The constitutional conservatism of the warren court

California Law Review

Volumn 100, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 1101-1167

  Driver, Justin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

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EID: 84867873986     PISSN: 00081221     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (332)

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36. Arthur S. Miller & Ronald F. Howell, The Myth of Neutrality in Constitutional Adjudication, 27 U. On. L. REV. 661 (1960)
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53. Sanford Levinson & Jack M. Balkin, Morton Honvitz Wrestles with the Rule of Law, at 483, 489
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56. Mark V. Tushnet, Dia-Tribe, 78 MICH. L. REV. 694, 709 (1980)
57. Mark Tushnet, The Dilemmas of Liberal Constitutionalism, 42 OHIO ST. L.J. 411, 424 (1981)
58. Hoyt v. State, 119 So. 2d 691, 696 (Fla. 1959)
59. Brief of Appellant at 9, 21
60. Hoyt v. State, 119 So. 2d 691 (Fla. 1950) (No. 31)
61. Hoyt v. Florida, 368 U.S. 57,62 (1961).
62. Justin Driver, Recognizing Race, 112 COLUM. L. REV. 404 (2012)
63. Hoyt, 368 U.S. at 69
64. Morton J. Horwitz, The Warren Court: Rediscovering the Link Between Law and Culture, 55 U. CHI. L. REV. 450, 456 (1988)
65. Hoyt v.Florida, 368 U.S. 57 (1961).
66. Barry Friedman, The Will of the people: How public Opinion Has Influenced the Supreme Court and Shaped the Meaning of the Co NS Trruno N 286 (2009)
67. Hoyt, 368 U.S. at 62 n.6.
68. See 28 U.S.C.A. § 1861 (West 1957)
69. United States v. Wilson
70. Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. 162,178 (1875).
71. Hoyt, 368 U.S. at 60 n.2
72. Robert C. Post, The Supreme Court 2002 Term-Foreword: Fashioning the Legal Constitution: Culture, Courts, and Law, 117 HARV. L. Rev. 4,26-28(2003).
73. Exec. Order No. 10980,26 Fed. Reg. 12059 (Dec. 14,1961).
74. Hoyt v. State, 119 So. 2d 691, 700-01 (Fla. 1960)
75. 364 U.S. 51 (1960).
76. Anne M. Coughlin, Excusing Women, 82 CALIF. L. REV. 1, 28 n.139 (1994)
77. Shaun P. Martin, Intracorporate Conspiracies, 50 STAN. L. REV. 399, 449-50 (1998)
78. Dege, 364 U.S. at 51-52.
79. Reva B. Seigel, She the People: The Nineteenth Amendment, Sex Equality, Federalism, and the Family, 115 HARV. L. REV. 947 (2002)
80. Dege, 364 U.S. at 54
81. Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 433 (1765)
82. 411 U.S. 677, 684 (1973).
83. Dege, 364 U.S. at 55
84. Robert J. Bray, Jr., Criminal Law-Conspiracy-Husband and Wife Are Legally Capable of Conspiracy Against the United States, 6 Vox. L. Rev. 97, 99 (1960)
85. Joseph F. English, Married Women and Property Rights: A Comparative View, 10 CATH. U. L. REV. 75,83 n.66 (1961).
86. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, The Burger Court's Grapplings with Sex Discrimination, in THE BURGER COURT: THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION THAT Wasn't 132 (Vincent Blasi ed., 1983).
87. Brief for Appellant at 13
88. Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971) (No. 70-4)
89. United States v. Dege
90. United States v. Dege
91. Franklin, The Anti-Stereotyping Principle in Constitutional Sex Discrimination Law, 85 N.Y.U. L. REV. 83 (2010).
92. 329 U.S. 187(1946).
93. William J. Hickey, Federal Legislation: Improvement on the Jury in Federal Courts, GEO. L.J. 500, 511-12 (1947)
94. 332 U.S. 261,290 (1947).
