메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 90, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 993-1022

The impact of race and ethnicity, immigration and political context on participation in American electoral politics

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84867309664     PISSN: 00377732     EISSN: 15347605     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/sf/sor024     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (43)

References (60)
  • 2
    • 84925892652 scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity and Participation: A Study of Mexican-Americans, Blacks, and Whites
    • Antunes, George, and Charles M. Gaitz. 1975. "Ethnicity and Participation: A Study of Mexican-Americans, Blacks, and Whites." American Journal of Sociology 80(5):1192-211.
    • (1975) American Journal of Sociology , vol.80 , Issue.5 , pp. 1192-211
    • Antunes, G.1    Gaitz, C.M.2
  • 3
    • 29444438614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are Naturalized Voters Driving the California Latino Electorate? Measuring the Effect of IRCA citizens on Latino Voting
    • Barreto, Matt A., Ricardo Ramirez and Nathan D. Woods. 2005. "Are Naturalized Voters Driving the California Latino Electorate? Measuring the Effect of IRCA citizens on Latino Voting." Social Science Quarterly 86(4):792-811.
    • (2005) Social Science Quarterly , vol.86 , Issue.4 , pp. 792-811
    • Barreto, M.A.1    Ramirez, R.2    Woods, N.D.3
  • 4
    • 0035746243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in Registering and Voting between Native- Born and Naturalized Americans
    • Bass, Loretta E., and Lynn M. Casper. 2001. "Differences in Registering and Voting between Native- Born and Naturalized Americans." Population Research and Policy Review 20(6):483-511.
    • (2001) Population Research and Policy Review , vol.20 , Issue.6 , pp. 483-511
    • Bass, L.E.1    Casper, L.M.2
  • 5
    • 84971688600 scopus 로고
    • Race, Sociopolitical Participation, and Black Empowerment
    • Bobo, Lawrence, and Franklin D. Gilliam. 1990. "Race, Sociopolitical Participation, and Black Empowerment." American Political Science Review 84(2):377-93.
    • (1990) American Political Science Review , vol.84 , Issue.2 , pp. 377-93
    • Bobo, L.1    Gilliam, F.D.2
  • 6
    • 84965951753 scopus 로고
    • Minority Turnout and the Creation of Majority-Minority Districts
    • Brace, Kimball, Lisa Handley, Richard G. Niemi and Harold W. Stanley. 1995. "Minority Turnout and the Creation of Majority-Minority Districts." American Politics Quarterly 23(2):190-203.
    • (1995) American Politics Quarterly , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 190-203
    • Brace, K.1    Handley, L.2    Niemi, R.G.3    Stanley, H.W.4
  • 7
    • 2142824146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Faith and Works: Church-Based Social Capital Resources and African American Political Activism
    • Brown, R. Khari, and Ronald E. Brown. 2003. "Faith and Works: Church-Based Social Capital Resources and African American Political Activism." Social Forces 82(2):617-41.
    • (2003) Social Forces , vol.82 , Issue.2 , pp. 617-41
    • Brown, R.K.1    Brown, R.E.2
  • 8
    • 18144422426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political Incorporation among Immigrants from Ten Areas of Origin: The Persistence of Source Country Effects
    • Bueker, Catherine Simpson. 2005. "Political Incorporation among Immigrants from Ten Areas of Origin: The Persistence of Source Country Effects." International Migration Review 39(1):103-14.
    • (2005) International Migration Review , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 103-14
    • Bueker, C.S.1
  • 9
    • 84872515851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From Immigrant to Naturalized Citizen. LFB Scholarly Publishing.
    • 2006. From Immigrant to Naturalized Citizen. LFB Scholarly Publishing.
    • (2006)
  • 10
    • 84862659282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Election Laws, Mobilization, and Turnout: The Unanticipated Consequences of Election Reform
    • Available at:
    • Burden, Barry C., David Canon, Kenneth Mayer and Donald Moynihan. 2010. "Election Laws, Mobilization, and Turnout: The Unanticipated Consequences of Election Reform." Available at: https://mywebspace.wisc.edu/bcburden/web/bcmm2010.pdf.
