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 8(6), 322-336 (2011)
9. Mylonakis E, Calderwood SB. Infective endocarditis in adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 345(18), 1318-1330 (2001)
10. Prendergast BD. Diagnostic criteria and problems in infective endocarditis. Heart 90(6), 611-613 (2004) (Pubitemid 38668526)
11. Berbari EF, Cockerill FR 3rd, Steckelberg JM. Infective endocarditis due to unusual or fastidious micro-organisms. Mayo Clin. Proc. 72(6), 532-542 (1997) (Pubitemid 127774809)
12. Asopa S, Patel A, Khan OA, Sharma R, Ohri SK. Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 32(5), 696-701 (2007) (Pubitemid 47513500)
13. Lopez JA, Ross RS, Fishbein MC, Siegel RJ. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: a review. Am. Heart J. 113(3), 773-784 (1987) (Pubitemid 17036729)
14. Salem DN, O'Gara PT, Madias C, Pauker SG; American College of Chest Physicians. Valvular and structural heart disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition) Chest 133(Suppl. 6), 593S-629S (2008) (Pubitemid 351892973)
15. Tleyjeh IM, Steckelberg JM, Murad HS et al. Temporal trends in infective endocarditis: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. JAMA 293(24), 3022-3028 (2005) (Pubitemid 40965072)
16. Carapetis Jr. Rheumatic heart disease in developing countries. N. Engl. J. Med. 357(5), 439-441 (2007) (Pubitemid 47204872)
17. Hoen B, Alla F, Selton-Suty C et al.; Association pour l'Etude et la Prévention de l'Endocardite Infectieuse (AEPEI) Study Group. Changing profile of infective endocarditis: results of a 1-year survey in France. JAMA 288(1), 75-81 (2002) (Pubitemid 34705521)
18. Cabell CH, Abrutyn E, Fowler VG Jr et al.; International Collaboration on Endocarditis Merged Database (ICE-MD) Study Group Investigators. Use of surgery in patients with native-valve infective endocarditis: results from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Merged Database. Am. Heart J. 150(5), 1092-1098 (2005) (Pubitemid 41607804)
19. Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B et al.; International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS) Investigators. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 169(5), 463-473 (2009)
20. Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am. J. Med. 96(3), 200-209 (1994)
21. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS et al.; Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; American Heart Association; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation 111(23), e394-e434 (2005)
22. Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P et al.; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
23. Endorsed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and the International Society of Chemotherapy (ISC) for Infection and Cancer. Eur. Heart J. 30(19), 2369-2413 (2009)
24. Shively BK, Gurule FT, Roldan CA, Leggett JH, Schiller NB. Diagnostic value of transesophageal compared with transthoracic echocardiography in infective endocarditis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 18(2), 391-397 (1991)
25. Yusuf SW, Ali SS, Swafford J et al. Culturepositive and culture-negative endocarditis in patients with cancer: a retrospective observational study, 1994-2004. Medicine (Baltimore) (2), 86-94 (2006)
26. Banchs J, Yusuf SW. Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac infections. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 10(1), 1-4 (2012)
27. Naqvi TZ, Rafie R, Ghalichi M. Real-time 3D TEE for the diagnosis of right-sided endocarditis in patients with prosthetic devices. JACC. Cardiovasc. Imaging 3(3), 325-327 (2010)
28. Horstkotte D, Follath F, Gutschik E et al.; Task Force Members on Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); Document Reviewers. Guidelines on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis executive summary; the task force on infective endocarditis of the European society of cardiology. Eur. Heart J. 25(3), 267-276 (2004) (Pubitemid 38235165)
29. Hill EE, Herijgers P, Claus P, Vanderschueren S, Herregods MC, Peetermans WE. Infective endocarditis: changing epidemiology and predictors of 6-month mortality: a prospective cohort study. Eur. Heart J. 28(2), 196-203 (2007)
