Can Top-Down and Bottom-Up be Reconciled? Electoral Competition and Service Delivery in Malaysia

World Development

Volumn 40, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 2329-2341

  McCourt, Willy ^a,b  

^a WORLD BANK   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Civic engagement; Democracy; Malaysia; New Public Management; Participation; South East Asia

Indexed keywords

BOTTOM-UP APPROACH; CIVIL SOCIETY; DEMOCRACY; ELECTORAL SYSTEM; POLITICAL PARTICIPATION; PUBLIC SERVICE; SOCIAL CHANGE; TOP-DOWN APPROACH;

MALAYSIA;

EID: 84867143358     PISSN: 0305750X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.023     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Acharya A. How ideas spread: Whose norms matter? Norm localization and institutional change in Asian regionalism. International Organization 2004, 58:239-275.
2. Ackerman J. Co-governance for accountability: Beyond 'exit' and 'voice'. World Development 2004, 32:447-463.
3. Amnesty International. (2010). Amnesty International Report 2010: The state of the world's human rights. http://www.report2010.amnesty.org/sites/default/files/AIR2010_AZ_EN.pdf.
4. Andaya B., Andaya L. A history of Malaysia 2001, Palgrave, Basingstoke.
5. Bale M., Dale T. Public sector reform in New Zealand and its relevance to developing countries. World Bank Research Observer 1998, 13(1):103-122.
6. Barber M. Instruction to deliver 2007, Politico's, London.
7. Batley R., McLoughlin C. State capacity and non-state service provision in fragile and conflict-affected states 2009, University of Birmingham, Birmingham. http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/EIRS3.pdf.
8. Development success: Statecraft in the South 2007, Palgrave Macmillan, London. A. Bebbington, W. McCourt (Eds.).
9. Bevan G., Hood C. What's measured is what matters: Targets and gaming in the English public health care system. Public Administration 2006, 84:517-538.
10. Bland G. Supporting post-conflict democratic development? External promotion of participatory budgeting in El Salvador. World Development 2011, 39:863-873.
11. Booth D. Towards a theory of local governance and public goods provision. IDS Bulletin 2011, 42(2):11-21.
12. Bratton M. The politics of NGO-government relations in Africa. World Development 1989, 17:569-587.
13. Bratton, M. (2010). Citizen perceptions of local government responsiveness in sub-Saharan Africa. Afrobarometer Working Paper No. 119.
14. Brosius J. Green dots, pink hearts: Displacing politics from the Malaysian rain forest. American Anthropologist 1999, 101:36-57.
15. Brown, G. (2005a). Playing the (non)ethnic card: The electoral system and ethnic voting patterns in Malaysia. CRISE Working Paper No. 21. http://www.crise.ox.ac.uk/pubs/workingpaper21.pdf.
16. Brown, G. (2005b). Making ethnic citizens: The politics and practice of education in Malaysia. CRISE Working Paper No. 23. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/Inequality/wp23.pdf.
17. Brown G. Federal and state elections in Malaysia, March 2008. Electoral Studies 2008, 27:740-744.
18. Case W. Malaysia: Semi-democracy with strain points. Politics in South East Asia 2002, 99-146. Richmond, Curzon. W. Case (Ed.).
19. Cerny P. Globalization and the changing logic of collective action. International Organization 1995, 49:595-625.
20. Clarke J., Newman J. The managerial state: Power, politics and ideology in the remaking of social welfare 1997, Sage, London.
21. Common, R. (1999). Malaysia's 'paradigm shift': The legitimisation of administrative change in a Southeast Asian state. Paper delivered at Third International Research Symposium on Public Management, Aston University, March 25-26, 1999.
22. Cramer C., Stein H., Weeks J. 'Ownership and donorship: Analytical issues and a Tanzanian case study. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 2006, 24:415-443.
23. Crouch H. Government and society in Malaysia 1996, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
24. Dahl-Østergaard, T., Unsworth, S., Robinson, M., & Jensen, R. (2005). Lessons learnt on the use of power and drivers of change analyses in development cooperation. http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/DOC82.pdf.
25. The new development management: Critiquing the dual modernization 2008, Zed, London. S. Dar, B. Cooke (Eds.).
26. DFID (Department for International Development) Partnerships for poverty reduction: Rethinking conditionality-A UK policy paper 2005, DFID, London.
27. DFID (Department for International Development) (2010). The Politics of Poverty: Elites, Citizens and States. .
