Chemodynamics of soft nanoparticulate complexes: Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes with fulvic acids and aquatic humic acids

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 46, Issue 19, 2012, Pages 10487-10498

  Town, Raewyn M ^a   Van Leeuwen, Herman P ^b   Buffle, Jacques ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

^b WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATING EFFECT; ASSOCIATION PROCESS; ASSOCIATION RATE CONSTANTS; CHEMODYNAMICS; COMPLEXANTS; DEHYDRATION RATES; DISSOCIATION RATE CONSTANT; FULVIC ACIDS; HUMIC ACID; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; INNER SPHERE COMPLEXES; LARGE DATA; METAL COMPLEXATION; NANO PARTICULATES; NI COMPLEXES; RATE LIMITING FACTORS; RATE-LIMITING STEPS; SITE OCCUPATION; TRANSPORT LIMITATIONS;

ASSOCIATION REACTIONS; DISSOCIATION; ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION; METAL IONS; ORGANIC ACIDS; RATE CONSTANTS;

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS;

COPPER COMPLEX; FULVIC ACID; HUMIC ACID; METAL ION; NANOPARTICLE; NICKEL COMPLEX;

CATION; COMPLEXATION; COPPER; DATA SET; ELECTRIC FIELD; EQUILIBRIUM; FULVIC ACID; HUMIC ACID; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NICKEL; REACTION RATE;

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ATMOSPHERE; COMPLEX FORMATION; DISSOCIATION; PH; REVIEW; STATIC ELECTRICITY; THERMODYNAMICS; TRANSPORT KINETICS;

BENZOPYRANS; COPPER; DIFFUSION; ELECTROLYTES; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; NANOPARTICLES; NICKEL; STATIC ELECTRICITY;

EID: 84867091550     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es3018013     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Buffle, J. Complexation Reactions in Aquatic Systems: An Analytical Approach; Ellis Horwood: Chichester, 1988.
2. van Leeuwen, H. P.; Town, R. M.; Buffle, J.; Cleven, R. F. M. J.; Davison, W.; Puy, J.; van Riemsdijk, W. H.; Sigg, L. Dynamic metal speciation analysis and bioavailability of metals in aquatic systems Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 8545-8556
3. Saar, R. A.; Weber, J. H. Fulvic acid: modifier of metal-ion chemistry Environ. Sci. Technol. 1982, 16, 510A-517A
4. Milne, C. J.; Kinniburgh, D. G.; van Riemsdijk, W. H.; Tipping, E. Generic NICA-Donnan model parameters for metal-ion binding by humic substances Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 958-971
5. Tipping, E.; Lofts, S.; Sonke, J. E. Humic Ion-Binding Model VII: a revised parameterisation of cation-binding by humic substances Environ. Chem. 2011, 8, 225-235
6. Cabaniss, S. E. Forward modeling of metal complexation by NOM: I. A priori prediction of conditional constants and speciation Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 2838-2844
7. Dudal, F.; Gérard, F. Accounting for natural organic matter in aqueous chemical equilibrium models: a review of the theories and applications Earth Sci. Rev. 2004, 66, 199-216
8. Aiken, G. R.; Malcolm, R. L. Molecular weight of aquatic fulvic acids by vapor pressure osmometry Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1987, 51, 2177-2184
9. Beckett, R.; Zhang, J.; Giddings, J. C. Determination of molecular weight distributions of fulvic and humic acids using flow field-flow fractionation Environ. Sci. Technol. 1987, 21, 289-295
10. Balnois, E.; Wilkinson, K. J.; Lead, J. R.; Buffle, J. Atomic force microscopy of humic substances: effects of pH and ionic strength Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 3911-3917
11. d'Orlyé, F.; Reiller, P. E. Contribution of capillary electrophoresis to an integrated vision of humic substances size and charge characterizations J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2012, 368, 231-240
12. Avena, M. J.; Vermeer, A. W. P.; Koopal, L. K. Volume and structure of humic acids studied by viscometry. pH and electrolyte concentration effects Coll. Surf. A 1999, 151, 213-224
