Clinicopathological correlates in HIV seropositive tuberculosis cases presenting with jaundice after initiating antiretroviral therapy with a structured review of the literature

BMC Infectious Diseases

Volumn 12, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Barr, David A ^a,b   Ramdial, Pravistadevi K ^c  

^a Benedictine Hospital   (South Africa)

^b GARTNAVEL GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c INKOSI ALBERT LUTHULI CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Drug induced liver injury; Human immunodeficiency virus; Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; Jaundice; Liver biopsy; Low resource setting; Tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CEFTRIAXONE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; EFAVIRENZ; ERYTHROMYCIN; ETHAMBUTOL; ISONIAZID; LAMIVUDINE; PREDNISOLONE; PYRAZINAMIDE; RIFAMPICIN; STREPTOMYCIN; TENOFOVIR;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ABDOMINAL TENDERNESS; ADULT; ARTICLE; CACHEXIA; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; COUGHING; DIARRHEA; DISEASE COURSE; DYSPNEA; FEMALE; FEVER; GASTROENTERITIS; GRANULOMA; GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION; HEART PALPITATION; HEPATOMEGALY; HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HISTIOCYTE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN TISSUE; HYPONATREMIA; IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; INTERNAL RIBOSOME ENTRY SITE; INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS; JAUNDICE; LANGERHANS CELL; LETHARGY; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER INJURY; MALE; MIXED INFECTION; NEUTROPHIL; NIGHT SWEAT; NORMOCHROMIC NORMOCYTIC ANEMIA; PLASMA CELL; PLEURA EFFUSION; RASH; RURAL HEALTH CARE; SIDE EFFECT; SOUTH AFRICA; TACHYCARDIA; THORAX PAIN; THRUSH; TUBERCULOSIS; VOMITING; WALKING DIFFICULTY;

ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS; FEMALE; HISTOCYTOCHEMISTRY; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; JAUNDICE; LIVER; MIDDLE AGED; SOUTH AFRICA; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 84867298598     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-257     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector: progress report 2010 2010, Geneva: World Health Organisation, WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF.
2. National Department of Health South Africa The South African national tuberculosis control program practical guidelines 2004, Pretoria: Republic of South Africa Department of Health, National Department of Health South Africa.
3. National Department of Health South Africa Clinical guidelines for the management of HIV & AIDS in adults and adolescents 2010, Pretoria: National Department of Health South Africa, National Department of Health South Africa.
4. Cappell MS. Hepatobiliary manifestations of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1991, 86:1-15.
5. Schneiderman DJ. Hepatobiliary abnormalities of AIDS. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1988, 17:615-630.
6. Pereira GH, Yamagutti DC, Mendonca JS. Evaluation of the histopathological hepatic lesions and opportunistic agents in Brazilian HIV patients. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010, 43:1-3. 10.1590/S0037-86822010000100001, 20305958.
7. Poles MA, Dieterich DT, Schwarz ED, Weinshel EH, Lew EA, Lew R, Scholes JV. Liver biopsy findings in 501 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996, 11:170-177. 10.1097/00042560-199602010-00008, 8556399.
8. Cavicchi M, Pialoux G, Carnot F, Offredo C, Romana C, Deslandes P, Dupont B, Berthelot P, Pol S. Value of liver biopsy for the rapid diagnosis of infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who have unexplained fever and elevated serum levels of alkaline phosphatase or gamma-glutamyl transferase. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 20:606-610. 10.1093/clinids/20.3.606, 7756483.
9. Echejoh GO, Mandong BM, Tanko MN, Manasseh AN, Okeke EN, Agaba EI. Hepatic histopathological findings in HIV patients at postmortem in Jos university teaching hospital, Nigeria. Trop Doct 2006, 36:228-231. 10.1258/004947506778604832, 17034701.
10. Viriyavejakul P, Rojanasunan P, Viriyavejakul A, Punyarit P, Punpoowong B, Khachansaksumet V, Riganti M, Pongponratn E. Opportunistic infections in the liver of HIV-infected patients in Thailand: a necropsy study. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2000, 31:663-667.