95. People v. Cosad, 73 N.Y.S.2d 890, 940 (Seneca Cnty. Ct 1947).
96. VIRGINIA BERNHARD & ELIZABETH FOX-GENOVESE, THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN Feminism: The Seneca Falls Woman's Convention of 1848 (1995).
97. Cosad, 73 N.Y.S.2d at 939-40.
98. State v. Pelosi, 68 Ariz. 51,66 (1948).
99. Diane F. Yockey, Note, Courts-Women Jurors-Automatic Exemption, 36 TUL. L. REV. 858, 861 (1962).
100. Grace Elizabeth Woodall Taylor, Note, Jury Service for Women, 12 U. FLA. L. REV. 224 (1959).
101. Female of the Species, WASH. POST, Sept 4, 1961, at A18
102. Women on the Jury, WASH. POST, Nov. 26, 1961, at E4.
103. Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 (1975)
104. Plessy v. Ferguson.
105. MICHAEL J. KLARMAN, FROM JIM CROW TO CIVIL RIGHTS: THE SUPREME COURT AND THE Struggle for Racial Equality 23 (2004)
106. The Major Events of the Day, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 21,1961, at 41.
107. Hoyt v. Florida, 368 U.S. 57,62 (1961).
108. Quotation of the Day, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 21, 1961, at 41.
109. LINDA K. Kerber, No Constitutional Rights to be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship 183 (1998).
110. Louis Nizer, Verdict on Women as Jurors, N.Y. Times Mag., Mar. 11, 1962, § 6, at 11.
111. Lee Graham, Who's in Charge Here?-Not Women!, N.Y. TIMES MAG., Sept. 2, 1962, § 6, at 8
112. MARTHA MINOW, MAKING ALL the Difference: inclusion, Exclusion, and American Law (1990).
113. Theodore R. Mann & Marvin Garfinkel, The Sunday Closing Laws Decisions-A Critique, 37 NOTRE Dame L. REV. 323, 323 (1962).
114. Brief for Appellant at 1
115. Braunfeld v. Brown, 366 U.S. 599 (1961) (No. 67), 1960 WL 98689.
116. Mann & Garfinkel, 123, at 323.
117. 18 PA. STAT. ANN. §4699.10 (West 1960).
118. DAVID N. LABAND & DEBORAH HENDRY HEFNBUCH, BLUE Laws: The History, Economics, and Politics of Sunday-Closing Laws 8(1987).
119. See Braunfeld v. Brown, 366 U.S. 599,601 (1961).
120. Brief of Appellant 123, at 6.
121. Braunfeld v. Gibbons, 184 F. Supp. 352,352-53 (E.D. Pa. 1959).
122. Braunfeld, the other three Sunday Closing cases were: McGowan v. Maryland, 366 U.S. 420 (1961)
123. Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Markets, 366 U.S. 617 (1961)
124. Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley, 366 U.S. 582 (1961).
125. U.S. at 430.
126. Braunfeld v. Brown, 366 U.S. 599, 600 (1961).
127. Braunfeld, 366U.S.a.t607.
128. ROBERT F. DRINAN, RELIGION, THE Courts, and Public Policy 216(1963).
129. Braunfeld, 366 U.S. at 616
130. McGowan v. Maryland, 366 U.S. 420,576 (1961)
131. Sherbert v. Verner.
132. 374 U.S. 398 (1963).
133. Paul G. Kauper, The Warren Court: Religious Liberty and Church-State Relations, 67 MICH. L. REV. 269,275 (1968).
134. Karl Bade, Scylla, Charybdis, and Adam Smith: An Economic Analysis of the Religion Clauses, 39 DePaUL L. REV. 1235, 1249-50 (1990)
135. John E. Donaldson, Freedom of Religion and the Recent Sunday Closing Laws Cases, 3 WM. & MARY L. REV. 384, 386 (1962).
