Association between socioeconomic position discrimination and psychological distress: Findings from a community-based sample of gay and bisexual men in New York City

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 102, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 2094-2101

  Gamarel, Kristi E ^a   Reisner, Sari L ^b   Parsons, Jeffrey T ^a,c   Golub, Sarit A ^a,c  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b FENWAY INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGEISM; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BISEXUALITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEPRESSION; HOMOPHOBIA; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RACISM; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGEISM; ANXIETY; BISEXUALITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEPRESSION; HOMOPHOBIA; HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEW YORK CITY; PREJUDICE; RACISM; SOCIAL CLASS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84867557311     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: 15410048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300668     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Kessler RC, Mickelson KD, Williams DR. The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40(3):208-230.
2. Díaz RM, Ayala G, Bien E, Henne J, Marin BV. The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: findings from 3 US cities. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(6):927-932.
3. Lepore SJ, Revenson TA, Weinberger SL, et al. Effects of social stressors on cardiovascular reactivity in Black and White women. Ann Behav Med. 2006;31 (2):120-127.
4. Krieger N, Williams DR, Moss NE. Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annu Rev Public Health. 1997;18 (1):341-378.
5. Adler NE, Boyce T, Chesney MA, et al. Socioeconomic status and health. Am Psychol. 1994;49(1):15-24.
6. McCabe SE, Bostwick WB, Hughes TL, West BT, Boyd CJ. The relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2010;100 (10):1946-1952.
7. Mays VM, Cochran SD. Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(11):1869-1876.
8. Meyer IH. Minority stress and mental health in gay men. J Health Soc Behav. 1995;36(1):38-56.
9. Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129 (5):674-697.
10. Hatzenbuehler ML, McLaughlin KA, Keyes KM, Hasin DS. The impact of institutional discrimination on psychiatric disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: a prospective study. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(3):452.
11. Herek GM. Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences among sexual minority adults in the United States. J Interpers Violence. 2009;24(1):54-74.
12. Huebner DM, Rebchook GM, Kegeles SM. Experiences of harassment, discrimination, and physical violence among young gay and bisexual men. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(7):1200-1203.
13. Bostwick WB, Boyd CJ, Hughes TL, McCabe SE. Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(3):468-475.
14. Herek GM, Gillis JR, Cogan JC. Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999;67:945-951.
15. Lewis RJ, Derlega VJ, Griffin JL, Krowinski AC. Stressors for gay men and lesbians: life stress, gay-related stress, stigma consciousness, and depressive symptoms. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2003;22(6):716-729.
16. Meyer IH, Schwartz S, Frost DM. Social patterning of stress and coping: does disadvantaged social status confer more stress and fewer coping resources? Soc Sci Med. 2008;67(3):368-379.
17. Gordon AR, Meyer IH. Gender nonconformity as a target of prejudice, discrimination, and violence against LGB individuals. J LGBT Health Res. 2007;3(3):55-71.
18. Collins PH. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. 1990. New York, NY; London, England: Routledge; 1991:37.
19. Crenshaw KW. Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity, politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Rev. 1991;43(6):1241-1299.
20. Meyer IH, Ouellette SC. Unity and purpose at the intersections of racial/ethnic and sexual identities. In: Hammack PL, Cohler BJ, eds. The Story of Sexual Identity: Narrative, Social Change, and the Development of Sexual Orientation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2009: 76-106.
21. Miller KW, Wilder LB, Stillman FA, Becker DM. The feasibility of a street-intercept survey method in an African American community. Am J Public Health. 1997;87(4):655-658.
22. Derogatis LR, Melisaratos N. The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report. Psychol Med. 1983;13 (3):595-605.
23. Derogatis LR. Brief Symptom Inventory. Baltimore, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research; 1975.
24. Zabora J, BrintzenhofeSzoc K, Jacobsen P, et al. A new psychosocial screening instrument for use with cancer patients. Psychosomatics. 2001;42(3):241-246.
25. Mustanski BS, Garofalo R, Emerson EM. Mental health disorders, psychological distress, and suicidality in a diverse sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(12):2426-2432.
26. Williams DR, Yu Yan, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health. J Health Psychol. 1997;2(3):335-351.
27. Barnes LL, De Leon CFM, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Bennett DA, Evans DA. Racial differences in perceived discrimination in a community population of older Blacks and Whites. J Aging Health. 2004;16(3):315.
28. Taylor TR, Kamarck TW, Shiffman S. Validation of the Detroit Area Study Discrimination Scale in a community sample of older African American adults: the Pittsburgh Healthy Heart Project. Int J Behav Med. 2004;11(2):88-94.