30. Delay D, Pellerin M, Carrier M et al. Immediate and long-term results of valve replacement for native and prosthetic-valve endocarditis. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 70(4), 1219-1223 (2000)
31. David TE, Gavra G, Feindel CM, Regesta T, Armstrong S, Maganti MD. Surgical treatment of active infective endocarditis: a continued challenge. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 133(1), 144-149 (2007) (Pubitemid 46014212)
32. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 116(15), 1736-1754 (2007)
33. Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD et al. Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 1(1), 3-14 (1987)
34. Maisch B, Portig I, Ristic A, Hufnagel G, Pankuweit S. Definition of inflammatory cardiomyopathy (myocarditis): on the way to consensus. A status report. Herz 25(3), 200-209 (2000) (Pubitemid 30422164)
35. Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M et al. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation 93(5), 841-842 (1996) (Pubitemid 26074816)
36. Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Deluigi CC et al. Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis. Circulation 114(15), 1581-1590 (2006) (Pubitemid 44547428)
37. Kindermann I, Barth C, Mahfoud F et al. Update on myocarditis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 59(9), 779-792 (2012)
38. Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL et al. Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 42(3), 466-472 (2003) (Pubitemid 36951713)
39. Frustaci A, Cuoco L, Chimenti C et al. Celiac disease associated with autoimmune myocarditis. Circulation 105(22), 2611-2618 (2002) (Pubitemid 34596037)
40. Burke AP, Saenger J, Mullick F, Virmani R. Hypersensitivity myocarditis. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 115(8), 764-769 (1991)
41. Maekawa Y, Ouzounian M, Opavsky MA, Liu PP. Connecting the missing link between dilated cardiomyopathy and viral myocarditis: virus, cytoskeleton, and innate immunity. Circulation 115(1), 5-8 (2007) (Pubitemid 46058605)
42. Sarda L, Colin P, Boccara F et al. Myocarditis in patients with clinical presentation of myocardial infarction and normal coronary angiograms. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37(3), 786-792 (2001) (Pubitemid 32202446)
43. Theleman KP, Kuiper JJ, Roberts WC. Acute myocarditis (predominately lymphocytic) causing sudden death without heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 88(9), 1078-1083 (2001) (Pubitemid 33042634)
44. Lieberman EB, Herskowitz A, Rose NR, Baughman KL. A clinicopathologic description of myocarditis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 68(2), 191-196 (1993) (Pubitemid 23278072)
45. Sagar S, Liu PP, Cooper LT Jr. Myocarditis. Lancet 379(9817), 738-747 (2012)
46. Nakashima H, Katayama T, Ishizaki M, Takeno M, Honda Y, Yano K. Q wave and non-Q wave myocarditis with special reference to clinical significance. Jpn. Heart J. 39(6), 763-774 (1998) (Pubitemid 29050529)
47. Ukena C, Mahfoud F, Kindermann I, Kandolf R, Kindermann M, Böhm M. Prognostic electrocardiographic parameters in patients with suspected myocarditis. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 13(4), 398-405 (2011)
48. Mendes LA, Picard MH, Dec GW, Hartz VL, Palacios IF, Davidoff R. Ventricular remodeling in active myocarditis. Myocarditis Treatment Trial. Am. Heart J. 138(2 Pt 1), 303-308 (1999) (Pubitemid 29379682)
49. Korff S, Katus HA, Giannitsis E. Differential diagnosis of elevated troponins. Heart 92(7), 987-993 (2006) (Pubitemid 43974074)
50. Smith SC, Ladenson JH, Mason JW, Jaffe AS. Elevations of cardiac troponin I associated with myocarditis. Experimental and clinical correlates. Circulation 95(1), 163-168 (1997)
51. Lauer B, Niederau C, Kühl U et al. Cardiac troponin T in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 30(5), 1354-1359 (1997) (Pubitemid 27501457)
52. Abdel-Aty H, Boyé P, Zagrosek A et al. Diagnostic performance of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with suspected acute myocarditis: comparison of different approaches. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(11), 1815-1822 (2005) (Pubitemid 40779862)
