Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 120, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 1362-1368

  Choi, Anna L ^a   Sun, Guifan ^b   Zhang, Ying ^b   Grandjean, Philippe ^a,c  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Fluoride; Intelligence; Neurotoxicity

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; FLUORIDE;

CHINA; COGNITION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; INTELLIGENCE TEST; META ANALYSIS; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NEUROTOXICITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CHINA; DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; DRINKING WATER; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FLUORIDES; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84867163992     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104912     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2003. Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine (Update). Available: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11.pdf [accessed 5 April 2010].
2. An JA, Mei SZ, Liu AP, Fu Y, Wang CF. 1992. Effect of high level of fluoride on children's intelligence [in Chinese]. Chin J Control Endem Dis 7(2):93-94.
3. Begg CB, Mazumdar M. 1994. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 50:1088-1101.
4. Bellinger DC. 2007. Interpretation of small effect sizes in occupational and environmental neurotoxicity: individual versus population risk. Neurotoxicology 28:245-251.
5. Bi WJ, Zheng X, Lan TX. 2010. Analysis on test results of drinking water's quality in Janan Railway Bureau from 20052009 [in Chinese]. Prev Med Trib 16(6):483-485.
6. Binet A, Simon T. 1922. The Measurement of the Mental Development of the Child (translated into Chinese by Jie FP). Shanghai:Commercial Press.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. Achievements in public health, 1990-1999: fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries. MMWR 48(41):933-940.
8. Chen YX, Han F, Zhou Z, Zhang H, Jiao X, Zhang S, et al. 1991. Research on the intellectual development of children in high fluoride areas. Chin J Control Endem Dis 6(suppl):99-100. Available: http://www.fluoridealert.org/chinese/ [accessed 20 August 2012].
9. China News. 2008. Twenty-eight provinces were affected by fluorosis in China [in Chinese]. Available: http://news.qq.com/a/20081216/001707.htm [accessed 3 July 2012].
10. Chioca LR, Raupp IM, Da Cunha C, Losso EM, Andreatini R. 2008. Subchronic fluoride intake induces impairment in habituation and active avoidance tasks in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 579:196-201.
11. Ding Y, Gao Y, Sun H, Han H, Wang W, Ji X, et al. 2011. The relationships between low levels of urine fluoride on children's intelligence, dental fluorosis in endemic fluorosis area in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China. J Hazard Mater 186:1942-1946.
12. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG. 2001. Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta-Analysis in Context. London:BMJ Publishing.
13. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. 1997. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315:629-634.
14. Fan ZX, Dai HY, Bai AM, Li PO, Li T, LI GD, et al. 2007. Effect of high fluoride exposure in children's intelligence [in Chinese]. J Environ Health 24(10):802-803.
15. Grandjean P. 1982. Occupational fluorosis through 50 years: clinical and epidemiological experiences. Am J Ind Med 3(2):227-336.
16. Grandjean P, Landrigan P. 2006. Developmental neurotoxicity of industrial chemicals. Lancet 368(9553):2167-2178.
17. Guo XC, Wang R, Cheng C, Wei W, Tang L, Wang Q, et al. 1991. A preliminary exploration of IQ of 7-13 year old pupils in a fluorosis area with contamination from burning coal. Chin J Endemiol 10:98-100. Available: http://www.fluoridealert.org/chinese/ [accessed 20 August 2012].
18. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. 2002. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 21:1539-1558.
19. Hong F, Cao Y, Yang D, Wang H. 2001. A study of fluorine effects on children's intelligence development under different environments. Chin Prim Health Care 15:56-57. Available: http://www.fluoridealert.org/chinese/ [accessed 20 August 2012].
20. Li FH, Chen X, Huang RJ, Xie YP. 2009. Intelligence impact of children with endemic fluorosis caused by fluoride from coal burning [in Chinese]. J Environ Health 26(4):338-340.
21. Li XH, Hou GQ, Yu B, Yuan CS, Liu Y, Zhang L, et al. 2010. Investigation and analysis of children's intelligence and dental fluorosis in high fluoride area [in Chinese]. J Med Pest Control 26(3):230-231.