    • (2010)
    • Burden, B.C.1    Canon, D.2    Mayer, K.3    Moynihan, D.4
  • 11
    • 0036614101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hispanic Turnout: Estimates from Validated Voting Data
    • Cassel, Carol A. 2002. "Hispanic Turnout: Estimates from Validated Voting Data." Political Research Quarterly 55(2):391-408.
    • (2002) Political Research Quarterly , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 391-408
    • Cassel, C.A.1
  • 12
    • 85022632705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naturalization, Socialization, Participation: Immigrants and (Non-) Voting
    • Cho, Wendy K. Tam. 1999. "Naturalization, Socialization, Participation: Immigrants and (Non-) Voting." Journal of Politics 61(4):1140-55.
    • (1999) Journal of Politics , vol.61 , Issue.4 , pp. 1140-55
    • Cho, W.K.T.1
  • 13
    • 33645143705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Residential Concentration, Political Socialization, and Voter Turnout
    • Cho, Wendy K. Tam, James G. Gimpel and Joshua J. Dyck. 2006. "Residential Concentration, Political Socialization, and Voter Turnout." Journal of Politics 68(1):156-67.
    • (2006) Journal of Politics , vol.68 , Issue.1 , pp. 156-67
    • Cho, W.K.T.1    Gimpel, J.G.2    Dyck, J.J.3
  • 14
    • 1642303636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration Shape the California Electorate
    • San Francisco, CA; The Public Policy Institute of California. Available at:
    • Citrin, Jack, and Benjamin Highton. 2002. "How Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration Shape the California Electorate." San Francisco, CA; The Public Policy Institute of California. Available at: http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?=373.
    • (2002)
    • Citrin, J.1    Highton, B.2
  • 15
    • 33645138625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warm Welcome, Cool Welcome: Mapping Receptivity Toward Immigrants in the U.S.
    • De Jong, Gordon F., and Quynh-Giang Tran. 2001. "Warm Welcome, Cool Welcome: Mapping Receptivity Toward Immigrants in the U.S." Population Today 29(8):1, 4-5.
    • (2001) Population Today , vol.29 , Issue.8 , pp. 4-5
    • De Jong, G.F.1    Tran, Q.-G.2
  • 16
    • 0030135990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making Citizens or Good Citizens? Naturalization as a Predictor of Organizational and Electoral Behavior among Latino Immigrants
    • DeSipio, Luis. 1996. "Making Citizens or Good Citizens? Naturalization as a Predictor of Organizational and Electoral Behavior among Latino Immigrants." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 18(2):194-213.
    • (1996) Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 194-213
    • DeSipio, L.1
  • 17
    • 84970301780 scopus 로고
    • Selection Bias in Linear Regression, Logit and Probit Nodels
    • Dubin, Jeffrey A., and Douglas Rivers. 1989. "Selection Bias in Linear Regression, Logit and Probit Nodels." Sociological Methods & Research 18(2-3):360-90.
    • (1989) Sociological Methods & Research , vol.18 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 360-90
    • Dubin, J.A.1    Rivers, D.2
  • 18
    • 84872525544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eagleton Institute of Politics and Moritz College of Law. "Report to the U.S. Election Assistance Commission on Best Practices to Improve Voter Identification Requirements Pursuant to the Help America Vote Act of 2002 Public Law 107-252." Available at:
    • Eagleton Institute of Politics and Moritz College of Law. "Report to the U.S. Election Assistance Commission on Best Practices to Improve Voter Identification Requirements Pursuant to the Help America Vote Act of 2002 Public Law 107-252." Available at: 2006 http://www.eac.gov/assets/1/workflow_staging/Page/62.PDF.