28. Dijkstra G. The PRSP approach and the illusion of improved aid effectiveness: Lessons from Bolivia, Honduras and Nicaragua. Development Policy Review 2011, 29(1):111-133.
29. Dolowitz D., Marsh D. Learning from abroad: The role of policy transfer in contemporary policy-making. Governance 2000, 13(1):5-24.
30. Dwivedi O. Crises and continuities in development theory and administration: First and Third World perspectives. Public Administration and Development 1982, 59-77.
31. Eisenhardt M. Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review 1989, 14:532-550.
32. Escobar A. Development planning. Development studies: A reader 1995, 64-77. Edward Arnold, London. S. Corbridge (Ed.).
33. Evans P. Embedded autonomy: States and industrial transformation 1995, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
34. Ferguson J. The anti-politics machine: 'Development', depoliticization and bureaucratic power in Lesotho 1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
35. Fox J. Accountability politics: Power and voice in rural Mexico 2007, Oxford University Press, New York.
36. Fried B. Distributive politics and conditional cash transfers: The case of Brazil'sBolsa Família. World Development 2012, 40:1042-1053.
37. Gaventa J., McGee R. Citizen action and national policy reform: Making change happen 2010, Zed, London.
38. George A., Bennett A. Case studies and theory development in the social sciences 2005, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
39. Goetz A., Jenkins R. Hybrid forms of accountability: Citizen engagement in institutions of public-sector oversight in India. Public Management Review 2001, 3:363-383.
40. Goldsmith A. No country left behind? Performance standards and accountability in US foreign assistance. Development Policy Review 2011, 29(s1):157-176.
41. Gomez E., Jomo K.S. Malaysia's political economy: Politics, patronage, and profits 1997, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
42. Guerrero A. Rebuilding trust in government via service delivery: The case of Medellin, Colombia 2011, World Bank, Washington, DC. http://www.siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGOVANTICORR/Resources/3035863-1289428746337/Guerrero_Rebuilding_Trust.pdf.
43. Gupta, P., & Panagariya, A. (2010). Growth and election outcomes in a developing country. http://www.nipfp.org.in/newweb/sites/default/files/wp_2011_92.pdf.
44. Hanlon J., Barrientos A., Hulme D. Just give money to the poor: The global revolution from the South 2010, Kumarian, Sterling, VA.
45. Social movements in Malaysia: From moral communities to NGOs 2003, RoutledgeCurzon, London. S. Hassan, M. Weiss (Eds.).
46. Hirschman A. Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states 1970, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
47. Hossain N. Rude accountability: Informal pressures on frontline bureaucrats in Bangladesh. Development and Change 2010, 41:907-928.
48. IDS (Institute of Development Studies) An upside-down view of governance 2010, Institute of Development Studies, Falmer, UK.
49. IMF (International Monetary Fund) (2004). IMF concludes 2003 article IV consultation with Malaysia. http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2004/pn0427.htm.
50. Jenkins S. Accountable to none: The Tory nationalization of Britain 1995, Penguin, London.
51. Jesudason J. Statist democracy and the limits to civil society in Malaysia. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 1995, 33:335-356.
52. Kanbur R., Rajaram P., Varshney A. Ethnic diversity and ethnic strife. An interdisciplinary perspective. World Development 2011, 147-158.
53. Khan M. 'Markets, states and democracy: Patron-client networks and the case for democracy in developing countries. Democratization 2005, 12:704-724.
54. Koh T.K. We're down but not out. New Sunday Times 2012, 19:12-13.
55. Kuriyan R., Ray I. Outsourcing the state? Public-private partnerships and information technologies in India. World Development 2009, 37:1663-1673.
56. Rehabilitating government: Pay and employment reform in Africa 1994, World Bank, Washington, DC. D. Lindauer, B. Nunberg (Eds.).
57. Loh F. Old vs new politics in Malaysia: State and society in transition 2009, SIRD, Petaling Jaya.
58. Manning N., Parison N. International public administration reform: Directions for the Russian Federation 2004, World Bank, Washington, DC.
59. Mansor N., Ali M. An exploratory study of organizational flexibility in Malaysia: A research note. International Journal of Human Resource Management 1998, 9:506-515.
60. Mansuri G., Rao V. Localizing development: Does participation work? 2012, World Bank Policy Research Report, Washington, DC.