13. Thurman, E. M.; Wershwaw, R. L.; Malcolm, R. L.; Pinckney, D. J. Molecular size of aquatic humic substances Org. Geochem. 1982, 4, 27-35
14. Duval, J. F L.; Wilkinson, K. J.; van Leeuwen, H. P.; Buffle, J. Humic substances are soft and permeable: evidence from their electrophoretic mobilities Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 6435-6445
15. Saito, T.; Koopal, L. K.; Nagasaki, S.; Tanaka, S. Electrostatic potentials of humic acid: fluorescence quenching measurements and comparison with model calculations Coll. Surf. A 2009, 347, 27
16. Buffle, J.; Zhang, Z.; Startchev, K. Metal flux and dynamic speciation at (bio)interfaces. Part I: Critical evaluation and compilation of physicochemical parameters for complexes with simple ligands and fulvic/humic substances Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 7609-7620
17. Sein, L. T.; Varbun, J. M.; Jansen, S. A. Conformational modeling of a new building block of humic acid: approaches to the lowest energy conformer Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 33, 546-552
18. 2+-binding sites in aquatic humic substances Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 2138-2142
19. Alvares-Puebla, R. A.; Valenzuela-Calahorro, C. Garrido. Theoretical study on fulvic acid structure, conformation and aggregation: a molecular modeling approach Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 358, 243-254
20. Trout, C. C.; Kubicki, J. D. Deprotonation energies of a model fulvic acid. I. Carboxylic acid groups Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70, 44-55
21. van Leeuwen, H. P.; Buffle, J. Chemodynamics of aquatic metal complexes: from small ligands to colloids Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 7175-7183
22. Bruccoleri, A. G.; Sorenson, B. T.; Langford, C. H. Molecular modeling of humic structures. In Humic Substances: Structures, Models and Functions; Ghabbour, E. A.; Davies, G., Eds.; Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, 2001; pp 193-208.
23. Bartschat, B. M.; Cabaniss, S. E.; Morel, F. M. M. Oligoelectrolyte model for cation binding by humic substances Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 284-294
24. Gamble, D. S.; Schnitzer, M. Chemistry of fulvic acid and its reaction with metal ions. In Trace Metals and Metal Organic Interactions in Natural Waters; Ann Arbor Science: Ann Arbor, MI, 1973; pp 265-302.
25. Baigorri, R.; Fuentes, M.; González-Vila, F. J.; García-Mina, J. Singular structural features on humic fractions in solution: statistical analysis of diverse analytical techniques spectra Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2009, 74, 74-86
26. Stenson, A. C.; Marshall, A. G.; Cooper, W. T. Exact masses and chemical formulas of individual Suwannee River fulvic acids from ultrahigh resolution electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectra Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 1275-1284
27. Diallo, M. S.; Glinka, C. J.; Goddard, W. A.; Johnson, J. H. Characterization of nanoparticles and colloids in aquatic systems. 1. Small angle neutron scattering investigations of Suwannee River fulvic acid aggregates in aqueous solutions J. Nanopart. Res. 2005, 7, 435-448
28. Leppard, G. G.; Buffle, J.; Baudat, R. A description of the aggregation properties of aquatic pedogenic fulvic acids: combining physico-chemical data and microscopical observations Water Res. 1985, 20, 185-196
29. Marinsky, J. A.; Reddy, M. M. Vapor-pressure osmometric study of the molecular weight and aggregation tendency of a reference-soil fulvic acid Anal. Chim. Acta 1990, 232, 123-130
30. Myneni, S. C. B.; Brown, J. T.; Martinez, G. A.; Meyer-Ilse, W. Imaging of humic substance macromolecular structures in water and soils Science 1999, 286, 1335-1337