    • (2006)
  • 19
    • 84872593626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Election Reform Briefing: Voter Identification
    • Election Reform Information Project and The Constitution Project. Available at:
    • Election Reform Information Project and The Constitution Project. Available at: http://www.electionline.org/Portals/1/Publications/Voter%20Identification.pdf. 2002. "Election Reform Briefing: Voter Identification."
    • (2002)
  • 20
    • 84859386453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Election Reform: What's Changed, What Hasn't and Why, 2000-2006
    • Available at:
    • 2006. "Election Reform: What's Changed, What Hasn't and Why, 2000-2006." Available at: http://www.electionline.org/Portals/1/Publications/2006.annual.report.Final.pdf.
    • (2006)
  • 21
    • 18944373221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Minority Districts and Minority Representation on Political Participation in California
    • San Francisco, CA: The Public Policy Institute of California. Available at:
    • Gay, Claudine. 2001. "The Effect of Minority Districts and Minority Representation on Political Participation in California." San Francisco, CA: The Public Policy Institute of California. Available at: http://www.ppic.org/main/publication.asp?i=125.
    • (2001)
    • Gay, C.1
  • 22
    • 0003266563 scopus 로고
    • Political Orientations and Behaviors of Chicanos: Trying to Make Sense out of Attitudes and Participation
    • Latinos and the Political System. F. Chris Garcia, editor. University of Notre Dame Press.
    • Garcia, John A., and Carlos H. Arce. 1988. "Political Orientations and Behaviors of Chicanos: Trying to Make Sense out of Attitudes and Participation." Pp. 119-25. Latinos and the Political System. F. Chris Garcia, editor. University of Notre Dame Press.
    • (1988) , pp. 119-25
    • Garcia, J.A.1    Arce, C.H.2
  • 23
    • 79954465348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Voting, Unrestricted Absentee Voting, and Voting by Mail
    • Task Force Report to Accompany the Report of the National Commission on Election Reform. J. Hansen, editor. New York: Task Force on the Federal Election System
    • Hansen, John M. 2001. "Early Voting, Unrestricted Absentee Voting, and Voting by Mail." Pp. 57-72. Task Force Report to Accompany the Report of the National Commission on Election Reform. J. Hansen, editor. New York: Task Force on the Federal Election System.
    • (2001) , pp. 57-72
    • Hansen, J.M.1
  • 24
    • 84972279212 scopus 로고
    • Something Within - Religion as a Mobilizer of African-American Political Activism
    • Harris, Frederick C. 1994. "Something Within - Religion as a Mobilizer of African-American Political Activism." Journal of Politics 56(1):42-68.
    • (1994) Journal of Politics , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 42-68
    • Harris, F.C.1
  • 25
    • 0034344736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Residential Mobility, Community Mobility, and Electoral Participation
    • Highton, Benjamin. 2000. "Residential Mobility, Community Mobility, and Electoral Participation." Political Behavior 22(2):109-12.
    • (2000) Political Behavior , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 109-12
    • Highton, B.1
  • 26
    • 84872538537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies. Black Elected Officials Roster - Year 2000 Crosstabs for Entire USA All Offices by State, City and Zip Code. Washington, DC: The Joint Center.
    • Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies. Black Elected Officials Roster - Year 2000 Crosstabs for Entire USA All Offices by State, City and Zip Code. Washington, DC: The Joint Center. 2000
    • (2000)
  • 27
    • 0031665327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different Paths: Gender, Immigration and Political Participation
    • Jones-Correa, Michael. 1998. "Different Paths: Gender, Immigration and Political Participation." International Migration Review 32(2):326-49.
    • (1998) International Migration Review , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 326-49
    • Jones-Correa, M.1
  • 28
    • 0035049048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institutional and Contextual Factors in Immigrant Naturalization and Voting
    • 2001. "Institutional and Contextual Factors in Immigrant Naturalization and Voting." Citizenship Studies 5(1):41-56.
