Educational and psychological interventions to improve outcomes for recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillators and their families: A scientific statement from the american heart association

Circulation

Volumn 126, Issue 17, 2012, Pages 2146-2172

  Dunbar, Sandra B ^a   Dougherty, Cynthia M ^a   Sears, Samuel F ^a   Carroll, Diane L ^a   Goldstein, Nathan E ^a   Mark, Daniel B ^a   McDaniel, George ^a   Pressler, Susan J ^a   Schron, Eleanor ^a   Wang, Paul ^a   Zeigler, Vicki L ^a  

^a AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION   (United States)

Author keywords

AHA Scientific Statements; anxiety; depression; implantable cardioverter defibrillator; patient education; patient outcomes assessment; psychological responses; quality of life

Indexed keywords

AGE; ANXIETY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEPRESSION; DEVICE RECALL; EXERCISE; FAMILY; FOLLOW UP; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART REHABILITATION; HUMAN; IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR; MEDICAL SOCIETY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT EDUCATION; PERSONALITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOEDUCATION; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SEX; SHOCK; SOCIAL STRESS; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SUPPORT GROUP; TERMINAL CARE;

AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION; DEFIBRILLATORS, IMPLANTABLE; FAMILY; HUMANS; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84867842366     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31825d59fd     Document Type: Review

References (229)

1. Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM 3rd, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices) [published correction appears in Circulation. 2009;120:e34-e35]. Circulation. 2008;117:e350-e408. (Pubitemid 351771339)
2. Mark DB, Anstrom KJ, Sun JL, Clapp-Channing NE, Tsiatis AA, Davidson-Ray L, Lee KL, Bardy GH; Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial Investigators. Quality of life with defibrillator therapy or amiodarone in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:999-1008.
3. Schron EB, Exner DV, Yao Q, Jenkins LS, Steinberg JS, Cook JR, Kutalek SP, Friedman PL, Bubien RS, Page RL, Powell J. Quality of life in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators trial: impact of therapy and influence of adverse symptoms and defibrillator shocks. Circulation. 2002;105:589-594. (Pubitemid 34123433)
4. Sears SF, Matchett M, Conti JB. Effective management of ICD patient psychoso cial issues and patient critical events. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20:1297-1304.
5. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, Bravata DM, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Makuc DM, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, Moy CS, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino ME, Nichol G, Paynter NP, Soliman EZ, Sorlie PD, Sotoodehnia N, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB; on behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statisticscent-2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125:e2-e220.
6. Moss A, Zareba W, Hall W, Klein H, Wilber D, Cannom D, Daupert J, Higgins S, Brown M, Andrews ML; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:877-883. (Pubitemid 34984635)
7. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M, Troutman C, Anderson J, Johnson G, McNulty SE, Clapp-Channing N, Davidson-Ray LD, Fraulo ES, Fishbein DP, Luceri RM, Ip JH; Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) Investigators. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2146]. N Engl J Med. 2005:225-237. (Pubitemid 40110811)
8. Kurtz SM, Ochoa JA, Lau E, Shkolnikov Y, Pavri BB, Frisch D, Greenspon AJ. Implantation trends and patient profiles for pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators in the United States: 1993-2006. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33:705-711.
9. Hammill SC, Kremers MS, Stevenson LW, Kadish AH, Heidenreich PA, Lindsay BD, Mirro MJ, Radford MJ, Wang Y, Curtis JP, Lang CM, Harder JC, Brindis RG. Review of the Registry's second year, data collected, and plans to add lead and pediatric ICD procedures. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5:1359-1363.
10. Hunt S, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). Circulation. 2005;112:e154-e235.
11. Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.
12. Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW. 2009 Focused update: ACCF/AHA guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2009;119:1977-2016.
13. Pedretti RFE, Curnis A, Massa R, Morandi F, Tritto M, Manca L, Occhetta E, Molon G, De Ferrari GM, Sarzi Braga S, Raciti G, Klersy C, Salerno-Uriarte JA; ALPHA Study Group Investigators. Proportion of patients needing an implantable cardioverter defibrillator on the basis of current guidelines: impact on healthcare resources in Italy and the USA: data from the ALPHA study registry. Europace. 2010;12:1105-1111.
14. Al-Khatib SM, Hellkamp A, Curtis J, Mark D, Peterson E, Sanders GD, Heidenreich PA, Hernandez AF, Curtis LH, Hammill S. Nonevidence-based ICD implantations in the United States. JAMA. 2011;305: 43-49.
15. LaPointe NMA, Al-Khatib SM, Piccini JP, Atwater BD, Honeycutt E, Thomas K, Shah BR, Zimmer LO, Sanders G, Peterson ED. Extent of and reasons for nonuse of implantable cardioverter defibrillator devices in clinical practice among eligible patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2011;4:146-151.
16. Santangeli P, Di Biase L, Dello Russo A, Casella M, Bartoletti S, Santarelli P, Pelargonio G, Natale A. Meta-analysis: age and effectiveness of prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators [published correction appears in Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:780]. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:592-599.
17. Santangeli P, Pelargonio G, Dello Russo A, Casella M, Bisceglia C, Bartoletti S, Santarelli P, Di Biase L, Natale A. Gender differences in clinical outcome and primary prevention defibrillator benefit in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:876-882.
18. Allen LA, Yager JE, Funk MJ, Levy WC, Tulsky JA, Bowers MT, Dodson GC, O'Connor CM, Felker GM. Discordance between patientpredicted and model-predicted life expectancy among ambulatory patients with heart failure. JAMA. 2008;299:2533-2542. (Pubitemid 351787209)
19. Stewart GC, Weintraub JR, Pratibhu PP, Semigran MJ, Camuso JM, Brooks K, Tsang SW, Anello MS, Nguyen VT, Lewis EF, Nohria A, Desai AS, Givertz MM, Stevenson LW. Patient expectations from implantable defibrillators to prevent death in heart failure. J Card Fail. 2010;16:106-113.
