Jack Balkin's interaction theory of "commerce"

University of Illinois Law Review

Volumn 2012, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 623-667

  Barnett, Randy E ^a  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84867129599     PISSN: 02769948     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (53)

1. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479,509 (1965)
2. Jack m. Balkin, Living Originalism (2011).3.
3. Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Foundations (1991).
4. Akhil Reed Amar, The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction (1998).
5. Philip Hamburger, Law and Judicial Duty (2008).
6. Mark A. Graber, Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil (2006).
7. Barry Friedman, The Will of the People: How Public Opinion Has Influenced the Supreme Court and Shaped the Meaning of the Constitution (2009).
8. Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution: Where the Constitution Goes Wrong (And How We the People Can Correct It) (2006).
9. Daniel A. Farber, Retained by the people: The "Silent" Ninth Amendment and the Constitutional Rights Americans Don't Know They Have (2007).
10. David A. Strauss, The Living Constitution (2010).
11. Kermit Roosevelt, III, The Myth of Judicial Activism: Making Sense of Supreme Court Decisions (2006).
12. Ronald Dworkin, Law's Empire (1986).
13. John Hart Ely, Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review (1980).
14. Ethan J. Leib, The Perpetual Anxiety of Living Constitutionalism, 24 CONST. COMMENT. 353,355 (2007)
15. John O. McGinnis & Michael Rappaport, Original Interpretive Principles As the Core of Originalism, 24 CONST. COMMENT. 371,373 (2007)
16. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479,509 (1965) (Black, J., dissenting).
17. Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 1,189-90 (1824).
18. E. Allan Farnsworth, "Meaning" in the Law of Contracts, 76 YALE L.J. 939, 953-56 (1967)
19. U.S. Const, art. 1, § 8, cl. 3.
20. United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549,585-86 (1995)
21. N. Bailey, An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (London, 21st ed. 1775).
22. Thomas Sheridan, a Complete Dictionary ofthe Engush Language (Philadelphia, W. Young, Mills & Son 6th ed. 1796).
23. United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549,586 (1995) (Thomas, J., concurring).
24. Randy E. Barnett, The Original Meaning of the Commerce Clause, 68 U. CHI. L. Rev. 101 (2001).
25. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, at 478 (1987). The term "trades" connotes crafts and other types of trades, not trade or exchange.
26. Alexander Hamilton, Final Version of an Opinion on the Constitutionality of an Act to Establish a Bank (Feb. 23,1791)
27. The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, As Recommended by the General Convention at Philadelphia in 1787, at 57
28. Jonathan Elliot ed., Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott Co. 2d ed. 1891) [hereinafter Elliot's Debates].
29. Randy E. Barnett, New Evidence of the Original Meaning of the Commerce Clause, 55 ARK. L. Rev. 847, 856-65 (2003).
30. ACCESSIBLE ARCHIVES, http://www.accessible.com (last visited Mar. 15, 2012). Each entry on the database has a unique item number, which is included in my citations.
31. Charles E. Clark & Charles Wetherell, The Measure of Maturity: The Pennsylvania Gazette, 1728-1765,46.
32. Advertisement, Pa. Gazette, Oct. 1,1728, available at Accessible Archives, Item No. 1.
33. Common Sense, Addressed to the Opposers of the Bank, Pa. Gazette, Mar. 7,1787, available at Accessible Archives, Item No. 73696.
34. Bowen's Sago, Pa. Gazette, Dec. 29, 1773, available at Accessible Archives, Item No. 54627.
35. Charlestown (Massachusetts) June 30, Pa. Gazette, July 19, 1786, available at Accessible Archives, Item No. 73008.
36. Common Sense, To the People of America, Pa. Gazette, Apr. 3,1782.
37. An Act for the More Effectual Suppressing and Preventing of Lotteries, Pa. GAZETTE, Mar. 4, 1762, available at Accessible Archives, Item No. 28196.
38. Leonidas, The Subject of an American Navy Continued, Pa. GAZETTE, July 31,1782 (emphasis added), available at Accessible Archives, Item No. 67554.
39. Randy E. Barnett, The Misconceived Assumption About Constitutional Assumptions, 103 Nw. U. L. Rev. 615, 631-37 (2009)
40. The Oxford English Dictionary 1094 (J.A. Simpson & E.S.C. Weiner eds., 2d ed. 1989).
41. Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 1,189-90 (1824)).
42. Joseph M. Lynch, Negotiating the Constitution: The Earliest Debates over ORIGINAL INTENT (1999). In Restoring the Lost Constitution, I relied upon and cited Lynch's analysis in discussing the fate of the Bedford Resolution.
43. Randy E. Barnett, Restoring THE Lost Constitution: The Presumption of Liberty 274-76 (2004).
44. Kurt T. Lash, "Resolution VI": National Authority to Resolve Collective Action Problems Under Article I, Section 8, 87 NOTRE DAME L. REV. (forthcoming Apr. 2012) (manuscript at 33-34), available at http://ssrn.com/ abstract=1894737
45. The Federalist No. 84, at 513
46. Jack M. Balkin, Resolution VI As a Principle of Construction, BALKINIZATION (Aug. 12, 2011,5:55 AM), http:Ztoalkm.blogspot.corn/2011/08/ resolution-vi-as-principle-of.html.
47. Brief of Amicus Curiae Constitutional Accountability Center in Support of Appellant and Reversal at 14,14 n.5 Virginia
48. Cuccinelli v. Sebelius, Nos. 11-057 & 11-1058
49. AKHIL REED AMAR, AMERICA'S CONSTITUTION: A BIOGRAPHY 107 (2005)
50. Jack M. Balkin, Commerce, 109 MICH. L. REV. 1,44(2010).
51. U.S. Const, amend. IX
52. U.S. Const. amend. XI
53. Randy E. Barnett, Underlying Principles, 24 CONST. COMMENT. 405,411-16 (2007)