    • (2001) Citizenship Studies , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-56
  • 29
    • 24344463506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Language Provisions under the Voting Rights Act: How Effective Are They?
    • 2005. "Language Provisions under the Voting Rights Act: How Effective Are They?" Social Science Quarterly 86(3):549-64.
    • (2005) Social Science Quarterly , vol.86 , Issue.3 , pp. 549-64
  • 30
    • 84888148777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mobilizing Group Consciousness: When Does Ethnicity Have Political Consequences
    • Transforming Politics, Transforming America: The Political and Civic Incorporation of Immigrants in the United States. Taeku Lee, S. Karthick Ramakrishnan and Ricardo Ramirez, editors. University of Virginia Press.
    • Junn, Jane. 2006. "Mobilizing Group Consciousness: When Does Ethnicity Have Political Consequences." Pp. 32-5. Transforming Politics, Transforming America: The Political and Civic Incorporation of Immigrants in the United States. Taeku Lee, S. Karthick Ramakrishnan and Ricardo Ramirez, editors. University of Virginia Press.
    • (2006) , pp. 32-5
    • Junn, J.1
  • 31
    • 84972245956 scopus 로고
    • Individual and Systemic Influences on Turnout - Who Votes 1984
    • Leighley, Jan E., and Jonathan Nagler. 1992. "Individual and Systemic Influences on Turnout - Who Votes 1984." Journal of Politics 54(3):718-74.
    • (1992) Journal of Politics , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 718-74
    • Leighley, J.E.1    Nagler, J.2
  • 32
    • 84872576175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strength in Numbers. Princeton University Press.
    • Leighley, Jan E. 2001. Strength in Numbers. Princeton University Press.
    • (2001)
    • Leighley, J.E.1
  • 33
    • 7644224380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asian Americans and Voting Participation: Comparing Racial and Ethnic Differences in Recent US Elections
    • Lien, Pei-te. 2004. "Asian Americans and Voting Participation: Comparing Racial and Ethnic Differences in Recent US Elections." International Migration Review 38(2):493-517.
    • (2004) International Migration Review , vol.38 , Issue.2 , pp. 493-517
    • Lien, P.-T.1
  • 34
    • 27144461149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yes We Can: Latino Participation in Unconventional Politics
    • Martinez, Lisa M. 2005. "Yes We Can: Latino Participation in Unconventional Politics." Social Forces 84(1):135-55.
    • (2005) , vol.84 , Issue.1 , pp. 135-55
    • Martinez, L.M.1
  • 35
    • 84872544451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Missouri Census Data Center. MABLE: Geographic Correspondence Engine with Census 2000 Geography. Available at:
    • Missouri Census Data Center. MABLE: Geographic Correspondence Engine with Census 2000 Geography. Available at: http://mcdc2.missouri.edu/websas/geocorr2k.html. 2007
    • (2007)
  • 36
    • 84872505506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Analysis Shows Voter Identification Laws Do Not Reduce Turnout
    • The Heritage Foundation Center for Data Analysis Report #07-04. Available at:. National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials. 2000. 2000 Directory of Latino Elected Officials. (Database supplied to authors from NALEO).
    • Muhlhausen, David B., and Keri Weber Sikich. 2007. "New Analysis Shows Voter Identification Laws Do Not Reduce Turnout." The Heritage Foundation Center for Data Analysis Report #07-04. Available at:. National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials. 2000. 2000 Directory of Latino Elected Officials. (Database supplied to authors from NALEO). http://www.heritage.org/Research/LegalIssues/cda07-04.cfm
    • (2007)
    • Muhlhausen, D.B.1    Sikich, K.W.2
  • 37
    • 0035568616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citizens by Choice, Voters by Necessity: Patterns in Political Mobilization by Naturalized Latinos
    • Pantoja, Adrian D., Ricardo Ramirez and Gary M. Segura. 2001. "Citizens by Choice, Voters by Necessity: Patterns in Political Mobilization by Naturalized Latinos." Political Research Quarterly 54(4):729-75.