20. Sears SF Jr, Conti JB. Quality of life and psychological functioning of ICD patients. Heart. 2002;87:488-493. (Pubitemid 34454597)
21. Sears SF Jr, Conti JB, Curtis AB, Saia TL, Foote R, Wen F. Affective distress and implantable cardioverter defibrillators: cases for psychological and behavioral interventions. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1999;22:1831-1834. (Pubitemid 30027538)
22. Burke JL, Hallas CN, Clark-Carter D, White D, Connelly D. The psychosocial impact of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a meta-analytic review. Br J Health Psychol. 2003;8:165-178. (Pubitemid 36565916)
23. Redhead AP, Turkington D, Rao S, Tynan MM, Bourke JP. Psychopathology in postinfarction patients implanted with cardioverterdefibrillators for secondary prevention: a cross-sectional, casecontrolled study. J Psychosom Res. 2010;69:555-563.
24. Pedersen SS, Van den Broek KC, Theuns DAMJ, Erdman RAM, Alings M, Meijer A, Jordaens L, Denollet J. Risk of chronic anxiety in implantable defibrillator patients: a multi-center study. Int J Cardiol. 2011;147:420-423.
25. Bilge AK, Ozben B, Demirgan S, Cinar M, Yilmaz E, Adalet K. Depression and anxiety status of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator and precipitating factors. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29:619-626. (Pubitemid 43886614)
26. Sears SF Jr, Todaro JF, Lewis TS, Sotile W, Conti JB. Examining the psychosocial impact of implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a literature review. Clin Cardiol. 1999;22:481-489. (Pubitemid 29302759)
27. Kapa S, Rotondi-Trevisan D, Mariano Z, Aves T, Irvine J, Dorian P, Hayes DL. Psychopathology in patients with ICDs over time: results of a prospective study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33:198-208.
28. Pedersen SS, Hoogwegt MT, Jordaens L, Theuns DA. Relation of symptomatic heart failure and psychological status to persistent depression in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:69-74.
29. Magyar-Russell G, Thombs BD, Cai JX, Baveja T, Kuhl EA, Singh PP, Montenegro Braga Barroso M, Arthurs E, Roseman M, Amin N, Marine JE, Ziegelstein RC. The prevalence of anxiety and depression in adults with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2011;71:223-231.
30. Lichtman JH, Bigger JT, Blumenthal JA, Frasure-Smith N, Kaufman PG, Lesperance F, Mark DB, Sheps DS, Taylor CB, Froelicher ES. Depression and coronary heart disease: recommendations for screening, referral, and treatment: a science advisory from the American Heart Association Prevention Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Circulation. 2008;118:1768-1775
31. Hoogwegt MT, Kupper N, Theuns DA, Zijlstra WP, Jordaens L, Pedersen SS. Undertreatment of anxiety and depression in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: impact on health status [published online ahead of print April 30, 2012]. Health Psychol. doi: 10.1037/a0028018.
32. Berg SK, Higgins MK, Reilly CM, Langberg JJ, Dunbar SB. Sleep quality and sleepiness in persons with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: outcome from a clinical randomized longitudinal trial. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35:431-443.
33. Sears SF, Hauf JD, Kirian K, Hazelton G, Conti JB. Posttraumatic stress and the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patient: what the electrophysiologist needs to know. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2011;4:242-250.
34. Ladwig K-H, Baumert J, Marten-Mittag B, Kolb C, Zrenner B, Schmitt C. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and predicted mortality in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: results from the prospective living with an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:1324-1330.
35. Irvine J, Firestone J, Ong L, Cribbie R, Dorian P, Harris L, Ritvo P, Katz J, Newman D, Cameron D, Johnson S, Bilanovic A, Hill A, O'Donnell S, Sears S Jr. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy tailored to psychological adaptation to an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Psychosom Med. 2011;73:226-233.
36. Namerow P, Firth B, Heywood G, Windle J, Parides M. Quality-of-life six months after CABG surgery in patients randomized to ICD versus no ICD therapy: findings from the CABG Patch Trial. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1999;22:1305-1313. (Pubitemid 29485030)
37. Irvine J, Dorian P, Baker B, O'Brien BJ, Roberts R, Gent M, Newman D, Connolly SJ. Quality of life in the Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS). Am Heart J. 2002;144:282-289. (Pubitemid 34879652)
38. Sears SF, Lewis T, Kuhl E, Conti J. Predictors of quality of life in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Psychosomatics. 2005;46:451-457. (Pubitemid 46173204)
39. Pedersen SS, Sears SF, Burg MM, Van Den Broek KC. Does ICD indication affect quality of life and levels of distress? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32:153-156.
40. Sweeney MO, Wathen MS, Volosin K, Abdalla I, DeGroot PJ, Otterness MF, Stark AJ. Appropriate and inappropriate ventricular therapies, quality of life, and mortality among primary and secondary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients: results from the Pacing Fast VT REduces Shock ThErapies (PainFREE Rx II) trial. Circulation. 2005;111:2898-2905. (Pubitemid 40814182)
41. Pedersen SS, Van Den Broek KC, Van Den Berg M, Theuns DA. Shock as a determinant of poor patient-centered outcomes in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients: is there more to it than meets the eye? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33:1430-1436.
42. Sears SF, Kirian K. Shock and patient-centered outcomes research: is an ICD shock still a critical event? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33:1437-1441.
43. Carroll DL, Hamilton GA. Quality of life in implanted cardioverter defibrillator recipients: the impact of a device shock. Heart Lung. 2005;34:169-178. (Pubitemid 40704565)
44. Van den Broek KC, Nyklicek I, Van der Voort PH, Alings M, Denollet J. Shocks, personality, and anxiety in patients with an implantable defibrillator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31:850-857.
45. Newall EG, Lever NA, Prasad S, Hornabrook C, Larsen PD. Psychological implications of ICD implantation in a New Zealand population. Europace. 2007;9:20-24. (Pubitemid 46157948)
46. Kamphuis HC, de Leeuw JR, Derksen R, Hauer RN, Winnubst JA. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients: quality of life in recipients with and without ICD shock delivery: a prospective study. Europace. 2003;5:381-389. (Pubitemid 37336967)
47. Passman R, Subacius H, Ruo B, Schaechter A, Howard A, Sears SF, Kadish A. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators and quality of life: results from the Defibrillators in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy Treatment Evaluation study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:2226-2232. (Pubitemid 350106743)
48. Piotrowicz K, Noyes K, Lyness J, McNitt S, Andrews M, Dick A, Hall W, Moss A, Zareba W. Physical functioning and mental well-being in association with health outcome in patients enrolled in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II. Eur Heart J. 2007;28: 601-607. (Pubitemid 47355502)
49. Versteeg H, Theuns DA, Erdman RAM, Jordaens L, Pedersen SS. Posttraumatic stress in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients: the role of pre-implantation distress and shocks. Int J Cardiol. 2011;146:438-439.