61. May J. Defining democracy: A bid for coherence and consensus. Political Studies 1978, 26:1-14.
62. Mayhew D. Congress: The electoral connection 2004, Yale University Press, New Haven, (and 1974).
63. McCourt W. Impartiality through bureaucracy? A Sri Lankan approach to managing values. Journal of International Development 2007, 19:429-442.
64. McCourt W., Lee M. Malaysia as model: Policy transferability in an Asian country. Public Management Review 2007, 9:211-230.
65. The internationalization of public management: Reinventing the Third World state 2001, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. W. McCourt, M. Minogue (Eds.).
66. Means G. Soft authoritarianism in Malaysia and Singapore. Journal of Democracy 1996, 7(4):103-117.
67. Merdeka Center for Opinion Research (2011). National public opinion update No. 2, 2012. http://www.merdeka.org.
68. Miller N. The rural African party: Political participation in Tanzania. American Political Science Review 1970, 64:548-571.
69. Mitlin D. Behind 'win-win': Politics, interests and ideologies in housing subsidy programmes. Development success: Statecraft in the South 2007, 140-162. Palgrave Macmillan, London. A. Bebbington, W. McCourt (Eds.).
70. Moore M. The state and peasant politics in Sri Lanka 1985, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
71. Changing paths: International development and the new politics of inclusion 2003, University of Michigan Press. M. Moore, P. Houtzager (Eds.).
72. Narayan D., Patel R., Schafft K., Rademacher A., Koch-Schult S. Can anyone hear us? Voices of the poor 2000, Vol. 1. Editions ESKA, Paris.
73. Economic crisis and policy choice 1990, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. J. Nelson (Ed.).
74. Nunberg B. Rethinking civil service reform: An agenda for smart government 1997, World Bank, Poverty and Social Policy Department, Washington, DC.
75. O'Conghaile W. Current and future developments in service quality initiatives in Portugal, France and the United Kingdom. OECD, Responsive government: Service quality initiatives 1996, 65-70. OECD, Paris.
76. O'Donnell G. Horizontal accountability in new democracies. Journal of Democracy 1998, 9(3):112-126.
77. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Governance in transition: Public management reforms in OECD countries 1995, OECD, Paris.
78. Efficiency and enterprise democracy 1996, Routledge, London. U. Pagano, R. Rowthorn (Eds.).
79. Paul, S. (1987). Community participation in development projects: The World Bank experience. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 6. Washington, DC.
80. Paul S. Accountability in public services: Exit, voice and control. World Development 1992, 20:1047-1060.
81. Paul, S. (undated). Holding the state to account: Lessons of Bangalore's Citizen Report Cards. http://www.pafglobal.org/about-us/publications/Lessons_BRCs_7Oct05.pdf.
82. PEMANDU (Performance Management and Delivery Unit). (2011). Government transformation programme: annual report, 2010. http://www.pemandu.gov.my/gtp/wp-content/uploads/reports/GTP_AR2010_ENG_FINAL.pdf.
83. Pfeffer J., Salancik G. The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective 1978, Harper & Row, New York.
84. Pollitt C. Managerialism and the public services 1993, Blackwell, Oxford.
85. Unbundled government: A critical analysis of the global trend to agencies, Quangos and contractualization 2004, Routledge, London. C. Pollitt, C. Talbot (Eds.).
86. Popper K. All life is problem-solving 1999, Routledge, London.
87. President's Office, United Republic of Tanzania. (2005). Executive agencies: Do they perform better? http://www.utumishi.go.tz/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=50&Itemid=57.
88. Ramakrishna S. The environmental movement in Malaysia. Social movements in Malaysia: From moral communities to NGOs 2003, 115-139. RoutledgeCurzon, London. S. Hassan, M. Weiss (Eds.).
89. Ravindra, A. (2004). An assessment of the impact of Bangalore Citizen Report Cards on the performance of public agencies. ECD Working Paper Series No. 12. World Bank.
90. Razak, N. (2010). Transforming the Malaysian public service: Speech at launching of Razak School of Government. http://www.1malaysia.com.my/my/resources/speeches/launching-of-razak-school-of-government-transforming-the-malaysian-public-service/.
91. Rhodes R. Understanding governance. Ten years on. Organization Studies 2007, 28:1243-1264.
92. Richardson A. Participation 1983, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
93. Rodrik D. Understanding economic reform policy. Journal of Economic Literature 1996, 34:9-41.
