Pressure ulcers: Back to the basics

Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 244-254

  Agrawal, Karoon ^a   Chauhan, Neha ^a  

^a SAFDARJUNG HOSPITAL   (India)

Author keywords

Bed sore; decubitus ulcer; pressure ulcer; prevention; risk factors; ulcer

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867289593     PISSN: 09700358     EISSN: 1998376X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.101287     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. Eltorai IM. History of spinal cord medicine.In: Lin VW, Cardenas DD, Cutter NC, Frost FS, Hammond MC, Lindblom LB, et al., editors. Spinal cord medicine: Principles and Practice. New York: Demos Medical Publishing;2003.
2. Adams F. The genuine works of Hippocrates [translated from the Greek]. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1939. p. 231-42.
3. Levine JM. Historical notes on pressure ulcers: The cure of Ambrose Paré. Decubitus 1992;5:23-4.
4. Levine JM. Historical perspective on pressure ulcer: The decubitus ominosus of Jean-Martin Charcot. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:1248-51.
5. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Pressure Ulcers: Incidence, economics, risk assessment. Cosensus development conference statement. West Dundee, III: S N publications; 1989. Available from: http://www.npuap.org/pr2/ htm. [Last accessed on 2012 Jul 30].
6. Burdette-Taylor SR, Kass J. Heel ulcers in critical care unit: A major pressure problem. Crit Care Nurs 2002;25:41-53.
7. Ozaka K, Watanabe Y. Epidemiology of vascular dementia. Nihon Rinsho 2004;62S:13-7.
8. Cuddigan J, Ayello EA, Sussman C, Baranoski S. Pressure ulcers in America: Prevalence, incidence, and implications for the future. An executive summary of the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel.2001,153.
9. Meehan M. Multi-site pressure ulcer prevalence survey. Decubitus 1990;3:14-7.
10. Shahin ES, Dassen T, Halfens RJ. Incidence, prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers in intensive care patients: A longitudinal study. Int J Nurs Stud 2009;46:413-21.
11. Leblebici B, Turhan N, Adam M, Akman MN. Clinical and epidemiologic evaluation of pressure ulcers in patients at a university hospital in Turkey. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2007;34:407-11.
12. Chauhan VS, Goel S, Kumar P, Srivastava S, Shukla VK. The prevalence of pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients in a university hospital in India. J Wound Care 2005;14:36-7.
13. Bliss MR. Acute pressure area care: Sir James Paget's legacy. Lancet 1992;339:221-3.
14. Curry K, Casady L. The relationship between extended periods of immobility and decubitus ulcer formation in acutely spinalcord injured individuals. J Neurosci Nurs 1992;24:185-9.
15. Linares HA, Mawson AR, Saurez E, Biundo JJ. Association between pressure sores and immobilization in the immediate post-injury period. Orthopedics 1987;10:571-3.
16. Mawsun AR, Biundo JJ Jr, Neville P, Linares HA, Winchester Y, Lopez A. Risk factors for early occurring pressure ulcers following spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1988;67:123-7.
17. Colen SR. Pressure sores. In: McCarthy JG, May JW, Littler JW,editors. Plastic surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1990.p. 3797-898.
18. Leigh IH, Bennet G. Pressure ulcers: Prevalence, etiology and treatment modalities. A review. Am J Surg 1994;167:25S-30.
19. Ueda K, Tajima S, Sano S,et al. Mortality and recurrence rate after pressure ulcer operation for elderly long-term bedridden patients. J Osaka Med Coll 1990;49:58-63.
20. Kuwahara M, Tada H, Mashiba K, Yurugi S, Iioka H, Niitsuma K, et al. Mortality and recurrence rate after pressure ulcer operation for elderly long-term bedridden patients. Ann Plast Surg 2005;54:629-32.
21. Husain T. An experimental study of some pressure effects on tissues, with reference to the bedsore problem. J Pathol Bacteriol 1953;66:347-58.
22. Daniel RK, Priest DL, Wheatley DC. Etiologic factors in pressure sores: An experimental model. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1982;62:492-8.
23. Nola GT, Vistnes LM. Differential response of skin and muscle in the experimental production of pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980;66:728-33.
24. Kosaik M. Etiology and pathology of decubitus ulcers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1959;40:62-8.
25. Romaneki M.Science and practice of pressure ulcer management. London. Springer-Verlay London Ltd; 2006.
26. Sangeorzan BJ, Harrington RM, Wyss CR, Czerniecki JM, Matsen FA 3rd. Circulatory response of skin to loading. J Orthop Res 1989;7:425-31.
27. Collier M. Blanching and non-blanching hyperaemia. J Wound Care 1999;8:63-4.
28. Deeks J,Higgins J, Riis J, Silagy C. Module 11: Summary statistics for dichotomous outcomes data. In: Alderson P, Green S,editors. Cochrane collaboration open learning material for reviewers. Version 1.1. Chichester: John Wiley; 2002. p. 87-102.
29. Gosnell DJ. An assessment tool to identify pressure sores. Nurs Res 1973;22:55-9.
30. Lowthian P. Pressure sore prevalence: A survey of sores in orthopedic patients. Nurs Times 1979;75:358-60.
31. Waterlow J. Pressure sores: A risk assessment card. Nurs Times 1985;81:49-55.
32. Braden B, Bergstrom N. A conceptual schema for the study of the etiology of pressure sores. Rehabil Nurs 1987;12:8-12.
33. Gosnell DJ. Pressure sore risk assessment. Part II. Analysis of risk factors. Decubitus 1989;2:40-3.
34. Defl oor T. The risk of pressure sore: A conceptual scheme. J Clin Nurs 1999;8:206-16.
35. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Pressure ulcer prevention: Clinical guideline No. 7. London: NICE; 2003.
36. Salcido R, Fisher SB, Donofrio JC, Bieschke M, Knapp C, Liang R, et al . An animal model and computer-controlled surface pressure delivery system for the production of pressure ulcers. J Rehabil Res Dev 1995;32:149-61.
37. Bridel J. The etiology of pressure sores. J Wound Care 1993;2:230-8.
38. Dansereau JG, Conway H. Closure of decubiti in paraplegics. Report of 2000 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 1964;33:474-80.
39. Feldman DL, Sepka RS, Kittzman B. Tissue oxygenation and blood fl ow on specialized and conventional hospital beds. Ann PlastSurg1993;30:441-4.
40. Torra i Bou JE. Valorar el riesgo de presentation presentar úlceras por presión. Escala de Braden. Rev Enferm 1997;224:22-30.
41. Norton D, Exton-Smith AN, McLaren R. An Investigation of Geriatric Nursing Problems in Hospital. London: National Corporation for the Care of Old People; 1962.
42. Berglund B, Nordström G. The use of the modifi ed Norton scale in nursing-home patients. Scand J Caring Sci 1995;9:165-9.
43. Edwards M. The levels of reliability and validity of the Waterlow pressure sore risk calculator. J Wound Care 1995;4:373-8.
44. Weststrate JT, Hop WC, Aalbers AG, Vreeling AW, Bruining HA. The clinical relevance of the Waterlow pressure sore risk scale in the ICU. Intensive Care Med 1998;24:815-20.
45. Bergstrom N, Braden B, Laguzza A, Holman V. The Braden Scale for predicting pressure sore risk: Reliability studies. Nurs Res 1987;36:205-10.
46. Bergstrom N, Demuth PJ, Braden BJ. A clinical trial of the Braden scale for predicting pressure sore risk. Nurs Clin North Am 1987;22:417-28.
47. Shea JD. Pressure sores: Classifi cation and management. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1975;112:89-100.