50. Lampert R, Joska T, Burg MM, Batsford WP, McPherson CA, Jain D. Emotional and physical precipitants of ventricular arrhythmia. Circulation. 2002;106:1800-1805.
51. Lampert R, Shusterman V, Burg MM, Lee FA, Earley C, Goldberg A, McPherson CA, Batsford WP, Soufer R. Effects of psychologic stress on repolarization and relationship to autonomic and hemodynamic factors. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:372-377.
52. Whang W, Albert CM, Sears SJ Jr, Lampert R, Conti JB, Wang P, Singh JP, Ruskin JN, Muller JE, Mittleman MA; TOVA Study Investigators. Depression as a predictor for appropriate shocks among patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: results from the Triggers of Ventricular Arrhythmias (TOVA) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1090-1095. (Pubitemid 40432444)
53. Dunbar SB, Kimble LP, Jenkins LS, Hawthorne M, Dudley W, Slemmons M, Langberg JJ. Association of mood disturbance and arrhythmia events in patients after cardioverter defibrillator implantation. Depress Anxiety. 1999;9:163-186.
54. Van den Broek KC, Nyklicek I, van der Voort PH, Alings M, Meijer A, Denollet J. Risk of ventricular arrhythmia after implantable defibrillator treatment in anxious type D patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:531-537.
55. Pedersen SS, van Domburg RT, Theuns DA, Jordaens L, Erdman RA. Type D personality is associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator and their partners. Psychosom Med. 2004;66:714-719. (Pubitemid 39332358)
56. Lampert R, Shusterman V, Burg M, McPherson C, Batsford W, Goldberg A, Soufer R. Anger-induced T-wave alternans predicts future ventricular arrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverterdefibrillators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:774-778.
57. Abisse SS, Lampert R, Burg M, Soufer R, Shusterman V. Cardiac repolarization instability during psychological stress in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. J Electrocardiol. 2011;44:678-683.
58. Francis JL, Weinstein AA, Krantz DS, Haigney MC, Stein PK, Stone PH, Gottdiener JS, Kop WJ. Association between symptoms of depression and anxiety with heart rate variability in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Psychosom Med. 2009;71:821-827.
59. Lache B, Meyer T, Herrmann-Lingen C. Social support predicts hemodynamic recovery from mental stress in patients with implanted defibrillators. J Psychosom Res. 2007;63:515-523. (Pubitemid 350017758)
60. Jacob S, Panaich SS, Zalawadiya SK, McKelvey G, Abraham G, Aravindhakshan R, Sears SF, Conti JB, Marsh HM. Phantom shocks unmasked: clinical data and proposed mechanism of memory reactivation of past traumatic shocks in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. December 21, 2011. doi: 10.1007/s10840-011-9640-7. http://www.springerlink.com/ content/33712705n17m45j1/?MUD-MP. Accessed December 30, 2011.
61. Johansen JB, Pedersen SS, Spindler H, Andersen K, Nielsen JC, Mortensen PT. Symptomatic heart failure is the most important clinical correlate of impaired quality of life, anxiety, and depression in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients: a single-centre, crosssectional study in 610 patients. Europace. 2008;10:545-551. (Pubitemid 351775296)
62. Dunbar SB. Psychosocial issues of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Am J Crit Care. 2005;14:294-303. (Pubitemid 41032331)
63. Hamilton GA, Carroll DL. The effects of age on quality of life in implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients. J Clin Nurs. 2004;13: 194-200. (Pubitemid 38184150)
64. Vazquez LD, Kuhl EA, Shea JB, Kirkness A, Lemon J, Whalley D, Conti JB, Sears SF. Age-specific differences in women with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: an international multi center study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31:1528-1534.
65. Luyster FS, Hughes JW, Waechter D, Josephson R. Resource loss predicts depression and anxiety among patients treated with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Psychosom Med. 2006;68:794-800. (Pubitemid 44454650)
66. Sowell LV, Sears SF Jr, Walker RL, Kuhl EA, Conti JB. Anxiety and marital adjustment in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator and their spouses. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2007;27:46-49. (Pubitemid 46673081)
67. Spindler H, Johansen JB, Andersen K, Mortensen P, Pedersen SS. Gender differences in anxiety and concerns about the cardioverter defibrillator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32:614-621.
68. Versteeg H, Baumert J, Kolb C, Pedersen SS, Denollet J, Ronel J, Ladwig K-H. Somatosensory amplification mediates sex differences in psychological distress among cardioverter-defibrillator patients. Health Psychol. 2010;29:477-483.
69. Vazquez LD, Conti JB, Sears SF. Female-specific education, management, and lifestyle enhancement for implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients: the FEMALE-ICD study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33:1131-1140.
70. Dunbar SB, Jenkins LS, Hawthorne M, Kimble LP, Dudley WN, Slemmons M, Purcell JA. Factors associated with outcomes 3 months after implantable cardioverter defibrillator insertion. Heart Lung. 1999;28:303-315. (Pubitemid 29446903)
71. Myers GM, James GD. Social support, anxiety, and support group participation in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2008;23:160-167.
72. Suzuki T, Shiga T, Kuwahara K, Kobayashi S, Suzuki S, Nishimura K, Suzuki A, Ejima K, Manaka T, Shoda M, Ishigooka J, Kasanuki H, Hagiwara N. Prevalence and persistence of depression in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a 2-year longitudinal study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33:1455-1461.
73. Pedersen SS, van Domburg RT, Theuns DA, Jordaens L, Erdman RA. Concerns about the implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a determinant of anxiety and depressive symptoms independent of experienced shocks. Am Heart J. 2005;149:664-669.
