Diffusion waves in European democratization: The impact of organizational development

Comparative Politics

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 25-45

  Weyland, Kurt ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84866998574     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: 21516227     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5129/001041512802822842     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. John Markoff, Waves of Democracy (Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge, 1996).
2. Dieter Dowe, Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, et al., eds., Europe in 1848 (New York: Berghahn, 2001);
3. Mark Traugott, The Insurgent Barricade (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), ch. 6.
4. Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler, Connected (Boston: Little, Brown, 2009), pp. 19-29, 162-69;
5. Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement, revised ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), pp. 133-35, 252-54.
6. Rudolf Tókés, Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic (Stanford: Hoover, 1967).
7. Kurt Weyland, "The Diffusion of Revolution," International Organization, 63 (July 2009): 391-423.
8. See, respectively, George Rudé, The Crowd in History (London: Serif, 2005), pp. 245-46, 259-68;
9. and Charles Tilly, Louise Tilly, and Richard Tilly, The Rebellious Century, 1830-1930 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975), pp. 192-97, 212, 227, 237, 254.
10. Charles Kurzman, "Waves of Democratization," Studies in Comparative International Development, 33 (Spring 1998), pp. 45-56.
11. Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
12. For recent discussions of democratic and contentious diffusion, see Weyland; Barbara Wejnert, "Diffusion, Development, and Democracy, 1800-1999," American Sociological Review, 70 (February 2005): 53-81;
13. Rebecca Givan, Kenneth Roberts, and Sarah Soule, eds., The Diffusion of Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010);
14. Magnus Torfason and Paul Ingram, "The Global Rise of Democracy," American Sociological Review, 75 (September 2010): 355-77.
15. Overviews in Geoff Eley, Forging Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 121, 124, 138, 154-56, 169-72, 220-24;
16. Stefano Bartolini, The Political Mobilization of the European Left (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 86-97, 106;
17. Ruth Collier, Paths toward Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 78-79.
18. Emiel Lamberts, "Belgium since 1830," in J. Blom and Lamberts, eds., History of the Low Countries (New York: Berghahn, 2006), pp. 361-62.
19. John Garrard, Democratisation in Britain (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2002), pp. 79-80;
20. Arthur Marwick, The Deluge (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), pp. 189, 203, 215.
21. Mary Hilson, "Scandinavia," in Robert Gerwarth, ed., Twisted Paths (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 11, 14-15.
22. Christopher Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism (London: Methuen, 1967), pp. 511-12, 524-26, 547-48.
23. Douglas Verney, Parliamentary Reform in Sweden (Oxford: Clarendon, 1957), pp. 207-12.
24. Cf. Anthony Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1993), pp. 76-77;
25. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992).
26. John Owen, The Clash of Ideas in World Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010).
27. John Meyer et al., "World Society and the Nation-State," American Journal of Sociology, 103 (July 1997): 144-81;
28. Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "The Constructivist Research Program," Annual Review of Political Science, 4 (2001), pp. 396-98;
29. Torfason and Ingram 2010, pp. 355-60.
30. Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic, and Amos Tversky, eds., Judgment under Uncertainty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982);
31. Thomas Gilovich, Dale Griffin, and Daniel Kahneman, eds., Heuristics and Biases (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002);
32. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux), chs. 10-18.
33. Timur Kuran, Private Truths, Public Lies (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995).
34. Tilly et al., pp. 192-97, 212, 227, 237, 254.
35. Rose McDermott, Political Psychology in International Relations (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004), pp. 249-55.
36. Karl Liebknecht, Gesammelte Reden und Schriften, vol. 9: 1916-1919 (Berlin: Dietz, 1974), p. 697.
37. Wilhelm Pieck, Gesammelte Reden und Schriften, vol.1 (Berlin: Dietz, 1959), pp. 412-78.
38. For reports by students, see Paul Boerner, Erinnerungen eines Revolutionärs, vol. 1 (Leipzig: Haberland, 1920), pp. 81, 84, 116, 122, 126-27, 149;
39. and Carl Schurz, Lebenserinnerungen (Zürich: Manesse, 1988), pp. 103, 112.