136. Ralph F. Bischoff, Constitutional Law and Civil Rights, 1961 ANN. SURV. Am. L. 55, 75
137. Edmond Cahn, The "Establishment of Religion" Puzzle, 36 N.Y.U. L. REV. 1274,1278 (1961)
138. J.W.F., Note, Constitutionality of Sunday Closing Laws Upheld by Supreme Court, 7 UTAH L. REV. 537, 542 (1962)
139. Kenneth H. Hopp, Sunday Laws-The McGowan Decision, 13 BAYLOR L. REV. 225, 242 (1961)
140. Henry M. Schmerer, Comment, Constitutional Law-Establishment of Religion-Sunday Closing Laws, 16 MIAMI L. REV. 337, 344 (1961)
141. Estil A. Vance, Jr., Constitutional Law-Police Power-Religion-Sunday Closing Laws Are a Reasonable Exercise of Police Power to Promote a Day of Rest, 40 Tex. L. REV. 702, 707 (1962)
142. Peter J. Donnici, Government Encouragement of Religious Ideology: A Study of the Current Conscientious Objector Exemption from Military Service, 13 J. PUB. L. 16, 19 (1964).
143. David W. Louisell, The Man and the Mountain: Douglas on Religious Freedom, 73 YALE L.J. 975, 986 (1964)
144. Philip B. Kurland, Of Church and State and the Supreme Court, 29 U. CHI. L. REV. 1, 83-94 (1961).
145. State Sunday Laws and the Religious Guarantees of the Federal Constitution, 73 HARV. L. REV. 729, 743 (1960)
146. Burton A. Greenspan, Sunday Closing Laws: Free Exercise of Religion and a Uniform Day of Rest-A Dissent, 35 CONN. B.J. 523,528 (1961).
147. Ronald J. Coffey, Interpretation of Exemptions Under the New Ohio Sales Tax, 30 U. ClN. L. REV. 457,470 (1961).
148. Elizabeth Heazlett, Comment, 23 U. PITT. L. REV. 216, 227 (1961)
149. Jerome A. Barron, Sunday in North America, 79 HARV. L. REV. 42, 53 (1965).
150. Eugene P. Chell, Editorial Note, Sunday Blue Laws: An Analysis of Their Position in Our Society, 12 RUTGERS L. REV. 505,520 (1958).
151. Edgar F. Czarra, Jr., Sunday Statutes in a Modern Community, 61 YALE L.J. 427, 427, 433 (1952).
152. Alvin W. Johnson, Sunday Legislation, 23 KY. L.J. 131,166 (1934).
153. Editorial, The Lord's Day, Wash. POST, May 31,1961,atA14.
154. Editorial, We See It, DETROIT FREE PRESS, June 2,1961, at 12.
155. Editorial, The 'Moral' Issue of Sunday Selling, L.A. TIMES, Mar. 6, 1963, at A4.
156. George E. Sokolsy, Blue Laws, WASH. POST, July 12,1961,atA17.
157. Blue Sunday, TIME, Oct. 25,1963, at 56.
158. Ralph Nader, Blue-Law Blues, NATION, June 10,1961, at 499,500.
159. 9 Cal. 502, 505 (1858).
160. Ex parte Andrews, 18 Cal. 678 (1861).
161. Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202,231 (1965)
162. Brief for Petitioner at 3.
163. Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202 (1965)
164. Swain, 380 U.S. at 231
165. Swain v. State, 156 So. 2d 368, 375 (Ala. 1963)
166. 100 U.S. 303 (1879)
167. 347 U.S. 475, 482 (1954)
168. Norris v. Alabama, 294 U.S. 587 (1935)
169. Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932)
170. James Goodman, STORIES OF Scottsboro (1995)
171. Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202,212-13 (1965).