74. Crössmann A, Schulz SM, Kühlkamp V, Ritter O, Neuser H, Schumacher B, Bauer W, Pauli P. A randomized controlled trial of secondary prevention of anxiety and distress in a German sample of patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Psychosom Med. 2010;72:434-441.
75. Cuculi F, Herzig W, Kobza R, Erne P. Psychological distress in patients with ICD recall. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29:1261-1265. (Pubitemid 44707110)
76. Van den Broek KC, Denollet J, Nyklicek I, van der Voort PH. Psychological reaction to potential malfunctioning of implantable defibrillators. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29:953-956. (Pubitemid 44392882)
77. Gibson D, Kuntz K, Levenson J, Ellenbogen K. Decision-making, emotional distress, and quality of life in patients affected by the recall of their implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Europace. 2008;10: 540-544. (Pubitemid 351775302)
78. Undavia M, Goldstein NE, Cohen P, Sinthawanarong K, Singson M, Bhutani D, Munson T, Gomes JA, Fischer A, Mehta D. Impact of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator recalls on patients' anxiety, depression, and quality of life. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31: 1411-1418.
79. Keren A, Sears SF, Nery P, Shaw J, Green MS, Lemery R, Gollob MH, Amyotte B, Birnie DH. Psychological adjustment in ICD patients living with advisory Fidelis leads. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2011;22:57-63.
80. Pedersen SS, Theuns DA, Erdman RA, Jordaens L. Clustering of devicerelated concerns and type D personality predicts increased distress in ICD patients independent of shocks. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31: 20-27.
81. Vitale MB, Funk M. Quality of life in younger persons with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 1995;14: 100-111.
82. Friedmann E, Thomas SA, Inguito P, Kao CW, Metcalf M, Kelley FJ, Gottlieb SS. Quality of life and psychological status of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2006;17:65-72. (Pubitemid 46295285)
83. Jacq F, Foulldrin G, Savoure A, Anselme F, Baguelin-Pinaud A, Cribier A, Thibaut F. A comparison of anxiety, depression and quality of life between device shock and nonshock groups in implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31:266-273.
84. McLean CP, Anderson ER. Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29: 496-505.
85. Smith G, Dunbar SB, Valderrama AL, Viswanathan B. Gender differences in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients at the time of insertion. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2006;21:76-82.
86. Brouwers C, van den Broek KC, Denollet J, Pedersen SS. Gender disparities in psychological distress and quality of life among patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34: 798-803.
87. Habibović M, van den Broek KC, Theuns DA, Jordaens L, Alings M, van der Voort PH, Pedersen SS. Gender disparities in anxiety and quality of life in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Europace. 2011;13:1723-1730.
88. Wittenberg SM, Cook JR, Hall WJ, McNitt S, Zareba W, Moss AJ; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial. Comparison of efficacy of implanted cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with versus without diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:417-419. (Pubitemid 41058873)
89. Razak E, Kamireddy S, Saba S. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators confer survival benefit in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33:1125-1130.
90. Hallas CN, Burke JL, White DG, Connelly DT. Pre-ICD illness beliefs affect postimplant perceptions of control and patient quality of life. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33:256-265.
91. Dickerson SS, Kennedy M, Wu YW, Underhill M, Othman A. Factors related to quality-of-life pattern changes in recipients of implantable defibrillators. Heart Lung. 2010;39:466-476.
92. Pedersen SS, Theuns DA, Muskens-Heemskerk A, Erdman RA, Jordaens L. Type-D personality but not implantable cardioverterdefibrillator indication is associated with impaired health-related quality of life 3 months post-implantation. Europace. 2007;9:675-680. (Pubitemid 47263803)
93. Pedersen SS, Denollet J. Type D personality, cardiac events, and impaired quality of life: a review. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2003;10:241-248. (Pubitemid 37433488)
94. Sears SF, Serber ER, Lewis TS, Walker RL, Conners N, Lee JT, Curtis AB, Conti JB. Do positive health expectations and optimism relate to quality-of-life outcomes for the patient with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator? J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2004;24:324-331. (Pubitemid 39331050)
95. Kuhl EA, Sears SF, Vazquez LD, Conti JB. Patient-assisted computerized education for recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a randomized controlled trial of the PACER program. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009;24:225-231.
96. Pedersen SS, Spek V, Theuns DA, Alings M, van der Voort P, Jordaens L, Cuijpers P, Denollet J, van den Broek KC. Rationale and design of WEBCARE: a randomized, controlled, web-based behavioral intervention trial in cardioverter-defibrillator patients to reduce anxiety and device concerns and enhance quality of life. Trials. 2009;10:120.
97. Donahue RG, Lampert R, Dornelas E, Clemow L, Burg MM. Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial comparing stress reduction treatment to usual cardiac care: the Reducing Vulnerability to Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Shock-Treated Ventricular Arrhythmias (RISTA) Trial. Psychosomatic Med. 2010;72:172-177.
98. Kuiper R, Nyamathi AM. Stressors and coping strategies of patients with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 1991;5:65-76.
99. Dougherty CM. Longitudinal recovery following sudden cardiac arrest and internal cardioverter defibrillator implantation: survivors and their families. Am J Crit Care. 1994;3:145-154.
100. Craney JM, Mandle CL, Munro BH, Rankin S. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators: physical and psychosocial outcomes. Am J Crit Care. 1997;6:445-451. (Pubitemid 127460647)
101. Stutts LA, Conti JB, Aranda JM Jr, Miles WM, Burkart TA, Sears SF. Patient evaluation of ICD recall communication strategies: a vignette study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30:1105-1111. (Pubitemid 47300650)
102. Brecht ML, Dracup K, Moser DK, Riegel B. The relationship of marital quality and psychosocial adjustment to heart disease. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 1994;9:74-85.
103. Jenkins LS, Powell JL, Schron EB, McBurnie MA, Bosworth-Farrell S, Moore R, Exner DV; AVID Investigators. Partner quality of life in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators trial. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2007;22:472-479.
104. Sneed NV, Finch N. Experiences of patients and significant others with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators after discharge from the hospital. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 1992;7:20-24.