29. Harris-Britt A, Valrie CR, Kurtz-Costes B, Rowley SJ. Perceived racial discrimination and self-esteem in African American youth: racial socialization as a protective factor. J Res Adolesc. 2007;17(4):669-682.
30. Huebner DM, Davis MC. Perceived antigay discrimination and physical health outcomes. Health Psychol. 2007;26(5):627-634.
31. Krieger N, Koshevela A, Waterman PD, Chen JT, Koenen K. Racial discrimination, psychological distress, and self-rated health among US-born and foreign-born Black Americans. Am J Public Health. 2011;101 (9):1704-1713.
32. Butterworth P, Rodgers B, Windsor TD. Financial hardship, socio-economic position and depression: results from the PATH through life survey. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(2):229-237.
33. Fryers T, Melzer D, Jenkins R. Social inequalities and the common mental disorders: a systematic review of the evidence. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2003;38 (5):229-237.
34. Kessler RC, Cleary PD. Social-class and psychological distress. Am Sociol Rev. 1980;45(3):463-478.
35. Skapinakis P, Weich S, Lewis G, Singleton N, Araya R. Socio-economic position and common mental disorders: longitudinal study in the general population in the UK. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:109-117.
36. Stansfeld SA, Head J, Fugrer R, Wardle J, Cattell V. Social inequalities in depressive symptoms and physical functioning in the Whitehall II study: exploring a common cause explanation. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57(5):361-367.
37. Cohen S, Alper CM, Doyle WJ, Adler N, Treanor JJ, Turner RB. Objective and subjective socioeconomic status and susceptibility to the common cold. Health Psychol. 2008;27(2):268-274.
38. Chen E, Paterson LQ. Neighborhood, family, and subjective socioeconomic status: how do they relate to adolescent health? Health Psychol. 2006;25(6):704-714.
39. Ostrove JM, Adler NE, Kuppermann M, Washington AE. Objective and subjective assessments of socioeconomic status and their relationship to self-rated health in an ethnically diverse sample of pregnant women. Health Psychol. 2000;19(6):613-618.
40. Krieger N, Sidney S. Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA study of young Black and White adults. Am J Public Health. 1996;86(10):1370- 1378.
41. Ruggiero KM, Taylor DM. Why minority group members perceive or do not perceive the discrimination that confronts them: the role of self-esteem and perceived control. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997;72(2):373-389.
42. Crocker J, Major B. Social stigma and self-esteem: the self-protective properties of stigma. Psychol Rev. 1989;96(4):608-630.
43. Tajfel H, Turner JC. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In: Austin SWW, ed. Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall; 1986:33-48.
44. Lewis RJ, Derlega VJ, Clarke EG, Kuang JC. Stigma consciousness, social constraints, and lesbian well-being. J Couns Psychol. 2006;53(1):48-56.
45. Gurin P, Townsend A. Properties of gender identity and their implications for gender consciousness. Br J Psychol. 1986;25(2):139-148.
46. Uchino BN, Cacioppo JT, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. The relationship between social support and psychological processes: a review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychol Bull. 1996;119(3):488-531.
47. Hammack PL, Cohler BJ. Narrative, identity, and the politics of exclusion: social change and the gay and lesbian life course. Sex Res Soc Policy. 2011;8:162-182.
48. Fivush R. Speaking silence: the social construction of silence in autobiographical and cultural narratives. Memory. 2010;18(2):88-98.
49. Cohler BJ, Hammack PL. The psychological world of the gay teenager: social change, narrative, and "normality." J Youth Adolesc. 2007;36(1):47-59.
50. Savin-Williams RC. The New Gay Teenager. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2005.
51. Allison PD. Missing Data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2001.
52. Krieger N. Embodying inequality: a review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. In: Krieger N, ed. Embodying Inequality: Epidemiologic Perspectives. Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company Inc; 2005: 101-158.
53. Wexler LM, DiFluvio G, Burke TK. Resilience and marginalized youth: making a case for personal and collective meaning-making as part of resilience research in public health. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(4):565-570.
54. Ramirez-Valles J, Fergus S, Reisen C, Poppen P, Zea M. Confronting stigma: community involvement and psychological well-being among HIV-positive Latino gay men. Hisp J Behav Sci. 2005;27(1):101.
55. Braveman PA, Cubbin C, Egerter S, Williams DR, Pamuk E. Socioeconomic disparities in health in the United States: what the patterns tell us. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(suppl 1):S186-S196.