172. G. EDWARD WHITE, Earl WARREN: A PUBLIC LIFE (1987)
173. Jeffrey abramson, we, the jury: the jury system and the ideal of Democracy 134 (2000).
174. 79 HARV. L. Rev. 135, 137 (1965)
175. Gary L. Geeslin, Note, 39 MISS. L.J. 157,163 (1967)
176. Paul Snyder, Comment, 38 U. COLO. L. Rev. 279, 280-81 (1966)
177. Fair Jury Selection Procedures, 75 YALE L.J. 322, 326 (1965)
178. Comment, Swain v. Alabama.- A Constitutional Blueprint for the Perpetuation of the All-White Jury, 52 Va. L. Rev. 1157, 1160 (1966)
179. Swain, 380 U.S. at 223 (emphasis added).
180. Michael O. Finkelstein, The Application of Statistical Decision Theory to the Jury Discrimination Cases, 80 Harv. L. Rev. 338, 375-76 (1966)
181. Roger S. Kuhn, Jury Discrimination: The Next Phase, 41 S. CAL. L. REV. 235, 293 (1968)
182. John Andrew Martin, The Fifth Circuit and Jury Selection Case: The Negro Defendant and His Peerless Jury, 4 HOUS. L. REV. 448,451-52 (1966
183. Swain v. Alabama.
184. Jennie Rhine, Note, The Jury: A Reflection of the Prejudices of the Community, 20 HASTINGS L.J. 1417,1431 (1968)
185. Constitutional Blueprint, 186, at 1159.
186. Peremptory Strikes, 186, at 137.
187. Stilson v. United States, 250 U.S. 583, 586 (1919)
188. M. Laughlin McDonald, In Pursuit of the "Least Racist" Juror, 23 STAN. L. REV. 367, 372 (1971)
189. Norman Vieira, Racial Imbalance, Black Separatism, and Permissible Classification by Race, 67 MICH. L. REV. 1553, 1590
190. Constitutional Blueprint, 186, at 1173.
191. Fair Jury Selection Procedures, 186, at 324.
192. Claude Sitton, When a Southern Negro Goes to Court, N.Y. TIMES MAG., Jan. 7, 1962
193. High Court Limits White-Jury Rule, N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 9,1965, at 22.
194. James B. O'Hara, Introduction, in THE WARREN COURT: A RETROSPECTIVE 4 (Bernard Schwartz ed., 1996)
195. RANDALL KENNEDY, RACE, CRIME, AND THE LAW 196 (1997).
196. Haywood Bums, Can a Black Man Get a Fair Trial in This Country?, N.Y. TIMES MAG., July 12, 1970, at 5 (criticizing Swain)
197. Lewis M. Steel, A Critic's View of the Warren Court-Nine Men in Black Who Think White, N.Y. TIMES MAG., Oct. 13, 1968, at 56 (same)
198. Bias in the Jury Box, Time, Apr. 6,1970, at 61 (same).
199. People v. Roxborough.
200. 12 N.W.2d 466,473 (Mich. 1943).
201. F.2d 71 (5th Cir. 1959).
202. Goldsby, 263 F.2d at 78-79.
203. The Case for Black Juries, 79 Yale LJ. 531, 538 (1970)
204. Roy Reed, Klansman Freed in Liuzzo Killing, N.Y. TIMES, Oct. 22, 1965, at 1
205. Jean M. White, U.S. May Intervene for Fairer Dixie Jury Choice, WASH. POST, Oct. 22, 1965, at A7.
206. U.S. Aids Negroes Fighting Jury Bar, N.Y. TIMES, Oct 25,1965, at 28.
207. Robert E. Baker, LBJ Seeks Law to End Sham Trials, WASH. POST, Nov. 17,1965, at Al.
208. Constitutional Blueprint, 186, at 1175.
209. 476 U.S. 79 (1986).
210. Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968) (No. 405), 1967 WL 113843.
211. Powell, 392 U.S. at 555 (Fortas, J., dissenting).
212. Brief of Appellant, 224, at 6.
213. Powell, 392 U.S. at 555
214. Carol S. Steiker & Jordan M. Steiker, Opening a Window or Building a Wall? The Effect of Eighth Amendment Death Penalty Law and Advocacy on Criminal Justice More Broadly, 11 U. PA. J. CONST. L. 155 (2008).