105. Pycha C, Calabrese JR, Gulledge AD, Maloney JD. Patient and spouse acceptance and adaptation to implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Cleve Clin J Med. 1990;57:441-
106. Doolittle ND, Sauvé MJ. Impact of aborted sudden cardiac death on survivors and their spouses: the phenomenon of different reference points. Am J Crit Care. 1995;4:389-396.
107. Dunbar SB, Warner C, Purcell JA. Internal cardioverter defibrillator device discharge: experiences of patients and family members. Heart Lung. 1993;22:494-501. (Pubitemid 23350919)
108. Van Den Broek KC, Habibović M, Pedersen SS. Emotional distress in partners of patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a systematic review and recommendations for future research. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33:1442-1450.
109. Dickerson SS, Posluszny M, Kennedy MC. Help seeking in a support group for recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillators and their support persons. Heart Lung. 2000;29:87-96. (Pubitemid 30185363)
110. Dougherty CM. Psychological reactions and family adjustment in shock versus no shock groups after implantation of internal cardioverter defibrillator. Heart Lung. 1995;24:281-291.
111. Ocampo CM. Living with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: impact on the patient, family, and society. Nurs Clin North Am. 2000; 35:1019-1030.
112. Morris P, Badger J, Chmielewski C, Berger E, Goldberg RJ. Psychiatric morbidity following implantation of the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Psychosomatics. 1991;32:58-64.
113. Vlay SC, Olson L, Fricchione GL, Friedman R. Anxiety and anger in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias: responses after automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator implantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1989;12:366-373. (Pubitemid 19145891)
114. Marx A, Bollman A, Dunbar SB, Jenkins LS, Hawthorne M. Psychological reactions among family members of patients with implantable defibrillators. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2001;31:375-387. (Pubitemid 34263881)
115. Steinke EE. Sexual concerns of patients and partners after an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2003;22:89-96.
116. van den Broek KC, Versteeg H, Erdman RAM, Pedersen SS. The distressed (Type D) personality in both patients and partners enhances the risk of emotional distress in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. J Affect Disord. 2011;130:447-
117. Epstein AE, Dimarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA 3rd, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices) [published correction appears in Circulation. 2009;120:e33]. Circulation. 2008;117:2820-2840. (Pubitemid 351770463)
118. Berul CI. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator criteria for primary and secondary prevention of pediatric sudden cardiac death. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(suppl 2):S67-S70.
119. Walsh EP. Practical aspects of implantable defibrillator therapy in patients with congenital heart disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008; 31(suppl 1):S38-S40. (Pubitemid 351143775)
120. Chatrath R, Porter CB, Ackerman MJ. Role of transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in preventing sudden cardiac death in children, adolescents, and young adults. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77:226-231. (Pubitemid 34177597)
121. Pass R, Liberman L, Spotnitz H, Lamberti JJ, Hordof AJ. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators in children and adolescents: a reassessment of indications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(suppl A):482A. Abstract.
122. Almquist AK, Montgomery JV, Haas TS, Maron BJ. Cardioverterdefibrillator implantation in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2:814-819. (Pubitemid 41038399)
123. Roquin A, Bomma CS, Nasir K, Tandri H, Tichnell C, James C, Rutberg J, Crosson J, Spevak PJ, Berger RD, Halperin HR, Calkins H. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1843-1852. (Pubitemid 38622525)
124. Schwartz P, Spazzolini C, Priori S, Crotti L, Vicentini A, Landolina M, Gasparini M, Wilde AA, Knops RE, Denjoy I, Toivonen L, Mönnig G, Al-Fayyadh M, Jordaens L, Borggrefe M, Holmgren C, Brugada P, De Roy L, Hohnloser SH, Brink PA. Who are the long-QT syndrome patients who receive an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and what happens to them? Data from the European Long-QT Syndrome Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (LQTS ICD) Registry. Circulation. 2010;122:1272-1282.
125. Costa R, Silva KR, Mendonça RC, Nishioka SA, Siqueira SdF, Tamaki WT, Crevelari ES, Moreira LFP, Filho MM. Incidence of shock and quality of life in young patients with implantable cardioverterdefibrillator. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88:258-264.
126. Burns KM, Evans F, Kaltman JR. Pediatric ICD utilization in the United States from 1997 to 2006. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8:23-28.
127. Korte T, Kö ditz H, Niehaus M, Paul T, Tebbenjohanns J. High incidence of appropriate and inappropriate ICD therapies in children and adolescents with implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27:924-932. (Pubitemid 38970207)
128. Heersche JHM, Blom NA, van de Heuvel F, Blank C, Reimer AG, Clur S-A, Witsenburg M, ten Harkel ADJ. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy for prevention of sudden cardiac death in children in the Netherlands. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33:179-185.
129. Celiker A, Olgun H, Karagoz T,Ö zer S,Ö zkutlu S, Alehan D. Midterm experience with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in children and young adults. Europace. 2010;12:1732-1738.
130. Tomaske M, Bauersfeld U. Experience with implantable cardioverterdefibrillator therapy in grown-ups with congenital heart disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31(suppl 1):S35-S37. (Pubitemid 351146582)
131. Link MS, Hill SL, Cliff DL, Swygman CA, Foote CB, Homoud MK, Wang PJ, Estes NA 3rd, Berul CI. Comparison of frequency of complications of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in children versus adults. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:263-266, A5-A6. (Pubitemid 29047310)
132. Shah MJ. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator-related complications in the pediatric population. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(suppl 2): S71-S74.
133. Alexander ME, Cecchin F, Walsh EP, Triedman JK, Bevilacqua LM, Berul CI. Implications of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in congenital heart disease and pediatrics. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;15:72-76. (Pubitemid 38147223)
134. Wilson WR, Greer GE, Grubb BP. Implantable cardioverterdefibrillators in children: a single-institutional experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:775-778. (Pubitemid 28162479)
135. Zeigler VL, Corbett K, Lewis A, Gillette P. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators. In: Zeigler V, Gillette P, eds. Practical Management of Pediatric Cardiac Arrhythmias. Armonk, NY: Futura; 2001:359-409.
