Realizing rights in Manila: Brokers and the mediation of sexual politics in the Philippines

GLQ

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 529-563

  Thoreson, Ryan Richard ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867540484     PISSN: 10642684     EISSN: 15279375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/10642684-1600725     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Dennis Altman, "On Global Queering", Australian Humanities Review (July-August 1996), www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue- July-1996/altman. html;
2. Peter Drucker, "'In the Tropics There Is No Sin': Sexuality and Gay-Lesbian Movements in the Third World", New Left Review 218(1996):76-77;
3. Barry D. Adam, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and André Krouwel, "Gay and Lesbian Movements Beyond Borders? National Imprints of a Worldwide Movement", in The Global Emergence of Gay and Lesbian Politics: National Imprints of a Worldwide Movement, ed. Barry D. Adam, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and André Krouwel (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999), 344-71;
4. Peter Drucker, "Introduction: Remapping Sexual Identities", in Different Rainbows, ed. Peter Drucker (London: Gay Men's Press, 2000), 9-41;
5. David John Frank, Steven A. Boutcher, and Bayliss Camp, "The Reform of Sodomy Laws from a World Society Perspective", in Queer Mobilizations: LGBT Activists Confront the Law, ed. Scott Barclay, Mary Bernstein, and Anna-Maria Marshall (New York: New York University Press, 2009), 123-41;
6. Neville Hoad, "Between the White Man's Burden and the White Man's Disease: Tracking Lesbian and Gay Human Rights in Southern Africa", GLQ 5, no. 4(1999):559-84;
7. Matthew Engelke, '"We Wondered What Human Rights He Was Talking About': Human Rights, Homosexuality and the Zimbabwe International Book Fair", Critique of Anthropology 19, no. 3(1999):289-314;
8. "The Anti-Homosexuality Bill, 2009", The Uganda Gazette No. 47, Vol. CII, September 25, 2009.
9. David Lewis and David Mosse, "Theoretical Approaches to Brokerage and Translation in Development", in Development Brokers and Translators: The Ethnography of Aid and Agencies, ed. David Lewis and David Mosse (Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian, 2006), 10.
10. Philip F. Kelly, Landscapes of Globalization (London: Taylor and Francis, 2007);
11. James Tyner, Made in the Philippines (London: Routledge, 2003), 1;
12. Patricio N. Abinales and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines (Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, 2005), 3-4.
13. Altman, "On Global Queering"
14. Juanita Diaz-Cotto, "Lesbian-Feminist Activism and Latin American Feminist Encuentros", in Sexual Identities, Queer Politics, ed. Mark Blasius (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 73-95;
15. Timothy Wright, "Gay Organizations, NGOs, and the Globalization of Sexual Identity: The Case of Bolivia", Journal of Latin American Anthropology 5, no. 2(2000):89-111.
16. Norman Long, introduction to Battlefields of Knowledge: The Interlocking of Theory and Practice in Social Research and Development, ed. Norman Long and Ann Long (London: Routledge, 1992), 5.
17. Arturo Escobar, "Culture, Economics, and Politics in Latin American Social Movements Theory and Research", in The Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy, and Democracy, ed. Arturo Escobar and Sonia E. Alvarez (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1992), 77.
18. Alberto Arce and Norman Long, "The Dynamics of Knowledge: Interfaces between Bureaucrats and Peasants", in Long and Long, Battlefields of Knowledge, 216.
19. Altman, "On Global Queering";
20. Sally Engle Merry, "Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle", American Anthropologist 108, no. 1(2006):39;
21. Tom Boellstorff, The Gay Archipelago: Sexuality and Nation in Indonesia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 5.
22. Drucker, "'In the Tropics There Is No Sin'": 75-101.
23. See Ronald Inglehart and Wayne E. Baker, "Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values", American Sociological Review 65, no. 1(2000):19-51.
24. Drucker, "'In the Tropics There Is No Sin'", 77.
25. Altman, "On Global Queering", 1.
26. Joseph Massad, "Re-orienting Desire: The Gay International and the Arab World", Public Culture 14, no. 2(2002):361-85;
27. Neville Hoad, African Intimacies: Race, Homosexuality, and Globalization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007);
28. Jasbir Puar, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (Durham: Duke University Press, 2007).
29. Doug McAdam and Dieter Rucht distinguish between relational diffusion "in which direct, interpersonal contact between transmitters and adopters is presumed to mediate the diffusion process" and nonrelational diffusion through the media or other impersonal channels ("The Cross-National Diffusion of Movement Ideas", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 528 [1993]: 59). This is akin to how Manuel Castells distinguishes "the space of places" and "the space of flows", or how Sean Chabot and Jan Willem Duyvendak differentiate "interpersonal channels" from "media channels" (Castells, The Power of Identity, vol. 2 of The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture [Oxford: Blackwell, 1997], 123-24;
30. Chabot and Duyvendak, "Globalization and Transnational Diffusion between Social Movements: Reconceptualizing the Dissemination of the Gandhian Repertoire and the 'Coming Out' Routine", Theory and Society 31, no. 6 [2002]: 706).