215. The Law: Public Drunkenness Is a Crime, TIME, June 28,1968, at 34.
216. Isidore Silver, The President's Crime Commission Revisited, 43 N.Y.U. L. REV. 916,958 n.170 (1968) (italics added).
217. George F. Bason, Jr., Chronic Alcoholism and Public Drunkenness-Quo Vadimus Post Powell, 19 Am. U. L. Rev. 48, 49 (1970)
218. J. Walter McKenna, Criminal Law and Procedure, 20 SYRACUSE L. REV. 219, 234 (1968)
219. Richard A. Merrill, Drunkenness and Reform of the Criminal Law, 54 Va. L. REV. 1135, 1135 (1968)
220. Lynd K. Mische, Recent Cases: Constitutional Law-Chronic Alcoholism as a Defense to a Charge of Public Intoxication, 34 Mo. L. REV. 597 (1969)
221. U.S. CONST, amend. VIII.
222. 370 U.S. 660 (1962).
223. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 11721 (1961).
224. Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660,666 (1962).
225. Dale W. Broader & Robert Wade Merson, Robinson v. California.- An Abbreviated Study, 3 AM. CRIM. L.Q. 203,205 (1965).
226. The Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause and the Substantive Criminal Law, 79 HARV. L. Rev. 635, 650-51 (1966)
227. Editorial, Prosecution of Alcoholics, WASH. POST, July 19,1964, at E6.
228. Driver v. Hinnant, 356 F.2d 761 (4th Cir. 1966).
229. 361 F.2d 50, 51 (D.C. Cir. 1966).
230. D.C. CODE § 24-501 (1961).
231. Easter, 361 F.2d at 52.
232. Warren E. Burger, What to Do About Crime in U.S.: A Federal Judge Speaks, U.S. NEWS & WORLD REP., Aug. 7, 1967, at 70
233. Easter, 361 F.2d at 61.
234. Sweeney v. United States, 353 F.2d 10 (7th Cir. 1965)
235. Dunlap v. City of Atlanta, No. B-29126
236. State v. Ricketts, No. 8787
237. Lee v. Hendricks, No. H.C-0075 (Pa. Ct. C.P. Philadephia Aug. 31,1967)
238. State v. Fearon, 166 N.W.2d 720, 724 (Minn. 1969).
239. State v. Oyler, 436 P.2d. 709 (Idaho 1968).
240. REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION ON CRIME IN THE District of Columbia 490-91 (1966).
241. President Forms Panel to Study Crime Problems, N.Y. TIMES, July 26, 1965, at 1
242. TASK FORCE REPORT: DRUNKENNESS: ANNOTATIONS, CONSULTANTS' PAPERS, AND RELATED MATERIALS 1 (1967).
243. Peter Barton Hutt, Perspectives on the Report of the President's Crime Commission-The Problem of Drunkenness, 43 NOTRE DAME Law. 857 (1968).
244. Richard Witkin, Kennedy Offers Anticrime Plan: Asks Community-Police Tie and Treatment of 'Sick', N.Y. TIMES, Jan. 19,1968, at 15.
245. Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514, 521-22 (1968).