94. Santos B. Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre: Toward a redistributive democracy. Politics and Society 1998, 26:461-510.
95. Sarji A. The civil service of Malaysia: Towards efficiency and effectiveness 1995, Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
96. Schultz L., Duit A., Folke C. Participation, adaptive co-management, and management performance in the world network of biosphere reserves. World Development 2011, 39:662-671.
97. Scott J. Political ideology in Malaysia 1968, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
98. Scott J. Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed 1998, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
99. Sen A. Development as freedom 1999, Anchor, New York.
100. Sen A. Rationality and freedom 2002, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
101. Shankland A., Cornwall A. Realizing health rights in Brazil: The micropolitics of sustaining health system reform. Development success: Statecraft in the South 2007, 163-188. Palgrave Macmillan, London. A. Bebbington, W. McCourt (Eds.).
102. Sharma A., Agnihotri V. The citizen's charter: The Indian experience. International Review of Administrative Sciences 2001, 67:733-773.
103. Shefter M. Party and patronage: Germany, England, and Italy. Politics and Society 1977, 7(4):403-451.
104. Siddiquee N. Public management reform in Malaysia: Recent initiatives and experiences. International Journal of Public Sector Management 2006, 19(4):339-358.
105. Tarrow S. Peasant communism in southern Italy 1967, Yale University Press, New Haven.
106. Teivanien T. The World Social Forum and global democratisation: Learning from Porto Alegre. Third World Quarterly 2002, 23:621-663.
107. The Observer Labour targets cradle to grave. Observer 1999, 9.
108. Theobald R. Corruption, development and underdevelopment 1990, Duke University Press, Durham, NC.
109. Tsai L. Solidary groups, informal accountability, and local public goods provision in rural China. American Political Science Review 2007, 101:355-372.
110. Tuchman B. The proud tower: A portrait of the world before the war, 1890-1914 1966, Macmillan, London.
111. UNDP Malaysia: Measuring and monitoring poverty and inequality 2007, UNDP, Kuala Lumpur.
112. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2010). Provincial human development report Aceh 2010. Jakarta: UNDP http://www.undp.or.id/press/view.asp?FileID=20101222-1&lang=en.
113. Weber M. The theory of social and economic organization 1947, Free Press, New York.
114. Weber M. Politics as a vocation. The vocation lectures 2004, Hackett, Indianapolis.
115. Weiss M. Edging toward a new politics in Malaysia: Civil society at the gate?. Asian Survey 2009, 49:741-758.
116. Whitehead L. Democratization-Theory and experience 2002, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
117. Wild, L., & Harris, D. (2012). More than just 'demand': Malawi's public-service community scorecard. ODI Project Briefing No. 69. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/7533.pdf.
118. Wolfe T. Radical Chic and Mau-Mauing the flak catchers 1970, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York.
119. Wong C. Dismantling the one-party state and affirming federalism: Achievements, omissions and failures. The road to reform: Pakatan Rakyat in Selangor 2010, 35-52. Petaling Jaya, SIRDC. T. Yeoh (Ed.).
120. World Bank Assessing aid: What works, what doesn't, and why 1998, World Bank, Washington, DC.
121. World Bank World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking poverty 2001, Oxford University Press, New York.
122. World Bank. (2004a). The Poverty Reduction Strategy initiative: An independent evaluation of the World Bank's support through 2003. http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/24cc3bb1f94ae11c85256808006a0046/6b5669f816a60aaf85256ec1006346ac/$FILE/PRSP_Evaluation.pdf.
123. World Bank World Development Report 2004: Making services work for poor people 2004, Oxford University Press, New York.
124. World Bank Malaysia economic monitor: Growth through innovation 2010, World Bank, Washington, DC.
125. World Bank Independent Evaluation Group. (2008). Public sector reform: What works and why? An IEG evaluation of World Bank support. http://www.siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTPUBSECREF/Resources/psr_eval.pdf.
126. The road to reform: Pakatan Rakyat in Selangor 2010, SIRDC, Petaling Jaya. T. Yeoh (Ed.).
127. Zakaria H. Malaysia: Quasi democracy in a divided society. Democracy in developing countries: Asia 1989, 347-381. Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO. L. Diamond, J. Linz, S. Lipset (Eds.).