136. Zeigler VL, Nelms T. Almost normal: experiences of adolescents with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2009;14:142-151.
137. Stefanelli CB, Bradley DJ, Leroy S, Dick M 2nd, Serwer GA, Fischbach PS. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy for life-threatening arrhythmias in young patients. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2002;6:235-244. (Pubitemid 35006135)
138. DeMaso DR, Lauretti A, Spieth L, van der Feen JR, Jay KS, Gauvreau K, Walsh EP, Berul CI. Psychosocial factors and quality of life in children and adolescents with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:582-587. (Pubitemid 38293062)
139. Wójcicka M, Lewandowski M, Smolis-Bak E, Szwed H. Psychological and clinical problems in young adults with implantable cardioverterdefibrillators. Kardiol Pol. 2008;66:1050-1058.
140. Sears SF, Hazelton AG, St Amant J, Matchett M, Kovacs A, Vazquez LD, Fairbrother D, Redfearn S, Hanisch D, Dubin A, Cannon BC, Fishbach P, Kanter R, Bryant RM. Quality of life in pediatric patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107: 1023-1027.
141. Koopman H, Vrijmoet-Wiersma C, Langius J, van den Heuvel F, Clur S, Blank C, Blom N, ten Harkel A. Psychological functioning and diseaserelated quality of life in pediatric patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Pediatr Cardiol. 2012;33:569-575.
142. Goldstein NE, Lynn J. Trajectory of end-stage heart failure: the influence of technology and implications for policy change. Perspect Biol Med. 2006;49:10-18. (Pubitemid 43227809)
143. Lunney JR, Lynn J, Foley DJ, Lipson S, Guralnik JM. Patterns of functional decline at the end of life. JAMA. 2003;289:2387-2392. (Pubitemid 37430171)
144. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease: Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1882-1890.
145. Moss AJ, Hall J, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H, Levine JH, Saksena S, Waldo AL, Wilber D, Brown MW, Heo M. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia: Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1933-1940. (Pubitemid 26428217)
146. Goldstein NE, Mehta D, Siddiqui S, Teitelbaum E, Zeidman J, Singson M, Pe E, Bradley EH, Morrison RS. That's like an act of suicide: patients' attitudes toward deactivation of implantable defibrillators. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(suppl 1):7-12. (Pubitemid 350295388)
147. Kirkpatrick JN, Gottlieb M, Sehgal M, Patel R, Verdino RJ. Deactivation of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in terminal illness and end of life care. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:91-94.
148. Glikson M, Friedman PA. The implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Lancet. 2001;357:1107-1117. (Pubitemid 32322546)
149. Eckert M, Jones T. How does an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) affect the lives of patients and their families? Int J Nurs Pract. 2002;8:152-157.
150. Wallace RL, Sears SF Jr, Lewis TS, Griffis JT, Curtis A, Conti JB. Predictors of quality of life in long-term recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2002;22:278-281. (Pubitemid 35024280)
151. Padeletti L, Arnar DO, Boncinelli L, Brachman J, Camm JA, Daubert JC, Kassam S, Deliens L, Glikson M, Hayes D, Israel C, Lampert R, Lobban T, Raatikainen P, Siegal G, Vardas P. EHRA Expert Consensus Statement on the management of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices in patients nearing end of life or requesting withdrawal of therapy [published correction appears in Europace. 2011;13:599]. Europace. 2010;12:1480-1489.
152. Goldstein NE, Lampert R, Bradley E, Lynn J, Krumholz HM. Management of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in end-of-life care. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:835-838 (Pubitemid 39601176)
153. Raphael C, Koa-Wing M, Stain N, Wright I, Francis DP, Kanagaratnam P. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator recipients attitudes towards device deactivation: how much do patients want to know? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34:1628-1633.
154. Goldstein NE, Mehta D, Teitelbaum E, Bradley EH, Morrison RS. It's like crossing a bridge: complexities preventing physicians from discussing deactivation of implantable defibrillators at the end of life. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(suppl 1):2-6 (Pubitemid 350295386)
155. Goldstein N, Carlson M, Livote E, Kutner JS. Brief communication: management of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in hospice: a nationwide survey. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:296-299.
156. Berger JT. The ethics of deactivating implanted cardioverter defibrillators. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:631-634 (Pubitemid 40529960)
157. Mueller PS, Hook CC, Hayes DL. Ethical analysis of withdrawal of pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator support at the end of life. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78:959-963. (Pubitemid 36936127)
158. Lewis WR, Luebke DL, Johnson NJ, Harrington MD, Costantini O, Aulisio MP. Withdrawing implantable defibrillator shock therapy in terminally ill patients. Am J Med. 2006;119:892-896 (Pubitemid 44415609)
159. Meisel A, Snyder L, Quill T. Seven legal barriers to end-of-life care. JAMA. 2000;284:2495-2501.
160. Lampert R, Hayes DL, Annas GJ, Farley MA, Goldstein NE, Hamilton RM, Kay GN, Kramer DB, Mueller PS, Padeletti L, Pozuelo L, Schoenfeld MH, Vardas PE, Wiegand DL, Zellner R. HRS expert consensus statement on the management of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) in patients nearing end of life or requesting withdrawal of therapy. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:1008-1026.
161. Strachan PH, Carroll SL, de Laat S, Schwartz L, Arthur HM. Patients' perspectives on end-of-life issues and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Palliat Care. 2011;27:6-11.
162. Morrison LJ, Sinclair CT. Next-of-kin responses and do-not-resuscitate implications for implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:676-677. (Pubitemid 40529968)
163. National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care. 2nd ed. Pittsburgh, PA: National Consensus Project; 2009.
164. Lynn J, Harrell F Jr, Cohn F, Wagner D, Connors AF Jr. Prognoses of seriously ill hospitalized patients on the days before death: implications for patient care and public policy. New Horiz. 1997;5:56-61. (Pubitemid 27081724)
165. Lynn J, Teno JM, Harrell FE Jr. Accurate prognostications of death: opportunities and challenges for clinicians. West J Med. 1995;163: 250-257.