31. Alvarez-Puebla, R. A.; Valenzuela-Calahorro, C.; Garrido, J. J. Theoretical study on fulvic acid structure, conformation and aggregation. A molecular modelling approach Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 358, 243-254
32. Šmejkalová, D.; Piccolo, A. Aggregation and disaggregation of humic supramolecular assemblies by NMR diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY-NMR) Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 699-706
33. van Leeuwen, H. P.; Buffle, J. Voltammetry of heterogeneous metal complex systems. Theoretical analysis of the effects of association/dissociation kinetics and the ensuing lability criteria J. Electroanal. Chem. 1990, 296, 359-370
34. Eigen, M. Fast elementary steps in chemical reaction mechanisms Pure Appl. Chem. 1963, 6, 97-115
35. van Leeuwen, H. P.; Town, R. M.; Buffle, J. Chemodynamics of soft nanoparticulate metal complexes in aqueous media: basic theory for spherical particles with homogeneous spatial distributions of sites and charges Langmuir 2011, 27, 4514-4519
36. Town, R. M.; Duval, J. F. L.; Buffle, J.; van Leeuwen, H. P. Chemodynamics of metal complexation by natural soft colloids: Cu(II) binding by humic acid J. Phys. Chem. A 2012, 116, 6489-6496
37. Warnken, K. W.; Davison, W.; Zhang, H.; Galceran, J.; Puy, J. In situ measurements of metal complex exchange kinetics in freshwater Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 3179-3185
38. McCann, N.; Lawrance, G. A.; Neuhold, Y. -M.; Maeder, M. Complexation kinetics of copper(II) and nickel(II) with macrocyles: identification of an outer-sphere chelate effect Inorg. Chem. 2007, 46, 4002-4009
39. Lye, P. G.; Lawrance, G. A.; Maeder, M. Formation kinetics of pendant arm polyamine macrocyles with copper(II) J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 2376-2382
40. Krylova, K.; Jackson, K. D.; Vroman, J. A.; Grall, A. J.; Snow, M. R.; Ochrymowycz, L. A.; Rorabacher, D. B. Ring size, substituent, and anion effects on the kinetic and equilibrium properties of copper(II) complexes with water-soluble macrocyclic tetrathia ethers Inorg. Chem. 1997, 36, 6216-6223
41. Elias, H. Kinetics and mechanism of metal complex formation with N4-donor macrocycles of the cyclam type Coord. Chem. Rev. 1999, 187, 37-73
42. Yun, S. S.; Doh, J.-B.; Choi, K. Y. The kinetics of complexation of manganese(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) ions with some dicarboxylates in aqueous solution Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 1992, 13, 659-662
43. Gamble, D. S. Titration curves of fulvic acid: the analytical chemistry of a weak acid polyelectrolyte Can. J. Chem. 1970, 48, 2662-2669
44. Altmann, R. S.; Buffle, J. The use of differential equilibrium functions for interpretation of metal binding in complex ligand systems: its relation to site occupation and site affinity distributions Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52, 1505-1519
45. Buffle, J.; Altmann, R. S.; Filella, M.; Tessier, A. Complexation by natural heterogenous compounds: site occupation distribution functions, a normalized description of metal complexation Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1990, 54, 1535-1553
46. Buffle, J.; Altmann, R. S.; Filella, M. Effect of physico-chemical heterogeneity of natural complexants: Part II. Buffering action and role of their background sites Anal. Chim. Acta 1990, 232, 225-237
47. Filella, M.; Buffle, J.; van Leeuwen, H. P. Effect of physico-chemical heterogeneity of natural complexants. Part I. Voltammetry of labile metal - fulvic complexes Anal. Chim. Acta 1990, 232, 209-223
48. Buffle, J.; Tessier, A.; Haerdi, W. Interpretation of trace metal complexation by aquatic organic matter. In Complexation of Trace Metals in Natural Waters; Kramer, C. J. M.; Duinker, J. C., Eds.; Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk: The Hague, 1984; pp 301-316.