40. Berlin's military commander presented his account in Karl von Prittwitz, Berlin 1848 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1985), pp. 34, 49, 52, 60, 120, 127, 287.
41. See on the one hand Schurz, pp. 99-101;
42. Boerner, pp. 73-77;
43. Adolf Streckfuss, Berliner März 1848 (Berlin: Neues Berlin, 1948), pp. 23-27;
44. and on the other hand Prittwitz, pp. 13-17;
45. Karl Varnhagen, Tagebücher (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1862), pp. 203, 211, 250-61.
46. Varnhagen, pp. 211-12; my translation, as in all quotes.
47. Boerner, pp. 67, 73-74;
48. Schurz, pp. 99-101.
49. Schurz, pp. 100-01.
50. Boerner, p. 74.
51. Reuben Rath, The Viennese Revolution of 1848 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1957), p. 34.
52. Reported in Wolfgang Häusler, Von der Massenarmut zur Arbeiterbewegung (Wien: Jugend, 1979), p. 133.
53. Varnhagen, p. 214.
54. Adolf Wolff, Berliner Revolutionschronik (Berlin: Dümmler, 1898), pp. 25-26.
55. Boerner, pp. 137-41;
56. Streckfuss, pp. 58, 95, 129;
57. Wolff, pp. 25-26.
58. Rüdiger Hachtmann, Berlin 1848 (Bonn: Dietz, 1997), p. 158;
59. Schurz, pp. 99-103.
60. Boerner, pp. 137; 135-41.
61. Streckfuss, pp. 58.
62. Wolff, pp. 11-25, 63-76.
63. Prittwitz, pp. 264, 292, 321-22, 334-35.
64. Boerner, pp. 81, 84;
65. Schurz, pp. 103, 112;
66. Wolff, pp. 3-4, 32-35, 56, 77, 81-85, 106, 111.
67. Boerner, pp. 73-84;
68. Wolff, pp. 3-4, 32-35, 56, 77, 81-84, 106;
69. Streckfuss, pp. 31-78.
70. Boerner, pp. 67, 73-75;
71. Schurz, pp. 99-103.
72. Streckfuss, pp. 23-25;
73. Fanny Lewald, Erinnerungen aus dem Jahre 1848 (Frankfurt: Insel, 1969), pp. 7, 9, 12, 16.
74. Varnhagen, pp. 203, 211-20.
75. Prittwitz, pp. 13-18.
76. As modeled by Kuran, ch. 15; Gerald Marwell and Pamela Oliver, The Critical Mass in Collective Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63-75, 86-94, 182.
77. Dowe et al.; Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
78. Wilhelm Dittmann, Erinnerungen (Frankfurt: Campus, 1995), pp. 508; 503.
79. Wilhelm Hoegner, Die verratene Republik (München: Nymphenburger, 1979), p. 21.
80. Prinz Max von Baden, Erinnerungen und Dokumente (Stuttgart: DVA, 1927), pp. 101-06;
81. for Austria, Otto Bauer, Die ósterreichische Revolution (Wien: Wiener Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1923), p. 57.
82. Philip Scheidemann, The Making of New Germany, vol. 1 (New York: Appleton, 1929), pp. 337-38, 342;
83. Richard Müller, Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik (Wien: Malik, 1924), p. 96.
84. Bill Albert, South America and the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 237, 249, 252, 266-70.
85. Collier, pp. 78-79.
86. Eley, pp. 152-57, 224-25.
87. Collier, pp. 77-79.
88. Hans Schmitt, ed., Neutral Europe between War and Revolution (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1988), pp. 40, 74, 121-22, 144, 190, 242.