166. Pantilat SZ, Steimle AE. Palliative care for patients with heart failure. JAMA. 2004;291:2476-2482. (Pubitemid 38669192)
167. Standards and Accreditation Committee Medical Guidelines Task Force. Medical Guidelines for Determining Prognosis in Selected Non-Cancer Diseases. Arlington, VA: National Hospice Organization; 1996.
168. Adler ED, Goldfinger JZ, Kalman J, Park ME, Meier DE. Palliative care in the treatment of advanced heart failure. Circulation. 2009;120:2597-2606.
169. Sneed NV, Finch NJ, Michel Y. The effect of psychosocial nursing intervention on the mood state of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators and their caregivers. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 1997;12:4-14.
170. Kohn CS, Petrucci RJ, Baessler C, Soto DM, Movsowitz C. The effect of psychological intervention on patients' long-term adjustment to the ICD: a prospective study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23:450-456. (Pubitemid 30226912)
171. Carlsson E, Olsson SB, Hertervig E. The role of the nurse in enhancing quality of life in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: the Swedish experience. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2002;17:18-25.
172. Fitchet A, Doherty PJ, Bundy C, Bell W, Fitzpatrick AP, Garratt CJ. Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation programme for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients: a randomised controlled trial. Heart. 2003;89:155-160. (Pubitemid 36115096)
173. Frizelle DJ, Lewin RJP, Kaye G, Hargreaves C, Hasney K, Beaumont N, Moniz-Cook E. Cognitive-behavioural rehabilitation programme for patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator: a pilot study. Br J Health Psychol. 2004;9:381-392. (Pubitemid 39277409)
174. Dougherty CM, Lewis FM, Thompson EA, Baer JD, Kim W. Short-term efficacy of a telephone intervention by expert nurses after an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27:1594-1602. (Pubitemid 40041508)
175. Dougherty CM, Thompson EA, Lewis FM. Long-term outcomes of a telephone intervention after an ICD. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005; 28:1157-1167. (Pubitemid 43943002)
176. Chevalier P, Cottraux J, Mollard E, Sai N, Brun S, Burri H, Restier L, Adeleine P. Prevention of implantable defibrillator shocks by cognitive behavioral therapy: a pilot trial. Am Heart J. 2006;151:191.
177. Sears SF, Sowell LDV, Kuhl EA, Kovacs AH, Serber ER, Handberg E, Kneipp SM, Zineh I, Conti JB. The ICD shock and stress management program: a randomized trial of psychosocial treatment to optimize quality of life in ICD patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30:858-864. (Pubitemid 46955406)
178. Smeulders ESTF, van Haastregt JCM, Dijkman-Domanska BK, van Hoef EFM, van Eijk JTM, Kempen GIJM. Nurse-and peer-led selfmanagement programme for patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a feasibility study. BMC Nursing. 2007;6:6.
179. Lewin RJ, Coulton S, Frizelle DJ, Kaye G, Cox H. A brief cognitive behavioural preimplantation and rehabilitation programme for patients receiving an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator improves physical health and reduces psychological morbidity and unplanned readmissions. Heart. 2009;95:63-
180. Dunbar SB, Langberg JJ, Reilly CM, Viswanathan B, McCarty F, Culler SD, O'Brien MC, Weintraub WS. Effect of a psychoeducational intervention on depression, anxiety, and health resource use in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32: 1259-1271.
181. Molchany CA, Peterson KA. The psychosocial effects of support group intervention on AICD recipients and their significant others. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 1994;9:23-29.
182. Speilberger CD. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden; 1983.
183. Zigmond A, Snaith R. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67:361-370. (Pubitemid 13098606)
184. Maier W, Buller R, Philipp M, Heuser I. The Hamilton Anxiety Scale: reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change in anxiety and depressive disorders. J Affect Disord. 1988;14:61-68 (Pubitemid 18016383)
185. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385-401
186. Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri W. Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and-II in psychiatric outpatients. J Pers Assess. 1996; 67:588-597. (Pubitemid 26382973)
187. McNair D, Lorr M, Droppleman L. EdITS Manual for the Profile of Moods States. San Diego, CA: EdITS/Educational and Industrial Testing Service; 1992.
188. Derogatis L. The Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS). J Psychosom Res. 1986;30:77-91. (Pubitemid 16124653)
189. Frizelle DJ, Lewin B, Kaye G, Moniz-Cook ED. Development of a measure of the concerns held by people with implanted cardioverter defibrillators: the ICDC. Br J Health Psychol. 2006;11:293-301. (Pubitemid 43799743)
190. Burns JL, Serber ER, Keim S, Sears SF. Measuring patient acceptance of implantable cardiac device therapy: initial psychometric investigation of the Florida Patient Acceptance Survey. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16:384-390.
191. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD. SF-12: How to Score the SF-12 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales. Boston, MA: Quality-Metric; 1995.
192. Badger JM, Morris PLP. Observations of a support group for automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator recipients and their spouses. Heart Lung. 1989;18:238-243. (Pubitemid 19150451)
193. Dickerson SS, Wu YW, Kennedy MC. A CNS-facilitated ICD support group: a clinical project evaluation. Clin Nurs Spec. 2006;20:146-153.
194. Kuhl EA, Dixit NK, Walker RL, Conti JB, Sears SF. Measurement of patient fears about implantable cardioverter defibrillator shock: an initial evaluation of the Florida Shock Anxiety Scale. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29:614-618 (Pubitemid 43886613)
195. Lemon J, Edelman S, Kirkness A. Avoidance behaviors in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Heart Lung. 2004;33:176-182. (Pubitemid 38857954)
196. Beery TA, Baas LS, Henthorn C. Self-reported adjustment to implanted cardiac devices. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2007;22:516-524.
197. Godemann F, Butter C, Lampe F, Linden M, Werner S, Behrens S. Determinants of the quality of life (QoL) in patients with an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD). Qual Life Res. 2004;13:411-416 (Pubitemid 38392269)
198. Dougherty CM, Johnston SK, Thompson EA. Reliability and validity of the self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations after implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation scales. Appl Nurs Res. 2007;20:116-124.
