The black mohicans: Representations of everyday violence in postracial urban America

American Quarterly

Volumn 64, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 625-651

  Márquez, John D ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867357125     PISSN: 00030678     EISSN: 10806490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/aq.2012.0040     Document Type: Review

References (82)

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5. See also Oscar Lewis, "The Culture of Poverty," in Urban Life, ed. George Gmelch and Walter Zenner (1966; Waveland Press, 1996)
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12. Elijah Anderson, Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and Moral Life in the Inner City (New York: Norton, 2000)
13. Anderson, Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990)
14. Sudhir Venkatesh, American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000)
15. Martin Sanchez Jankowski, Islands in the Street: Gangs and American Urban Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
16. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Richard Philcox (New York: Grove, 2004).
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27. Angela Aleiss, "Le Bon Sauvage: Dances With Wolves and the Romantic Tradition," American Indian Studies Center 15.4 (1991): 91-95. It deserves mention that Terry Jay Ellingson demonstrates how Rousseau's connection to the "noble savage," idea has been exaggerated. See
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36. See also John Rodriguez, "Young Voices: Pull the Trigger on Gun Violence," Latin Trends, www.latintrends.com/2011/02/28/young-voices-pull- the-trigger-on-gun-violence/ (accessed July 31, 2011).
37. See also Brady Campaign to End Gun Violence, "Overview: Gun Violence, Race, and Ethnicity," www.bradycampaign.org/facts/gunviolence/ factsethnicity.
38. A similar contrast was visible with the recent NATO summit in Chicago in 2012. Gary Younge, a London-based journalist, commented, "NATO claims its purpose is to secure peace through security; in much of Chicago neither exists," evident in a 50 percent increase in ghetto violence since 2011, and also in "police... shooting people at the rate of six a month and killing one person a fortnight" (Younge, "NATO Talks Security and Peace: Chicago Has Neither," Guardian, May 20, 2012, www.guardian.co.uk/ commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/may/20/chicago-nato-g8-summit-inequality.
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42. See also Kelly Oliver, The Colonization of Psychic Space: A Psychoanalytic Social Theory of Oppression (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), 5.
43. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmann (New York: Grove, 1967), 11.
44. Fanon, Wretched of the Earth, 31.
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50. Chicago Gang History Project, "A Brief History of Chicago Gangs," www.uic.edu/orgs/kbc/ganghistory/briefhistory.html.
51. John Hagedorn, "Race Not Space: A Revisionist History of Gangs in Chicago," Journal of African American History 91.2 (2006): 194-208.
52. Laura Pulido, Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006)
53. Cynthia Young, Soul Power: Culture, Radicalism, and the Making of the US Third World Left (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006).
54. John M. Hagedorn, A World of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009).
55. Gangland: Stone to the Bone, dir. Art Camacho, History Channel, December 20, 2007.
56. Lance Williams, "Black Power, Politics, and Gang Banging," lecture, UIC School of Public Health, transcribed October 18, 2001, Chicago Gang History Project, University of Illinois-Chicago, www.uic.edu/orgs/kbc/ ganghistory/UrbanCrisis/Blackstone/lance.htm (accessed April 27, 2012).
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58. Lisa Junkin, Hull House education coordinator, University of Illinois-Chicago, press release,
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61. Erika Rodriguez and Ralph Citron, "The Origins of Puerto Rican Gangs in Chicago," interview with Jose "Cha-Cha," Jimenez, June 2002, Chicago Gang History Project, University of Illinois-Chicago.
62. See also "The Young Lords, Puerto Rican Liberation, and the Black Freedom Struggle," interview with Jose "Cha Cha,"
63. Jimenez, OAH Magazine of History 26.1 (2012): 61-64.
64. See also "Cha-Cha Jimenez and the History of the Young Lords," WBEZ Radio, June 12, 2006, Chicago, www.wbez.org/episode-segments/cha-cha- jimenez-and-history-young-lords.
65. "'LSD' Working for a Better Black Area: Teen Gang Coalition Lending a Big Hand," Chicago Daily Defender, October 9, 1969, 13.
66. Jeffrey Haas, The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the Chicago Police and the FBI Murdered a Black Panther (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2010).
67. "Former Vice Lord Leader Bennie Lee," oral history interview, Chicago Gang History Project, February 28, 2002, www.uic.edu/orgs/kbc/ ganghistory/UrbanCrisis/ViceLords/Bennieleex.html.
68. Quoted in Moulton, "Youth Crime Is Political,"
69. Mike Royko, BOSS: Richard J. Daley of Chicago (New York: Plume, 1998), 210.
70. Williams, "Black Power, Politics, and Gang Banging,"; "Former Vice Lord Leader Bennie Lee"
71. Rodriguez and Citron, interview with Jose "Cha-Cha," Jimenez.
72. Dawn Turner Trice, "Ceasefire Founder: Brain Research Could Help Combat Violence," Chicago Tribune, June 13, 2012, http://articles. chicagotribune.com/2012-06-13/news/ct-x-0613-trice-column-20120613-1-brain- research-gang-members-slutkin.
73. Global Journal, "The To p 100 Best NGO's," January 23, 2012, theglobaljournal.net/article/view/511/.
74. U.S. Diplomatic Mission to South Africa, "Sharing Strategies for Reducing Gang Violence: Gary Slutkin and Jalon Arthur in South Africa to Discuss Successful Ceasefire Model," southafrica.usembassy.gov/ news100927a.html (accessed May 28, 2012).
75. Chicago Justice Project, "Social Science as a Disaster - Northwestern's Evaluation of Ceasefire (Part II of IV)," www.chicagojustice.org/blog/social-science-as-a-disaster-2013-northwesterns (accessed May 28, 2012).
76. "Chicago Murder Rate Up 35%: Police Chief Reassigns Commanding Officers," Huffington Post, March 30, 2012.
77. Carl C. Bell and Esther J. Jenkins, "Traumatic Stress and Children," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 2.1 (1991): 2.
78. See also Karyn Horowitz, Randall Marshall, Mary McKay, "Community Violence and Urban Families: Experiences, Effects, and Directions for Intervention," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 75.3 (2010): 356-68
79. Stacy Overstreet and Shawnee Braun, "Exposure to Community Violence and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms: Mediating Factors," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 70.2 (2000): 263-71
80. Donna E. Howard, "Searching for Resilience among African American Youth Exposed to Community Violence: Theoretical Issues," Journal of Adolescent Health 18.4 (1996): 254-62
81. Emily S. Edlynn, Noni K. Gaylord-Harden, Maryse H. Richards, and Steven A. Miller, "African American Inner-City Youth Exposed to Violence: Coping Skills as a Moderator for Anxiety," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 78.2 (2008): 249-58.
82. Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, 250.