Understanding Sexual Objectification: A Comprehensive Approach Toward Media Exposure and Girls' Internalization of Beauty Ideals, Self-Objectification, and Body Surveillance

Journal of Communication

Volumn 62, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 869-887

  Vandenbosch, Laura ^a   Eggermont, Steven ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEDIA ROLE; SEXUALITY; SOCIAL NETWORK; TELEVISION; WOMENS STATUS;

EID: 84867305369     PISSN: 00219916     EISSN: 14602466     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01667.x     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Aish, A. M., & Jöreskog, K. G. (1990). A panel model for political efficacy and responsiveness: An application of LISREL 7 with weighted least squares. Quality and Quantity, 24, 405-426. doi: 10.1007/BF00152013.
2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
3. APA, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. (2007). Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/wpo/sexualization.html.
4. Aubrey, J. S. (2006a). Effects of sexually objectifying media on self-objectification and body surveillance in undergraduates: Results of two-year panel study. Journal of Communication, 56, 1-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00024.x.
5. Aubrey, J. S. (2006b). Exposure to sexually objectifying media and body self-perceptions among college women: An examination of the selective exposure hypothesis and the role of moderating variables. Sex Roles, 55, 159-172. doi: 10.1007/s11199-006-9070-7.
6. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communications. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 121-153). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
7. Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Calogero, R. M. (2010). Operationalizing self-objectification: Assessment and related methodological issues. In R. M. Calogero, S. Tantlfeff-Dunn & J. K. Thompson (Eds.), Self-objectification in women: Causes, consequences and counteractions (pp. 23-50). Washington, DC: APA.
9. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2 ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
10. Festinger, L. (1957). Theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
11. Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x.
12. Grabe, S., & Hyde, J. S. (2009). Body objectification, MTV, and psychological outcomes among female adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 2840-2858. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00552.x.
13. Kim, J. L., Sorsoli, L., Colins, K., Zylbergols, B. A., Schooler, D., & Tolman, D. L. (2007). From sex to sexuality: Exposing the heterosexual script on primetime network television. Journal of Sex Research, 44, 145-157. doi: 10.1080/00224490701263660.
14. Knauss, C., Paxton, S. J., & Alasker, F. D. (2008). Body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls. Sex Roles, 59, 633-643. doi: 10.1007/s11199-008-9474-7.
15. Lindberg, S. M., Grabe, S., & Hyde, J. S. (2007). Gender, pubertal development, and peer sexual harassment predict objectified body consciousness in early adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 723-742. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00544.x.
16. Lindberg, S. M., Hyde, J. S., & McKinley, N. M. (2006). A measure of objectified body consciousness for pre-adolescent and adolescent youth. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 65-76. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00263.x.
17. McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale: Development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181-215. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.x.
18. Moradi, B. (2010). Addressing gender and cultural diversity in body image: Objectification theory as a framework for integrating theories and grounding research. Sex Roles, 63, 138-148. doi: 10.1007/s11199-010-9824-0.
19. Moradi, B., & Huang, Y. (2008). Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32, 377-398. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x.
20. Morry, M. M., & Statska, S. L. (2001). Magazine exposure: Internalization, self-objectification, eating attitudes, and body satisfaction in male and female university students. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 33, 269-279. doi: 10.1037/h0087148.
21. Noll, S. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 623-636. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00181.x.
22. Parker, E. (2002, August). Ladies Home Journal: A Content Analysis of the Marriage Advice Given in Ladies Home Journal from the 1950s and 1990s. Paper presented at the AEJMC Conference, Miami Beach, FL.
23. Siibak, A. (2010). Constructing masculinity on a social networking site: The case-study of visual self-presentations of young men on the profile images of SNS Rate. Young, 18, 403-425. doi: 10.1177/110330881001800403.
24. Stankiewicz, J. M., & Rosselli, F. (2008). Women as sex objects and victims in print advertisements. Sex Roles, 57, 579-589. doi: 10.1007/s11199-007-9359-1.
25. Sypeck, M. F., Gray, J. J., & Ahrens, A. H. (2004). No longer just a pretty face: Fashion magazines' depictions of ideal female beauty from 1959 to 1999. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 36, 342-347. doi: 10.1002/eat.20039.
26. Tiggemann, M. (2005). Television and adolescent body image: The role of program content and viewing motivation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 361-381. doi: 10.1521/jscp.24.3.361.65623.
27. Tiggemann, M. (2010). Mental health risks of self-objectification: A review of the empirical evidence for disordered eating, depressed mood and sexual dysfunction. In R. M. Calogero, S. Tantlfeff-Dunn & J. K. Thompson (Eds.), Self-objectification in women: Causes, consequences and counteractions (pp. 139-160). Washington, DC: APA.
28. Thompson, J. K., & Stice, E. (2001). Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body image disturbance and eating pathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 181-183. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00144.
29. Thompson, J. K., Van den Berg, P., Roehrig, M., Guarda, A. S., & Heinberg, L. (2003). The sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale-3: Development and validation. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 293-304. doi: 10.1002/eat.10257.
30. Tufekci, Z. (2008). Grooming, gossip, Facebook and Myspace. Information, Communication & Society, 11, 544-564. doi: 10.1080/13691180801999050.
31. Vervloessem, D., Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2011, March). Sexual Acts and Sexual Suggestions on Music Channels. Master seminar on content analysis, Brussels, Belgium.
32. Vitak, J., & McLaughlin, C. (2011, May). A Picture's Worth a Thousand Words, But Friendships Matter More. Paper presented at the 61st annual conference of the International Communication Association, Boston, MA.
33. Ward, L. M. (1995). Talking about sex: Common themes about sexuality in the prime-time television programs children and adolescents view most. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 595-615. doi: 10.1007/BF01537058.
34. Zillman, D., & Bryant, J. (1985). Selective exposure to communication. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
35. Zurbriggen, E. L., Ramsey, L. R., & Jaworski, B. K. (2011). Self- and partner-objectification in romantic relationships: Associations with media consumption and relationship satisfaction. Sex Roles, 64, 449-462. doi: 10.1007/S11199-011-9933-4.