11. Chalasani N, Wilcox CM. Etiology, evaluation, and outcome of jaundice in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hepatology 1996, 23:728-733. 10.1002/hep.510230412, 8666325.
12. Akhtar AJ, Shaheen M. Jaundice in African-American and Hispanic patients with AIDS. J Natl Med Assoc 2007, 99:1381-1385. 2575931, 18229774.
13. Ocama P, Katwere M, Piloya T, Feld J, Opio KC, Kambugu A, Katabira E, Thomas D, Colebunders R, Ronald A. The spectrum of liver diseases in HIV infected individuals at an HIV treatment clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Afr Health Sci 2008, 8:8-12. 2408539, 19357726.
14. Joshi D, O'Grady J, Dieterich D, Gazzard B, Agarwal K. Increasing burden of liver disease in patients with HIV infection. Lancet 2011, 377:1198-1209. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62001-6, 21459211.
15. Nunez M. Clinical syndromes and consequences of antiretroviral-related hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 2010, 52:1143-1155. 10.1002/hep.23716, 20812358.
16. Nunez M. Hepatotoxicity of antiretrovirals: incidence, mechanisms and management. J Hepatol 2006, 44:S132-S139.
17. Inductivo-Yu I, Bonacini M. Highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced liver injury. Curr Drug Saf 2008, 3:4-13. 10.2174/157488608783333916, 18690975.
18. Sabin CA. Pitfalls of assessing hepatotoxicity in trials and observational cohorts. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38(Suppl 2):S56-S64.
19. Microbicide Trials Network / U.S. National Institutes of Health available at http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/sites/default/files/attachments/DAIDS_AE_GradingTable_ClarificationAug2009_Final_%5B1%5D.pdf, Microbicide Trials Network / U.S. National Institutes of Health.
20. Martinez E, Blanco JL, Arnaiz JA, Perez-Cuevas JB, Mocroft A, Cruceta A, Marcos MA, Milinkovic A, Garcia-Viejo MA, Mallolas J, Carne X, Phillips A, Gatell JM. Hepatotoxicity in HIV-1-infected patients receiving nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001, 15:1261-1268. 10.1097/00002030-200107060-00007, 11426070.
21. Sulkowski MS, Thomas DL, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection. JAMA 2000, 283:74-80. 10.1001/jama.283.1.74, 10632283.
22. den B M, Wit FW, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, Jurriaans S, Weel J, van L R, Pakker NG, Reiss P, Danner SA, Weverling GJ, Lange JM. Hepatitis B and C virus co-infection and the risk for hepatotoxicity of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2000, 14:2895-2902. 10.1097/00002030-200012220-00011, 11153671.
23. Saves M, Raffi F, Clevenbergh P, Marchou B, Waldner-Combernoux A, Morlat P, Le MV, Riviere C, Chene G, Leport C. Hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection is a risk factor for severe hepatic cytolysis after initiation of a protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral regimen in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The APROCO Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000, 44:3451-3455. 10.1128/AAC.44.12.3451-3455.2000, 90223, 11083658.
24. Nunez M, Lana R, Mendoza JL, Martin-Carbonero L, Soriano V. Risk factors for severe hepatic injury after introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001, 27:426-431.
25. Kalyesubula R, Kagimu M, Opio KC, Kiguba R, Semitala CF, Schlech WF, Katabira ET. Hepatotoxicity from first line antiretroviral therapy: an experience from a resource limited setting. Afr Health Sci 2011, 11:16-23. 3092323, 21572852.
26. Ocama P, Castelnuovo B, Kamya MR, Kirk GD, Reynolds SJ, Kiragga A, Colebunders R, Thomas DL. Low frequency of liver enzyme elevation in HIV-infected patients attending a large urban treatment centre in Uganda. Int J STD AIDS 2010, 21:553-557. 10.1258/ijsa.2010.010027, 20975087.
27. Meyssonnier V, Costagliola D, Caumes PE. Nevirapine-associated toxicity in Niger. HIV Med 2008, 9:62-63. 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00516.x, 18199174.