53. Gutberlet M, Spors B, Thoma T et al. Suspected chronic myocarditis at cardiac MR: diagnostic accuracy and association with immunohistologically detected inflammation and viral persistence. Radiology 246(2), 401-409 (2008)
54. Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM et al.; American Heart Association; American College of Cardiology; European Society of Cardiology. The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Circulation 116(19), 2216-2233 (2007)
55. Lindenfeld J, Albert NM, Boehmer JP et al.; Heart Failure Society of America. HFSA 2010 Comprehensive Heart Failure Practice Guideline. J. Card. Fail. 16(6), e1-e194 (2010)
56. Olsen EG. The value of endomyocardial biopsies in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur. Heart J. 12(Suppl. D), 10-12 (1991)
57. Hauck AJ, Kearney DL, Edwards WD. Evaluation of postmortem endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 38 patients with lymphocytic myocarditis: implications for role of sampling error. Mayo Clin. Proc. 64(10), 1235-1245 (1989) (Pubitemid 20005759)
58. Mason JW, O'Connell JB, Herskowitz A et al. A clinical trial of immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis. The Myocarditis Treatment Trial Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 333(5), 269-275 (1995)
59. Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R et al. Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis. Circulation 118(6), 639-648 (2008)
60. Baughman KL. Diagnosis of myocarditis: death of Dallas criteria. Circulation 113(4), 593-595 (2006)
61. Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J et al.; International Consensus Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Myocarditis. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC White Paper. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 53(17), 1475-1487 (2009)
62. Kishimoto C, Crumpacker CS, Abelmann WH. Ribavirin treatment of murine Coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis with analyses of lymphocyte subsets. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 12(5), 1334-1341 (1988)
63. Matsumori A, Tomioka N, Kawai C. Protective effect of recombinant α interferon on Coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis in mice. Am. Heart J. 115(6), 1229-1232 (1988)
64. Lenzo JC, Shellam GR, Lawson CM. Ganciclovir and cidofovir treatment of cytomegalovirus-induced myocarditis in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45(5), 1444-1449 (2001) (Pubitemid 32374115)
65. McNamara DM, Rosenblum WD, Janosko KM et al. Intravenous immune globulin in the therapy of myocarditis and acute cardiomyopathy. Circulation 95(11), 2476-2478 (1997) (Pubitemid 27233111)
66. Wojnicz R, Nowalany-Kozielska E, Wojciechowska C et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled study for immunosuppressive treatment of inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy: two-year follow-up results. Circulation 104(1), 39-45 (2001) (Pubitemid 32623287)
67. Frustaci A, Russo MA, Chimenti C. Randomized study on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy: the TIMIC study. Eur. Heart J. 30(16), 1995-2002 (2009)
68. Miric M, Vasiljevic J, Bojic M, Popovic Z, Keserovic N, Pesic M. Long-term follow-up of patients with dilated heart muscle disease treated with human leucocytic interferon α or thymic hormones initial results. Heart 75(6), 596-601 (1996) (Pubitemid 26225031)
69. Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Schwimmbeck PL et al. Interferon-β treatment eliminates cardiotropic viruses and improves left ventricular function in patients with myocardial persistence of viral genomes and left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 107(22), 2793-2798 (2003) (Pubitemid 36705988)
70. Cooper LT Jr, Berry GJ, Shabetai R. Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis-natural history and treatment. Multicenter Giant Cell Myocarditis Study Group Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 336(26), 1860-1866 (1997) (Pubitemid 27263973)
71. McNamara DM, Holubkov R, Starling RC et al. Controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin in recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 103(18), 2254-2259 (2001) (Pubitemid 32433714)
72. O'Connell JB, Mason JW. Diagnosing and treating active myocarditis. West. J. Med. 150(4), 431-435 (1989) (Pubitemid 19112243)