    • (2001) Political Research Quarterly , vol.54 , Issue.4 , pp. 729-75
    • Pantoja, A.D.1    Ramirez, R.2    Segura, G.M.3
  • 38
    • 0038806716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does Ethnicity Matter? Descriptive Representation in Legislatures and Political Alienation Among Latinos
    • Pantoja, Adrian D., and Gary M. Segura. 2003. "Does Ethnicity Matter? Descriptive Representation in Legislatures and Political Alienation Among Latinos." Social Science Quarterly 84(2):441-59.
    • (2003) , vol.84 , Issue.2 , pp. 441-59
    • Pantoja, A.D.1    Segura, G.M.2
  • 39
    • 0022239881 scopus 로고
    • The Political Adaptation Process of Cubans and Other Ethnic Minorities in the United States: a Preliminary Analysis
    • Portes, Alejandro, and Rafael Mozo. 1985. "The Political Adaptation Process of Cubans and Other Ethnic Minorities in the United States: a Preliminary Analysis." International Migration Review 19(1):35-63.
    • (1985) International Migration Review , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-63
    • Portes, A.1    Mozo, R.2
  • 40
    • 84891346060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigrant America: A Portrait. University of California Press
    • Portes, Alejandro, and Ruben G. Rumbaut. 1996. Immigrant America: A Portrait. University of California Press.
    • (1996)
    • Portes, A.1    Rumbaut, R.G.2
  • 41
    • 0003961986 scopus 로고
    • Vote 'Over' Reporting in Surveys: The Records or the Respondents
    • Technical Report No. 39. Available at:
    • Presser, Stanley, Michael W. Traugott and Santa Traugott. 1990. "Vote 'Over' Reporting in Surveys: The Records or the Respondents." Technical Report No. 39. Available at: www.umich.edu/nes.
    • (1990)
    • Presser, S.1    Traugott, M.W.2    Traugott, S.3
  • 42
    • 84971108567 scopus 로고
    • Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America
    • Putnam, Robert D. 1995. "Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America." Political Science and Politics 28(4):664-83.
    • (1995) Political Science and Politics , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 664-83
    • Putnam, R.D.1
  • 43
    • 0035166853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigrant Incorporation and Political Participation in the United States
    • Ramakrishnan, S. Karthick, and Thomas J. Espenshade. 2001. "Immigrant Incorporation and Political Participation in the United States." International Migration Review 35(3):870-909.
    • (2001) International Migration Review , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 870-909
    • Ramakrishnan, S.K.1    Espenshade, T.J.2
  • 45
    • 84872512124 scopus 로고
    • Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. Macmillan.
    • Rosenstone, Steven J., and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. Macmillan.
    • (1993)
    • Rosenstone, S.J.1    Hansen, J.M.2
  • 46
    • 18944399619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Records Broken: Spanish-language Television Advertising in the 2002 Election
    • Report of the Hispanic Voter Project. John Hopkins University
    • Segal, Adam. 2002. "Records Broken: Spanish-language Television Advertising in the 2002 Election." Report of the Hispanic Voter Project. John Hopkins University.
    • (2002)
    • Segal, A.1
  • 47
    • 0034416737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining Latino Turnout in 1996: A Three-State, Validated Survey Approach
    • Shaw, Daron, Rodolfo O. de la Garza and Jongho Lee. 2000. "Examining Latino Turnout in 1996: A Three-State, Validated Survey Approach." American Journal of Political Science 44(2):338-46.
    • (2000) American Journal of Political Science , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 338-46
    • Shaw, D.1    de la Garza, R.O.2    Lee, J.3
  • 48
    • 84889614701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Political Assimilation of Today's Immigrants
    • Reinventing the Melting Pot: The New Immigrants and what it Means to be American. Tamar Jacoby, editor. Basic Books.