22. Li XS, Zhi JL, Gao RO. 1995. Effect of fluoride exposure on intelli gence in children. Fluoride 28(4):189-192.
23. Li Y, Jing X, Chen D, Lin L, Wang Z. 2003. The effects of endemic fluoride poisoning on the intellectual development of children in Baotou. Chin J Public Health Manag 19(4):337-338. Available: http://www.fluoridealert.org/chinese/[accessed 20 August 2012].
24. Li Y, Li X, Wei S. 1994. Effect of excessive fluoride intake on mental work capacity of children and a preliminary study of its mechanism. J West China Univ Med Sci 25(2):188-191. Available: http://www.fluoridealert.org/chinese/ [accessed 20 August 2012].
25. Lin C, Zhang H. 1986. Wechsler Children Intelligence Scale. Revised Edition in China. Beijing:Beijing Normal University Press.
26. Lin FF, Ai HT, Zhao HX, Lin J, Jhiang JY, Maimaiti, et al. 1991. High fluoride and low iodine environment and subclinical cretinism in Xinjiang [in Chinese]. Endem Dis Bull 6(2):62-67.
27. Lu Y, Sun ZR, Wu LN, Wang X, Lu W, Liu SS. et al. 2000. Effect of high-fluoride water on intelligence in children [in Chinese]. Fluoride 33(2):74-78.
28. Mullenix PJ, Denbesten PK, Schunior A, Kernan WJ. 1995. Neurotoxicity of sodium fluoride in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 17:169-177.
29. NRC (National Research Council). 2006. Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards. Washington, DC:National Academies Press.
30. Peng YP, Zou J, Yang DF, Li XH, Wu K. 2008. Analysis of water quality from homemade wells in Leshan downtown during 2004-2006 [in Chinese]. J Occup Health Damage. 23(4):219-221.
31. Petersen PE, Lennon MA. 2004. Effective use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries in the 21st century: the WHO approach. Community Dent Oral Epidem 32(5):319-321.
32. Poureslami HR, Horri A, Atash R. 2011. High fluoride exposure in drinking water: effect on children's IQ, one new report. Int J Pediatr Dent 21(suppl 1):47.
33. Raven J, Raven JC, Court JH. 2003. Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. San Antonio, TX:Harcourt Assessment.
34. Ren DL, Li K, Lin D. 1989. An investigation of intelligence development of children aged 8-14 years in high-fluoride and low-iodine areas. Chin J Control Endem Dis 4:251. Available: http://www.fluoridealert.org/chinese/[accessed 20 August 2012].
35. Seraj B, Shahrabi M, Falahzade M, Falahzade FP, Akhondi N. 2006. Effect of high fluoride concentration in drinking water on children's intelligence. J Dental Med 19(2):80-86. [abstract in English]. Available: http://journals.tums.ac.ir/upload_files/pdf/_/2530.pdf [accessed 24 August 2012].
36. Stern JAC. 2009. Meta-analysis in Stata: An Updated Collection from the Stata Journal. College Station, TX:Stata Press.
37. Sun LY. 2010. Survey of drinking water quality in Jintang County [in Chinese]. J Occup Health Damage 25(5):277-280.
38. Sun MM, Li SK, Wang YF, Li FS. 1991. Measurement of intelligence by drawing test among the children in the endemic area of Al-F combined toxicosis [in Chinese]. J Guiyang Med College 16(3):204-206.
39. Tang QQ, Du J, Ma HH, Jiang SJ, Zhou XJ. 2008. Fluoride and children's intelligence: a meta-analysis. Bio Trace Elem Res 126:115-120.
40. Trivedi MH, Verma RJ, Chinoy NJ, Patel RS, Sathawara NG. 2007. Effect of high fluoride water on intelligence of school children in India. Fluoride 40(3):178-183.
41. U.S. EPA. 2011. EPA and HHS Announce New Scientific Assessments and Actions on Fluoride: Agencies Working Together to Maintain Benefits of Preventing Tooth Decay while Preventing Excessive Exposure. Available: http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/bd4379a92ceceeac8525735900400c27/86964af577c37ab285257811005a8417!OpenDocument [accessed 7 January 2011].