199. Vanhees L, Schepers D, Heidbüchel H, Defoor J, Fagard R. Exercise performance and training in patients with implantable cardioverterdefibrillators and coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87: 712-715. (Pubitemid 32209083)
200. Kamke W, Dovifat C, Schranz M, Behrens S, Moesenthin J, Völler H. Cardiac rehabilitation in patients with implantable defibrillators: feasibility and complications. Z Kardiol. 2003;92:869-875. (Pubitemid 37357408)
201. Vanhees L, Kornaat M, Defoor J, Aufdemkampe G, Schepers D, Stevens A, van Exel H, van den Beld J, Heidbüchel H, Fagard R. Effect of exercise training in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1120-1126. (Pubitemid 38834070)
202. Davids JS, McPherson CA, Earley C, Batsford WP, Lampert R. Benefits of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with implantable cardioverterdefibrillators: a patient survey. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86: 1924-1928. (Pubitemid 41423618)
203. Belardinelli R, Capestro F, Misiani A, Scipione P, Georgiou D. Moderate exercise training improves functional capacity, quality of life, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in chronic heart failure patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13:818-825. (Pubitemid 44454857)
204. Dougherty CM, Glenny R, Kudenchuk PJ. Aerobic exercise improves fitness and heart rate variability after an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2008;28:307-311.
205. Fan S, Lyon CE, Savage PD, Ozonoff A, Ades PA, Balady GJ. Outcomes and adverse events among patients with implantable cardiac defibrillators in cardiac rehabilitation: a case-controlled study. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2009;29:40-43
206. Stevenson LW, Desai AS. Selecting patients for discussion of the ICD as primary prevention for sudden death in heart failure. J Card Fail. 2006;12:407-412 (Pubitemid 46110776)
207. Poole JE, Johnson GW, Hellkamp AS, Anderson J, Callans DJ, Raitt MH, Reddy RK, Marchlinski FE, Yee R, Guarnieri T, Talajic M, Wilber DJ, Fishbein DP, Packer DL, Mark DB, Lee KL, Bardy GH. Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1009-1017.
208. Ghanbari H, Dalloul G, Hasan R, Daccarett M, Saba S, David S, Machado C. Effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in women with advanced heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1500-1506.
209. Healey JS, Hallstrom AP, Kuck KH, Nair G, Schron EP, Roberts RS, Morillo CA, Connolly SJ. Role of the implantable defibrillator among elderly patients with a history of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1746-1749. (Pubitemid 47227082)
210. Setoguchi S, Nohria A, Rassen JA, Stevenson LW, Schneeweiss S. Maximum potential benefit of implantable defibrillators in preventing sudden death after hospital admission because of heart failure. CMAJ. 2009;180:611-
211. Zeigler VL, Decker-Walters B. Determining psychosocial research priorities for adolescents with implantable cardioverter defibrillators using Delphi methodology. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2010;25:398-404.
212. Zeigler V, Marlow D, Gillette PC. Mechanisms, diagnostic tools, and patient and family education. In: Zeigler V, Gillette P, eds. Practical Management of Pediatric Cardiac Arrhythmias. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing; 2001:1-52.
213. Natale A, Davidson T, Geiger MJ, Newby K. Implantable cardioverterdefibrillators and pregnancy: a safe combination? Circulation. 1997;96: 2808-2812. (Pubitemid 27500075)
214. Sowell LV, Kuhl EA, Sears SF, Klodell CT, Conti JB. Device implant technique and consideration of body image: specific procedures for implantable cardioverter defibrillators in female patients. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006;15:830-835. (Pubitemid 46381701)
215. Sears SF Jr, Conti JB. Understanding implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks and storms: medical and psychosocial considerations for research and clinical care. Clin Cardiol. 2003;26:107-111. (Pubitemid 36330858)
216. Sears SF Jr, Shea JB, Conti JB. Cardiology patient page: how to respond to an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shock. Circulation. 2005; 111:e380-e382.
217. Sotile WM, Sears SF. You Can Make a Difference: Brief Psychosocial Interventions for ICD Patients and Their Families. Minneapolis, MN: Medtronic; 1999.
218. DeMaso DR, Neto LB, Hirshberg J. Psychological and quality-of-life issues in the young patient with an implantable cardioverterdefibrillator. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6:130-132.
219. Botsch MP, Franzbach B, Opgen-Rhein B, Berger F, Will JC. ICD therapy in children and young adults: low incidence of inappropriate shock delivery. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33:734-741.
220. Mahajan T, Dubin AM, Atkins DL, Bradley DJ, Shannon KM, Erickson CC, Franklin WH, Cecchin F, Berul CI; Members of the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society. Impact of manufacturer advisories and FDA recalls of implantable cardioverter defibrillator generators in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:1270-1274.
221. Back AA, Arnold R, Baile W, Tulsky J, Fryer-Edwards K. Approaching difficult communication tasks in oncology. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55: 164-177. (Pubitemid 40826486)
222. Back A, Arnold R, Tulsky J. Mastering Communication with Seriously Ill Patients. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
223. Wiegand D, Kalowes P. Withdrawal of cardiac medications and devices. AACN Adv Crit Care. 2007;18:415-425
224. Mueller PS, Hook CC, Hayes DL. Ethical analysis of withdrawal of pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator support at the end of life. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78:959-963. (Pubitemid 36936127)
225. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-0: validity of a brief depression severity measure. JGIM. 2001;16:606-613. (Pubitemid 32823891)
226. Derogatis L, Melisarotos N. The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report. Psychol Med. 1983;13:595-605. (Pubitemid 13019024)
227. Johnson J, Harris K, Ackerman M. Competitive sports participation in congenital long QT syndrome. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8(suppl):S42. Abstract.
228. Hammill SC, Kremers MS, Stevenson LW, Heidenreich PA, Lang CM, Curtis JP, Wang Y, Berul CI, Kadish AH, Al-Khatib SM, Pina IL, Walsh MN, Mirro MJ, Lindsay BD, Reynolds MR, Pontzer K, Blum L, Masoudi F, Rumsfeld J, Brindis RG. Review of the registry's fourth year, incorporating lead data and pediatric ICD procedures, and use as a national performance measure. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7:1340-1345.
229. Sears SF Jr, Conti JB. Psychological aspects of cardiac devices and recalls in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:565-567. (Pubitemid 44162889)