49. Koopal, L. K.; van Riemsdijk, W. H.; Kinniburgh, D. G. Humic matter and contaminants. General aspects and modeling metal ion binding Pure Appl. Chem. 2001, 73, 2005-2016
50. van Riemsdijk, W. H.; Koopal, L. K.; Kinniburgh, D. G.; Benedetti, M. F.; Weng, L. Modeling the interactions between humics, ions and mineral surfaces Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 7473-7480
51. Puy, J.; Huidobro, C.; David, C.; Rey-Castro, C.; Salvador, J.; Companys, E.; Garcés, J. L.; Galceran, J.; Cecília, J.; Mas, F. Conditional affinity spectra underlying the NICA isotherm Coll. Surf. A 2009, 347, 156-166
52. Buffle, J. Natural organic matter and metal-organic interactions in aquatic systems. In Metal Ions in Biological Systems; Sigel, H., Ed.; (1984; Vol. 18, pp 165-225
53. Filella, M.; Town, R. M. Heterogeneity and lability of Pb(II) complexation by humic substances: practical interpretation tools Fres. J. Anal. Chem. 2001, 370, 413-418
54. Cabaniss, S. E. pH and ionic strength effects on nickel-fulvic acid dissociation kinetics Environ. Sci. Technol. 1990, 24, 583-588
55. Lavigne, J. A.; Langford, C. H.; Mak, M. K. S. Kinetic study of speciation of nickel(II) bound to a fulvic acid Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 2616-2620
56. Olson, D. L.; Shuman, M. S. Copper dissociation from estuarine humic materials Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1985, 49, 1371-1375
57. Stanley, B. J.; Topper, K.; Marshall, D. B. Analysis of the heterogeneous rate of dissociation of Cu(II) from humic and fulvic acids by statistical deconvolution Anal. Chim. Acta 1994, 287, 25-34
58. Ritchie, J. D.; Perdue, E. M. Proton-binding study of standard and reference fulvic acids, humic acids, and natural organic matter Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2003, 67, 85-96
59. Tipping, E.; Reddy, M. M.; Hurley, M. A. Modelling electrostatic and heterogeneity effects on proton dissociation from humic substances Environ. Sci. Technol. 1990, 24, 1700-1705
60. Saito, T.; Nagasaki, S.; Tanaka, S.; Koopal, L. K. Electrostatic interaction models for ion binding to humic substances Coll. Surf. A 2005, 265, 104-113
61. Saito, T.; Koopal, L. K.; Nagasaki, S.; Tanaka, S. Electrostatic potentials of humic acid: fluorescence quenching measurements and comparison with model calculations Coll. Surf. A 2009, 347, 27-32
62. Duval, J. F. L.; van Leeuwen, H. P. Rates of ionic reactions with charged nanoparticles in aqueous media J. Phys. Chem. A 2011, 116, 6443-6451
63. Debye, P. Reaction rates in ionic solutions Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 1942, 82, 265-272
64. von Smoluchowski, M. Mathematical theory of the kinetics of the coagulation of colloidal solutions Z. Pysik. Chem. 1917, 92, 129-168
65. van Leeuwen, H. P.; Buffle, J.; Town, R. M. Electric relaxation processes in chemodynamics of aqueous metal complexes: from simple ligands to soft nanoparticulate complexants Langmuir 2012, 28, 227-234
66. van Leeuwen, H. P.; Town, R. M. Elementary features of depletive stripping chronopotentiometry J. Electroanal. Chem. 2002, 535, 1-9
67. Town, R. M.; Pinheiro, J. P.; Domingos, R.; van Leeuwen, H. P. Stripping chronopotentiometry at scanned deposition potential (SSCP). Part 6: Features of irreversible complex systems J. Electroanal. Chem. 2005, 580, 57-67
68. 2+ using an equilibrium ion exchange technique: important chemical factors and applicability to environmental samples Anal. Chim. Acta 2008, 616, 95-102
69. Doig, L. E.; Liber, K. Nickel speciation in the presence of different sources and fractions of dissolved organic matter Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 2007, 66, 169-177
70. Langford, C. H.; Cook, R. L. Kinetic versus equilibrium studies for the speciation of metal complexes with ligands from soil and water Analyst 1995, 120, 591-596
71. Rate, A. W.; McLaren, R. G.; Swift, R. S. Response of copper(II)-humic acid dissociation kinetics to factors influencing complex stability and macromolecular conformation Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27, 1408-1414
72. Rate, A. W.; McLaren, R. G.; Swift, R. S. Evaluation of a log-normal distribution first-order kinetic model for copper(II)-humic acid complex dissociation Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26, 2477-2483