246. Salzman v. United States, 405 F.2d 358,367 (D.C. Cir. 1968) (Wright, J., dissenting).
247. Powell 392 U.S. at 531.
248. Sandra Day O'Connor, Thurgood Marshall: The Influence of a Raconteur, 44 STAN. L. REV. 1217, 1218 (1992)
249. Powell, 392 U.S. at 532.
250. John A. Lowe, The Criminal Responsibility of Chronic Alcoholics, 52 CORNELL L.Q. 470 (1967)
251. Laurence J. Hoffman, Constitutional Law-Cruel and Unusual Punishment-Criminal Prosecution of Chronic Alcoholic for Pubic Intoxication Prohibited, 46 B.U. L. REV. 409 (1966)
252. Thomas Sidney Smith, Constitutional Law-Cruel and Unusual Punishment-Chronic Alcoholism, 44 N.C. L. REV. 818 (1966)
253. Constitutional Law: Criminal Punishment of Alcoholic for Public Drunkenness Held to Be Cruel and Unusual Punishment Under Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments, 1966 DUKE L.J. 545
254. Constitutional Law-Criminal Law-Chronic Alcoholism-Criminal Conviction for Compulsive Conduct Symptomatic of Chronic Alcoholism Is Cruel and Unusual Punishment, 54 GEO. L.J. 1422 (1966).
255. Powell, 392 U.S. at 567-68
256. DENNIS J. HUTCHINSON, THE MAN WHO ONCE WAS WHIZZER WHITE: A PORTRAIT OF JUSTICE BYRON R. WHITE 445 (1998)
257. Michael Katz & John D. Burchard, Psychology and the Legal Enterprise, 19 U. KAN. L. REV. 197,204(1971).
258. Gary V. Dubin, The Ballad of Leroy Powell, 16 UCLA L. Rev. 139, 154 (1968).
259. Joel S. Lee, American Law: The Case for Radical Reform, 16 N.Y.L.F. 978, 983 n.38 (1970)
260. Walter W. Steele, Jr., The Status of Status Crime, 52 JUDICATURE 18,19 (1968)
261. Supreme Court, 1967 Term, 82 HaRV. L. REV. 95,105-06 (1968)
262. Warren: Out of the Storm Center, Time, June 28,1968, at 34.
263. 304 U.S. 144,153 n.4 (1938).
264. John Hart Ely, Democracy and distrust: a Theory of judicial Review 73-75 (1980).
265. 369 U.S. 186 (1962).
266. 377 U.S. 533 (1964).
267. 383 U.S. 663 (1966).
268. 360 U.S. 45 (1959).
269. Henry Steele Commager, Why Almost Half of Us Don't Vote, N.Y. TIMES, Oct 28, 1956, at 14
270. Southern Negroes & the Vote: The Blot Is Shrinking, But It Is Still Ugly, TIME, July 29, 1957, at 12
271. 394 U.S. 802 (1969).
272. SAMUEL ISSACHAROFF ET AL., THE LAW OF DEMOCRACY: LEGAL STRUCTURE OF THE POLITICAL PROCESS (3d ed. 2007).
273. Brief of Petitioner at 4-5
274. McDonald v. Bd. of Election Comm 'rs, 394 U.S. 802 (1969) (No. 68)
275. McDonald, 394 U.S. at 803-05.
276. 46 ILL. REV. STAT. § 19-1 (1967).
277. McDonald, 394 U.S. at 804-05
278. 46 ILL. REV. STAT. § 19-1.
279. McDonald v. Bd. of Election Comm'rs, 394 U.S. 802, 810-11 (1969).
280. McDonald v. Bd. of Election Comm'rs, 277 F. Supp. 14, 16 (N.D. 111. 1967)
281. McDonald, 394 U.S. at 810.
282. McDonald v. Bd. of Election Comm'rs, 265 F. Supp. 816,817 (N.D. 111. 1967).
283. 46 ILL. REV. STAT. §§ 3-5 (1967).
284. McDonald, 265 F. Supp. at 818
285. Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533,568 (1964).
286. McDonald v. Bd. of Election Comm'rs, 277 F. Supp. 14 (N.D. 111. 1967).
287. U.S. 621 (1969).
288. Convicts Are Denied an Absentee Ballot, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 29, 1969, at 34
289. Glen Elsasser, Illinois Vote Law Is Upheld by High Court, CHI. TRIB., Apr. 29, 1969, at B6.
290. Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370 (1886)