31. Interview with Danton Remoto, Quezon City, the Philippines, September 2, 2008.
32. Interview with Libay Linsangan Cantor, Quezon City, the Philippines, September 2, 2008.
33. See Jethro Patalinghug, "I Am Not Immoral: Video Campaign I", January 30, 2010 (www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQ6rlri8gNw);
34. Jethro Patalinghug, "I Am Not Immoral: Video Campaign II", January 31, 2010 (www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8COB13viNA);
35. J. Neil, C. Garcia, Philippine Gay Culture: The Last Thirty Years: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1996), 69-71, 113-117, 330.
36. Society of Transsexual Women of the Philippines, "Transpinay: The Other Filipina", 2009, www.tsphilippines.com/transpinayrising.htm.
37. Interview with Oscar Atadero, Quezon City, the Philippines, September 6, 2008.
38. Dennis Altman, Global Sex (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 86-87.
39. Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson, "Beyond 'Culture': Space, Identity, and the Politics of Difference", in The Anthropology of Globalization: A Reader, ed. Jonathan Xavier Inda and Renato Rosaldo (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), 77.
40. Makau wa Mutua, "The Ideology of Human Rights", University of Virginia Journal of International Law 36(1995-1996):589-657;
41. Theodor Meron, "On a Hierarchy of International Human Rights", American University Journal of International Law 80(1986):1-23. The African Charter on Human and People's Rights is a helpful example of an instrument that transcends the narrow focus on civil and political rights.
42. Interview with Bruce Amoroto, Quezon City, the Philippines, August 18, 2008.
43. Abinales and Amoroso, State and Society, 14-15.
44. Interview with Eva Calleung, Quezon City, the Philippines, September 10, 2008.
45. Interview with Bong Enriquez, Cagayan de Oro, the Philippines, August 29, 2008.
46. Mark Johnson, Beauty and Power: Transgendering and Cultural Transformation in the Southern Philippines (Oxford: Berg, 1997), 53-55;
47. Fenella Cannell, Power and Intimacy in the Christian Philippines (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 222-26.
48. Michael L. Tan, "Survival through Pluralism: Emerging Gay Communities in the Philippines", Journal of Homosexuality 30, nos. 3-4(2001):123.
49. Tan, "Survival through Pluralism", 123.
50. Interview with Anne Lim, Quezon City, the Philippines, August 14, 2008. Shortly after my fieldwork ended, Lim became the cofounder and executive director of GALANG, a lesbian-initiated, lesbian-run feminist human rights organization in the Philippines that works with lesbians, bisexual women, and trans men in urban poor communities. Galang is the Filipino word for respect. According to Lim, "The word signifies respect for human rights and human diversity, which lies at the core of GALANG's struggle for equality and justice." GALANG is another example of an NGO that focuses on the locally resonant notions of Tightness and shame that I discuss later in this essay.
51. Brian Howell, "Believing Bureaucracy: Discourse and Identity in a Philippine Baptist Church", in (Re) Making Society: The Politics of Language, Discourse, and Identity in the Philippines, ed. Topsie Ruanni Fernandez Tupas (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2007), 102-4;
52. Katharine L. Wiegele, "El Shaddai and the Refraining of Poverty in the Philippines", in Tupas, (Re) Making Society, 133-34.
53. Martin F. Manalansan IV, Global Divas: Filipino Gay Men in the Diaspora, Philippine ed. (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2006), 126-51.