28. Weidle PJ, Moore D, Mermin J, Buchacz K, Were W, Downing R, Kigozi A, Ndazima V, Peters P, Brooks JT. Liver enzymes improve over twenty-four months of first-line non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based therapy in rural Uganda. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2008, 22:787-795. 10.1089/apc.2008.0020, 18778241.
29. Chu KM, Boulle AM, Ford N, Goemaere E, Asselman V, Van CG. Nevirapine-associated early hepatotoxicity: incidence, risk factors, and associated mortality in a primary care ART programme in South Africa. PLoS One 2010, 5:e9183. 10.1371/journal.pone.0009183, 2822855, 20174653.
30. Kim AA, Wanjiku L, Macharia DK, Wangai M, Isavwa A, Abdi H, Marston BJ, Ilako F, Kjaer M, Chebet K, De Cock KM, Weidle PJ. Adverse Events in HIV-Infected Persons Receiving Antiretroviral Drug Regimens in a Large Urban Slum in Nairobi, Kenya, 2003-2005. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic ) 2007, 6:206-209.
31. Hahn JA, Maier M, Byakika-Tusiime J, Oyugi JH, Bangsberg DR. Hepatotoxicity during nevirapine-based fixed-dose combination antiretroviral therapy in kampala, Uganda. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic ) 2007, 6:83-86.
32. Danel C, Moh R, Anzian A, Abo Y, Chenal H, Guehi C, Gabillard D, Sorho S, Rouet F, Eholie S, Anglaret X. Tolerance and acceptability of an efavirenz-based regimen in 740 adults (predominantly women) in West Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006, 42:29-35. 10.1097/01.qai.0000219777.04927.50, 16763490.
33. Calmy A, Pinoges L, Szumilin E, Zachariah R, Ford N, Ferradini L. Generic fixed-dose combination antiretroviral treatment in resource-poor settings: multicentric observational cohort. AIDS 2006, 20:1163-1169. 10.1097/01.aids.0000226957.79847.d6, 16691068.
34. Yimer G, Ueda N, Habtewold A, Amogne W, Suda A, Riedel KD, Burhenne J, Aderaye G, Lindquist L, Makonnen E, Aklillu E. Pharmacogenetic & pharmacokinetic biomarker for efavirenz based ARV and rifampicin based anti-TB drug induced liver injury in TB-HIV infected patients. PLoS One 2011, 6:e27810. 10.1371/journal.pone.0027810, 3232196, 22162992.
35. Hoffmann CJ, Charalambous S, Thio CL, Martin DJ, Pemba L, Fielding KL, Churchyard GJ, Chaisson RE, Grant AD. Hepatotoxicity in an African antiretroviral therapy cohort: the effect of tuberculosis and hepatitis B. AIDS 2007, 21:1301-1308. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32814e6b08, 17545706.
36. Coffie PA, Tonwe-Gold B, Tanon AK, Amani-Bosse C, Bedikou G, Abrams EJ, Dabis F, Ekouevi DK. Incidence and risk factors of severe adverse events with nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected women. MTCT-Plus program, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. BMC Infect Dis 2010, 10:188. 10.1186/1471-2334-10-188, 2904297, 20576111.
37. Sanne I, Mommeja-Marin H, Hinkle J, Bartlett JA, Lederman MM, Maartens G, Wakeford C, Shaw A, Quinn J, Gish RG, Rousseau F. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine use in HIV-infected subjects. J Infect Dis 2005, 191:825-829. 10.1086/428093, 15717255.
38. Forna F, Liechty CA, Solberg P, Asiimwe F, Were W, Mermin J, Behumbiize P, Tong T, Brooks JT, Weidle PJ. Clinical toxicity of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a home-based AIDS care program in rural Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007, 44:456-462. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e318033ffa1, 17279048.
39. Zimmerman HJ. Agents employed in the treatment of infectious and parasitic diseases. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver 1978, 492-493. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Zimmerman HJ, 1st.