73. Melton, J. R.; Kantzas, A.; Langford, C. H. Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry as a spectroscopic probe of the coordination sphere of a paramagnetic metal bound to a humic acid mixture Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 605, 46-52
74. Shuman, M. S.; Cromer, J. L. Copper association with aquatic fulvic and humic acids. Estimation of conditional formation constants with a titrimetric anodic stripping voltammetry procedure Environ. Sci. Technol. 1979, 13, 543-545
75. Liu, Y.; Ingle, J. D. Measurement and compensation for metal complex dissociation in speciation studies with an automated two-column ion-exchange system Anal. Chim. Acta 1989, 222, 279-289
76. Viana, M. M. O.; da Silva, M. P.; Agraz, R.; Procopio, J. R.; Sevilla, M. T.; Hernandez, L. Comparison of two kinetic approaches for copper speciation using ion-exchange columns and ion-exchange modified carbon paste electrodes Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 382, 179-188
77. Procopio, J. R.; Viana, M. D. M. O.; Hernandez, L. H. Microcolumn ion-exchange method for kinetic speciation of copper and lead in natural waters Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31, 3081-3085
78. +2-fulvic acid complexes Soil Sci. 1967, 103, 247-252
79. Gopalapillai, Y.; Fasfous, I. I.; Murimboh, J. D.; Yapici, T.; Chakraborty, P.; Chakrabarti, C. L. Determination of free nickel ion concentrations using the ion exchange technique: application to aqueous mining and municipal effluents Aquat. Geochem. 2008, 14, 99-116
80. Buffle, J. A critical comparison of studies of complex formation between copper(II) and fulvic substances of natural waters Anal. Chim. Acta 1980, 118, 29-44
81. Cabaniss, S. E.; Shuman, M. S. Copper binding by dissolved organic matter: I. Suwannee River fulvic acid equilibria Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52, 185-193
82. Cabaniss, S. E.; Shuman, M. S. Copper binding by dissolved organic matter: II. Variation in type and source of organic matter Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52, 195-200
83. Bryan, S. E.; Tipping, E.; Hamilton-Taylor, J. Comparison of measured and modelled copper binding by natural organic matter in freshwaters Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 2002, 133, 37-49
84. Brown, G. K.; Cabaniss, S. E.; MacCarthy, P.; Leenheer, J. A. Cu(II) binding by a pH-fractionated fulvic acid Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 402, 183-193
85. Buffle, J.; Deladoey, P.; Greter, F. L.; Haerdi, W. Study of the complex formation of copper(II) by humic and fulvic substances Anal. Chim. Acta 1980, 116, 255-274
86. Rozan, T. F.; Benoit, G.; Marsh, H.; Chin, Y. -P. Intercomparison of DPASV and ISE for the measurement of Cu complexation characteristics of NOM in freshwater Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 1766-1770
87. Sunda, W. G.; Hanson, P. J. Chemical speciation of copper in river water. Effect of total copper, pH, carbonate, and dissolved organic matter. In Chemical Modeling in Aqueous Systems; Jenne, E. A., Ed.; ACS: Washington DC, 1979; pp 147-180.
88. McKnight, D. M.; Feder, G. L.; Thurman, E. M.; Wershaw, R. L.; Westall, J. C. Complexation of copper by aquatic humic substances from different environments Sci. Total Environ. 1983, 28, 65-76
89. Croué, J. -P.; Benedetti, M. F.; Violleau, D.; Leenheer, J. A. Characterization and copper binding of humic and nonhumic organic matter isolated from the South Platte River: evidence for the presence of nitrogeneous binding site Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 328-336
90. Gondar, D.; Iglesias, A.; López, R.; Fiol, S.; Antelo, J. M.; Arce, F. Copper binding by peat fulvic and humic acids extracted from two horizons of an ombrotrophic peat bog Chemosphere 2006, 63, 82-88
91. Christl, I.; Metzger, A.; Heidmann, I.; Kretzschmar, R. Effect of humic and fulvic acid concentrations and ionic strength on copper and lead binding Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 5319-5326
92. Breault, R. F.; Colman, J. A.; Aiken, G. R.; McKnight, D. Copper speciation and binding by organic matter in copper-contaminated streamwater Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 3477-3486
93. Sunda, W. G.; Hanson, P. J. Chemical speciation of copper in river water. Effect of total copper, pH, carbonate, and dissolved organic matter. In Chemical Modeling in Aqueous Systems; Jenne, E. A., Ed.; ACS: Washington DC, 1979; pp 147-180.