54. Interview with Fr. Richard Mickley, Quezon City, the Philippines, September 7, 2008.
55. Interview with Jonas Bagas, Quezon City, the Philippines, August 6, 2008.
56. Lisa Markowitz, "Finding the Field: Notes on the Ethnography of NGOs", Human Organization 60, no. 1(2001):43-44.
57. Merry, "Mapping the Middle", 39.
58. Society of Transsexual Women of the Philippines, "About STRAP", 2009, www.tsphilippines.com/aboutstrap. htm.
59. J. Neil C. Garcia and Danton Remoto, Ladlad 3: An Anthology of Philippine Gay Writing (Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, 2007);
60. Garcia and Remoto, Ladlad 2: An Anthology of Philippine Gay Writing (Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, 1996);
61. Garcia and Remoto, Ladlad: An Anthology of Philippine Gay Writing (Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, 1994);
62. Remoto, Gaydar (Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, 2002).
63. Patalinghug, "I Am Not Immoral: Video Campaign I." Notably, the COMELEC decision itself was based on the Koran, the Bible, and the writings of Lehman Strauss, a Christian author from the United States whose thoughts on homosexuality were taken from Bible.org.
64. International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, "Philippines: Demand That the Commission on Election Allow an LGBT Party to Run for Congress", Global Monitor, November 20, 2009, www.iglhrc.org/cgi-bin/iowa/ article/takeaction/global actionalerts/1024.html.
65. Boellstorff, Gay Archipelago, 5.
66. Michael Tan, "Silahis: Looking for the Missing Filipino Bisexual Male", in Bisexualities and AIDS: International Perspectives, ed. Peter Aggleton (London: Taylor and Francis, 1996), 213.
67. Garcia, Philippine Gay Culture, 110.
68. Roy Chan, Ashok Row Kavi, Greg Carl, Shivanada Khan, Dede Oetomo, Michael L. Tan, and Tim Brown, "HIV and Men Who Have Sex with Men: Perspectives from Selected Asian Countries', AIDS 12, suppl. B (1998): S59-S68.
69. Mark Simpson, "Meet the Metrosexual", Salon, July 22, 2002, dir.salon. com/story/ent/feature/2002/07/22/metrosexual/index.html.
70. Interview with Roxanne Omega-Doron, Cebu City, the Philippines, August 26, 2008.
71. Garcia, Philippine Gay Culture, 337.
72. Jon Binnie, The Globalization of Sexuality (London: Sage, 2004), 57-62.
73. Gayatri Gopinath, "Local Sites/Global Contexts: The Transnational Trajectories of Deepa Mehta's Fire", in Queer Globalizations: Citizenship and the Afterlife of Colonialism, ed. Arnaldo Cruz-Malavé and Martin F. Manalansan IV (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 154-55;
74. Kath Weston, Families We Choose: Lesbians, Gays, Kinship (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991);
75. Cindy Patton, "Stealth Bombers of Desire: The Globalization of 'Alterity' in Emerging Democracies", in Cruz-Malavé and Manalansan, Queer Globalizations, 208.
76. Cannell, Power and Intimacy, 222-26;
77. Johnson, Beauty and Power, 53-55.
78. Interview with Ging Cristobal, Quezon City, the Philippines, September 3, 2008.
79. John D'Emilio, "Capitalism and Gay Identity", in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, ed. Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharan Thompson, New Feminist Library Series (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 104-5.
80. Gayatri Gopinath, Impossible Desires: Queer Diasporas and South Asian Public Cultures (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005), 79;
81. Patton, "Stealth Bombers", 208.
82. Ryan Thoreson, "Capably Queer: Exploring the Intersections of Queerness and Poverty in the Urban Philippines", Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 12, no. 4(2011):493-510. In Tagalog, a barkada is a group of friends.
83. Butterfly Brigade and the United Nations Population Fund's Technical Advisory Programme, How Do You Organize the Butterflies? A Manual for Organizing a Vulnerable Group as Program Partners in the Work for the Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS (Aklan: Butterfly Brigade, 2006), 14.
84. Interview with Magdalena Lepiten, Cebu City, the Philippines, August 28, 2008.
85. Benedict J. Tria Kerkvliet, Everyday Politics in the Philippines: Class and Status Relations in a Central Luzon Village (1990; rpt. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), 17.
86. Kerkvliet, Everyday Politics, 269.
87. Vicente L. Rafael, Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society under Early Spanish Rule (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 126.
88. Thoreson, "Capably Queer", 504-5.
89. Michael Pinches, "Proletarian Ritual: Class Degradation and the Dialectics of Resistance in Manila", Philipinas 19(1992):67-92
90. cited in Cannell, Power and Intimacy, 235.
91. Mark Meruen̄as, "Gay Group Offers Help for 'Surgery Scandal' Victim", GMA News, April 18, 2008, www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/90194/ news/regions/gay-group-offers-help-for-surgery-scandal-victim.