42. Varner JA, Jensen KF, Horvath W, Isaacson RL. 1998. Chronic administration of aluminum-fluoride or sodium-fluoride to rats in drinking water: alterations in neuronal and cerebrovascular integrity. Brain Res 784:284-298.
43. Wang D, Di M, Qian M. 1989. Chinese Standardized Raven Test, Rural Version. Tianjin, China:Tianjin Medical University.
44. Wang G, Yang D, Jia F, Wang H. 1996. Research on intelligence quotient of 4-7 year-old children in a district with a high level of fluoride. Endem Dis Bull 11:60-62. Available: http://www.fluoridealert.org/chinese/[accessed 20 August 2012].
45. Wang SH, Wang LF, Hu PY, Guo SW, Law SH. 2001. Effects of high iodine and high fluorine on children's intelligence and thyroid function [in Chinese]. Chin J Endemiol 20(4):288-290.
46. Wang SX, Wang ZH, Cheng XT, Li J, Sang ZP, Zhang XD, et al. 2007. Arsenic and fluoride exposure in drinking water: children's IQ and growth in Shanyin County, Shanxi Province, China. Environ Health Perspect 115:643-647.
47. Wang ZH, Wang SX, Zhang XD, Li J, Zheng XT, Hu CM, et al. 2006. Investigation of children's growth and development under long-term fluoride exposure [in Chinese; abstract in English]. Chin J Control Endem Dis 21(4):239-241.
48. World Bank. 2006. Water Quality Management: Policy and Institutional Considerations. Available: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/China_WPM_final_lo_res.pdf [accessed 13 June 2012].
49. World Health Organization. 2002. Fluorides. Geneva:World Health Organization. Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ehc/WHO_EHC_227.pdf [accessed 5 September 2012].
50. Wu TM. 1936. Second revision of Chinese-Binet Intelligence Test. Shanghai:Commercial Press (in Chinese).
51. Wu T. 1983. The Chinese Comparative Intelligence Test Guidebook. 3rd ed. Beijing:Beijing University Press.
52. Xiang Q, Liang Y, Chen L, Wang C, Chen B, Chen X, et al. 2003. Effect of fluoride in drinking water on children's intelligence. Fluoride 36(2):84-94.
53. Xu YL, Lu CS, Zhang XN. 1994. Effect of fluoride on children's intelligence [in Chinese]. Endem Dis Bull 2:83-84.
54. Yang Y, Wang X, Guo X, Hu P. 1994. Effects of high iodine and high fluorine on children's intelligence and the metabolism of iodine and fluorine. Chin J Pathol 15(5):296-298. Available: http://www.fluoridealert.org/chinese/ [accessed 20 August 2012].
55. Yao LM, Deng Y, Yang SY, Zhou JL, Wang SL, Cui JW. 1997. Comparison of children's health and intelligence between the fluorosis areas with and without altering water sources [in Chinese]. Lit Inf Prev Med 3(1):42-43.
56. Yao LM, Zhou JL, Wang SL, Cui KS, Lin FY. 1996. Analysis of TSH levels and intelligence of children residing in high fluorosis areas [in Chinese]. Lit Inf Prev Med 2(1):26-27.
57. Zhang J, Gung Y, Guo J. 1985. Children Intelligence Scale Handbook. Beijing:Captial Institute of Pediatrics Heatlh Research Office.
58. Zhang JW, Yao H, Chen Y. 1998. Effect of high level of fluoride and arsenic on children's intelligence [in Chinese]. Chin J Public Health 17(2):57.
59. Zhang M, Wang A, Xia T, He P. 2008. Effects of fluoride on DNA damage, S-phase cell-cycle arrest and the expression of NF-κB in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Toxicol Lett 179:1-5.
60. Zhao LB, Liang GH, Zhang DN, Wu XR. 1996. Effect of a high fluoride water supply on children's intelligence. Fluoride 29(4):190-192.