94. McKnight, D. M.; Feder, G. L.; Thurman, E. M.; Wershaw, R. L.; Westall, J. C. Complexation of copper by aquatic humic substances from different environments Sci. Total Environ. 1983, 28, 65-76
95. Croué, J. -P.; Benedetti, M. F.; Violleau, D.; Leenheer, J. A. Characterization and copper binding of humic and nonhumic organic matter isolated from the South Platte River: evidence for the presence of nitrogeneous binding site Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 328-336
96. Iglesias, A.; López, R.; Fiol, S.; Antelo, J. M.; Arce, F. Analysis of copper and calcium-fulvic acid complexation and competition effects Water Res. 2003, 37, 3749-3755
97. Town, R. M.; van Leeuwen, H. P. Dynamic speciation analysis of heterogeneous metal complexes with natural ligands by stripping chronopotentiometry at scanned deposition potential (SSCP) Aust. J. Chem. 2004, 57, 983-992
98. Filella, M.; Town, R. M. Determination of metal ion binding parameters for humic substances. Part 1. Application of a simple calculation method for extraction of meaningful parameters from reverse pulse polarograms J. Electroanal. Chem. 2000, 485, 21-33
99. Vasconcelos, M. T. S. D.; Gomes, C. A. R. Complexation properties of natural and synthetic polymers of environmental and biological interest in presence of copper(II) at neutral pH Eur. Polym. J. 1997, 33, 631-639
100. Shuman, M. S.; Collins, B. J.; Fitzgerald, P. J.; Olson, D. L. Distribution of stability constants and dissociation rate constants among binding sites on estuarine copper-organic complexes: rotated disk electrode studies and an affinity spectrum analysis of ion-selective electrode and photometric data. In Aquatic and Terrestrial Humic Materials; Christman, E. F.; Gjessing, E. T., Eds.; Ann Arbor Science: Ann Arbor, MI, 1983; pp 349-370.
101. Langford, C. H.; Mak, M. K. S. Kinetic studies of colloidal metal complex species relevant to natural waters Comments Inorg. Chem. 1983, 2, 127-143
102. 17 in aqueous solutions of paramagnetic cations and the lifetime of water molecules in the first coordination sphere J. Chem. Phys. 1962, 37, 307-320
103. Eigen, M.; Wilkins, R. G. The kinetics and mechanism of formation of metal complexes Adv. Chem. Ser. 1965, 49, 55-80
104. Connick, R. E.; Fiat, D. Oxygen-17 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the hydration shell of nickelous ion J. Chem. Phys. 1966, 44, 4103-4107
105. Desai, A. G.; Dodgen, H. W.; Hunt, J. P. Water exchange between solvent and aquoethylenediaminenickel(II) complexes J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 5001-5004
106. Rablen, D.; Gordon, G. Water exchange rate of the mono(2,2',2 -terpyridine)nickel(II) ion by oxygen-17 nuclear magnetic resonance Inorg. Chem. 1969, 8, 395-397
107. Bechtler, A.; Breitschwerdt, K. G.; Tamm, K. Ultrasonic relaxation studies in aqueous solutions of 2-2 electrolytes J. Chem. Phys. 1970, 52, 2975-2982
108. Desai, A. G.; Dodgen, H. W.; Hunt, J. P. Water exchange between solvent and aquoamminenickel(II) complexes J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 798-801
109. Grant, M.; Dodgen, H. W.; Hunt, J. P. Kinetics of water exchange between solvent and aquobipyridylnickel(II) complexes J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2321-2323
110. Atkinson, G.; Emara, M. M.; Fernández-Prini, R. Ultrasonic absorption in aqueous solutions of calcium acetate and other bivalent metal acetates J. Phys. Chem. 1974, 78, 1913-1917
111. d for water exchange on divalent octahedral metal ions going from manganese(II) to nickel(II) Inorg. Chem. 1980, 19, 3696-3703
112. Gazzaz, H. A.; Ember, E.; Zahl, A.; van Eldik, R. Mechanistic information from volume profiles for water exchange and complex-formation reactions of aquated Ni(II). pH, buffer and medium effects Dalton Trans. 2009, 9486-9495
113. Poupko, R.; Luz, Z. ESR and NMR in aqueous and methanol solutions of copper(II) colvates. Temperature and magnetic field dependence of electron and nuclear spin relaxation J. Chem. Phys. 1972, 57, 3311-3318
114. Sokol, L. S. W. L.; Fink, T. D.; Rorabacher, D. B. Kinetics of inner-sphere solvent exchange on the aquocopper(I1) ion: indirect determination from kinetics of copper(II) reacting with ammonia in aqueous solution Inorg. Chem. 1980, 19, 1263-1266
115. 2+: the combined effect of Jahn-Teller inversion and solvent exchange on relaxation rates J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 95, 9258-9265
116. 2+ J. Chem. Phys. 1966, 44, 2409