40. Black M, Mitchell JR, Zimmerman HJ, Ishak KG, Epler GR. Isoniazid-associated hepatitis in 114 patients. Gastroenterology 1975, 69:289-302.
41. Gulliford M, Mackay AD, Prowse K. Cholestatic jaundice caused by ethambutol. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986, 292:866.
42. Ogilvie AL, Toghill PJ. Cholestatic jaundice due to co-trimoxazole. Postgrad Med J 1980, 56:202-204. 10.1136/pgmj.56.653.202, 2425863, 7393813.
43. Maria VA, Victorino RM. Development and validation of a clinical scale for the diagnosis of drug-induced hepatitis. Hepatology 1997, 26:664-669. 10.1002/hep.510260319, 9303497.
44. Lucena MI, Camargo R, Andrade RJ, Perez-Sanchez CJ, Sanchez DLC. Comparison of two clinical scales for causality assessment in hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 2001, 33:123-130. 10.1053/jhep.2001.20645, 11124828.
45. Ramachandran R, Kakar S. Histological patterns in drug-induced liver disease. J Clin Pathol 2009, 62:481-492. 10.1136/jcp.2008.058248, 19474352.
46. Ishak KG, Zimmerman HJ. Morphologic spectrum of drug-induced hepatic disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1995, 24:759-786.
47. Lewis JH, Kleiner DE. Hepatic injury due to drugs, chemicals and toxins. MacSween's Pathology of the Liver 2007, 649-759. Philadelphia, Burt AD, Portmann BC, Ferrell LD, 5th.
48. Rana FS, Hawken MP, Mwachari C, Bhatt SM, Abdullah F, Ng'ang'a LW, Power C, Githui WA, Porter JD, Lucas SB. Autopsy study of HIV-1-positive and HIV-1-negative adult medical patients in Nairobi, Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000, 24:23-29.
49. Lawn SD, Wood R. Hepatic involvement with tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease. AIDS 2007, 21:2362-2363. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f1be39, 18090294.
50. Meintjes G, Rangaka MX, Maartens G, Rebe K, Morroni C, Pepper DJ, Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ. Novel relationship between tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and antitubercular drug resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:667-676. 10.1086/596764, 2737129, 19191655.
51. Haddow LJ, Moosa MY, Easterbrook PJ. Validation of a published case definition for tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AIDS 2010, 24:103-108. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832ec1f4, 19926965.
52. Sharma SK, Dhooria S, Barwad P, Kadhiravan T, Ranjan S, Miglani S, Gupta D. A study of TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome using the consensus case-definition. Indian J Med Res 2010, 131:804-808.
53. Meintjes G, Lawn SD, Scano F, Maartens G, French MA, Worodria W, Elliott JH, Murdoch D, Wilkinson RJ, Seyler C, John L, van der Loeff MS, Reiss P, Lynen L, Janoff EN, Gilks C, Colebunders R. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: case definitions for use in resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect Dis 2008, 8:516-523. 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70184-1, 2804035, 18652998.
54. Haddow LJ, Sahid F, Moosa MY. Cryptococcal breast abscess in an HIV-positive patient: arguments for reviewing the definition of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. J Infect 2008, 57:82-84. 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.01.010, 18308398.
55. Piratvisuth T, Siripaitoon P, Sriplug H, Ovartlarnporn B. Findings and benefit of liver biopsies in 46 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999, 14:146-149.
56. Gabriel R. Rifampicin jaundice. Br Med J 1971, 3:182. 1800291, 5557875.
57. Capelle P, Dhumeaux D, Mora M, Feldmann G, Berthelot P. Effect of rifampicin on liver function in man. Gut 1972, 13:366-371. 10.1136/gut.13.5.366, 1412215, 5036092.
58. Vavricka SR, Van MJ, Ha HR, Meier PJ, Fattinger K. Interactions of rifamycin SV and rifampicin with organic anion uptake systems of human liver. Hepatology 2002, 36:164-172.
59. Heller T, Wallrauch C, Lessells RJ. Reply to Sharma et Al. and Saukkonen et Al. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 51:255.