    • Skerry, Peter. 2004. "The Political Assimilation of Today's Immigrants." Pp. 221-35. Reinventing the Melting Pot: The New Immigrants and what it Means to be American. Tamar Jacoby, editor. Basic Books.
    • (2004) , pp. 221-35
    • Skerry, P.1
  • 49
    • 84971815073 scopus 로고
    • Black Political Participation in the 1984 and 1988 Presidential Elections
    • Tate, Katherine. 1991. "Black Political Participation in the 1984 and 1988 Presidential Elections." American Political Science Review 85(4):1159-76.
    • (1991) American Political Science Review , vol.85 , Issue.4 , pp. 1159-76
    • Tate, K.1
  • 51
    • 0032220638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure, Behavior, and Voter Turnout in the United States
    • Timpone, Richard J. 1998. "Structure, Behavior, and Voter Turnout in the United States." American Political Science Review 92(1):145-58.
    • (1998) American Political Science Review , vol.92 , Issue.1 , pp. 145-58
    • Timpone, R.J.1
  • 52
    • 79960781851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Government Effectiveness and Efficiency? The Minority Language Assistance Provisions of the VRA
    • Tucker, James, and Rodolfo Espino. 2007. "Government Effectiveness and Efficiency? The Minority Language Assistance Provisions of the VRA." Texas Journal on Civil Liberties and Civl Rights 12(2):163-232.
    • (2007) Texas Journal on Civil Liberties and Civl Rights , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 163-232
    • Tucker, J.1    Espino, R.2
  • 53
    • 84872516749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UCLA Asian American Studies Center. National Asian Pacific American Political Almanac. Los Angeles: UCLA Asian American Studies Center and The Asian Pacific American Institute for Congressional Studies
    • UCLA Asian American Studies Center. National Asian Pacific American Political Almanac. Los Angeles: UCLA Asian American Studies Center and The Asian Pacific American Institute for Congressional Studies. 2002
    • (2002)
  • 54
    • 0001437781 scopus 로고
    • Political Participation of Ethnic Minorities in the 1980s
    • Uhlaner, Carole J., Bruce E. Cain and D. Roderick Kiewiet. 1989. "Political Participation of Ethnic Minorities in the 1980s." Political Behavior 11(3):195-231.
    • (1989) Political Behavior , vol.11 , pp. 195-231
    • Uhlaner, C.J.1    Cain, B.E.2    Kiewiet, D.R.3
  • 55
    • 33846165434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Love or Money? Welfare Reform and Immigrant Naturalization
    • Van Hook, Jennifer, Susan K. Brown and Frank D. Bean. 2006. "For Love or Money? Welfare Reform and Immigrant Naturalization." Social Forces 85(2):643-66.
    • (2006) Social Forces , vol.85 , Issue.2 , pp. 643-66
    • Van, H.1    Jennifer, S.K.B.2    Bean, F.D.3
  • 56
    • 0001030373 scopus 로고
    • Race, Ethnicity and Political Resources - Participation in the United States
    • Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, Henry Brady and Norman H. Nie. 1993. "Race, Ethnicity and Political Resources - Participation in the United States." British Journal of Political Science 23(4):453-97.
    • (1993) British Journal of Political Science , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 453-97
    • Verba, S.1    Lehman Schlozman, K.2    Brady, H.3    Nie, N.H.4
  • 58
    • 33746654519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How Black Candidates Affect Voter Turnout
    • Washington, Ebonya. 2006. "How Black Candidates Affect Voter Turnout." Quarterly Journal of Economics 121(3):973-98.
    • (2006) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.121 , Issue.3 , pp. 973-98
    • Washington, E.1
  • 59
    • 46449135415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family Structure and Voter Turnout
    • Wolfinger, Nicholas H., and Raymond E. Wolfinger. 2008. "Family Structure and Voter Turnout." Social Forces 86(4):1513-28.
    • (2008) Social Forces , vol.86 , Issue.4 , pp. 1513-28
    • Wolfinger, N.H.1    Wolfinger, R.E.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.