291. Harper v. Va. Bd. of Elections, 383 U.S. 663, 670 (1966)
292. The Submerged Constitutional Right to an Absentee Ballot, 72 MICH. L. REV. 157, 167 (1973).
293. California's Debt Restriction: An Unconstitutional Super Majority Voting Requirement?, 43 S. CAL. L. REV. 455, 459 n.26 (1970)
294. Arnold I. Menchel, Election Laws: The Purge for Failure to Vote, 7 CONN. L. Rev. 372, 380 (1975)
295. Gregg Darrow Thomas, Equal Protection of the Laws: Sex Is Not a Suspect Classification, 27 U. FLA. L. REV. 288, 289 n.16 (1974)
296. Constitutional Limitations on the Conditions of Pretrial Detention, 79 YALE L.J. 941, 948 n.55 (1970)
297. Election Laws as Legal Roadblocks to Voting, 55 IOWA L. REV. 616, 650 (1970)
298. Harvey C. Jewett, The College Voter and Residency Requirements, 17 S.D. L. REV. 131, 138 (1972)
299. Gerald Gunther, The Supreme Court, 1971 Term-Foreword: In Search of Evolving Doctrine on a Changing Court: A Model for a Newer Equal Protection, 86 HARV. L. Rev. 1, 36 (1972)
300. Election Laws as Legal Roadblocks to Voting, 350, at 650.
301. The Supreme Court. 1968 Term, 83 Harv. L. REV. 60, 82-83 (1969).
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306. Justin Driver, The Significance of the Frontier in American Constitutional Law, 2011 SUP. Cr. REV. 345
307. Robert A. Dahl, Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy-Maker, 6 J. PUB. L. 279 (1957).
308. James T. Patterson, America's Struggle against Poverty in the Twentieth Century 122-37 (2000).
309. Paul J. Mishkin, The Supreme Court, 1964 Term-Foreword: The High Court, the Great Writ, and the Due Process of Time and Law, 79 HARV. L. REV. 56, 71 (1965)
310. Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514,535-36 (1968)
311. MICHELLE ALEXANDER, THE NEW JIM CROW: MASS INCARCERATION DM THE AGE OF COLORBLINDNESS 6 (2010).
312. James Forman, Jr., Racial Critiques of Mass Incarceration: Beyond the New Jim Crow, 87 N. Y.U. L. REV. 21 (2012).
313. Jack M. Balkin, Bush v. Gore and the Boundary Between Law and Politics, 110 YALE L.J. 1407, 1444-46 (2001)
314. Kenneth L. Karst & Harold W. Horowitz, Reitman v. Mulkey: A Telophase of Substantive Equal Protection, 1967 SUP. CT. REV. 39, 79.
315. Reitman v. Mulkey, 387 U.S. 369 (1967)
316. Margaret K. Rosenheim, Shapiro v. Thompson: "The Beggars Are Coming To Town," 1969 SUP. CT. REV. 303, 304.
317. Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533,558 (1964).
318. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986).
319. O'Brien v. Skinner, 414 U.S. 524 (1974)
320. Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972)
321. Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963)
322. Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971)
323. Anthony Lewis, Earl Warren, in 4 THE JUSTICES OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT 1789-1969: THEIR LIVES AND Major Opinions 2721,2721
324. Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950)
325. McLaurin v. Okla. State Regents for Higher Educ, 339 U.S. 637 (1950).
326. ALEXANDER M.BICKEL, THE MORALITY OF CONSENT 120-21 (1975)
327. Morton J. Horwitz, The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice, 50 WASH. & LEE L. REV. 5, 11 (1993)
328. G. Edward White, Earl Warren's Influence on the Warren Court, in THE Warren Court rN Historical and Political Perspective 37, 44
329. Earl Warren, The Law and the Future, FORTUNE, Nov. 1955, at 106,
330. Vince Blasi, A Requiem for the Warren Court, 48 TEX. L. REV. 608, 623
331. Owen Fiss, A Life Lived Twice, 100 YALE L.J. 1117, 1129 (1991)
332. Earl Warren Talks About the "Warren Court," U.S. NEWS & WORLD REP., July 15, 1968, at 62.