89. Ferdinand Runkel, Die Deutsche Revolution (Leipzig: N.p., 1919), p. 45.
90. Heinz Schurer, "The Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Origins of German Communism," Slavonic and East European Review, 39 (June 1961), pp. 463-67.
91. Müller, Kaiserreich, pp. 79, 96;
92. Liebknecht, pp. 358, 589, 679.
93. Richard Stumpf, War, Mutiny and Revolution in the German Navy (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1967), pp. 306-11.
94. Scheidemann, vol. 1, p. 342.
95. Bauer, pp. 57; 29, 46.
96. Eley, p. 152;
97. David Morgan, "Ernst Däumig and the German Revolution of 1918," Central European History, 15 (December 1982), pp. 307-08.
98. Müller, Kaiserreich, p. 96;
99. similar statements in Pierre Broué, The German Revolution 1917-1923 (Chicago: Haymarket, 2006), pp. 90-98.
100. Dittmann, p. 503.
101. Liebknecht, p. 358.
102. Curt Geyer, Die revolutionäre Illusion (Stuttgart: DVA, 1976), pp. 62; 56-57, 63-64, 95.
103. Hans Hautmann, Die verlorene Räterepublik (Wien: Europa Verlag, 1971), pp. 34-49;
104. Eley, pp. 123, 137-38;
105. Scheidemann, vol. 1, p. 342.
106. Ingrun Lafleur, "The Bolshevik Revolution and Austrian Socialism," Journal of the Great Lakes History Conference, 1 (1976), pp. 85-88;
107. Hautmann, pp. 38, 42;
108. James Cronin, "Labor Insurgency and Class Formation," Social Science History, 4 (Winter 1980), pp. 126-32, 144.
109. Scheidemann, vol. 1, pp. 341-43;
110. Richard Müller, Die Novemberrevolution (Wien: Malik, 1925), pp. 17, 42, 80;
111. Eley, p. 165.
112. Cf. Karl Kautsky, Der politische Massenstreik (Berlin: Vorwärts, 1914), pp. 117, 120, 123, 130, 134, 158.
113. Friedrich Ebert, Schriften, Aufzeichnungen, Reden, vol. 1 (Dresden: Reissner, 1926), p. 364;
114. documents in Klaus Schónhoven, Die Gewerkschaften in Weltkrieg und Revolution (Kóln: Bund, 1985), pp. 351-53, 426-30, 443-44.
115. Documents in Müller, Kaiserreich, pp. 182-84, 204-07, 211-12.
116. Bauer, pp. 63-65;
117. Ebert, vol. 2, pp. 348-52;
118. Scheidemann, vol. 1, pp. 341-45.
119. Kautsky, Massenstreik, pp. 202-03, 212-13.
120. Runkel, pp. 51; 105.
121. Documents in Schónhoven, pp. 378-84, 401, 470, 478, 510.
122. Baden, pp. 365-66, 482-91;
123. Susanne Miller, Die Bürde der Macht (Düsseldorf: Droste, 1978), pp. 27-39.
124. Hoegner, p. 35;
125. Scheidemann, vol. 2, p. 209;
126. Ebert, vol. 2, pp. 72-83.
127. Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte 1914-1949 (Bonn: Bundeszentrale, 2010), pp. 182-85, 194.
128. Cf. Dittmann, p. 552.
129. Müller, Novemberrevolution, pp. 42, 80;
130. Miller, pp. 79-85.
131. Ebert, vol. 2, pp. 120-24, 132-35, 147-49.
132. Rosa Luxemburg, Schriften zur Theorie der Spontaneität (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1970), pp. 204-05;
133. Dittmann, pp. 508, 566.
134. Hermann Müller-Franken, Die November-Revolution (Berlin: Bücherkreis, 1928), pp. 13, 56-59, 66, 75-84, 213.
135. Gerhard Ritter and Susanne Miller, eds., Die deutsche Revolution 1918-1919 (Hamburg: Hoffman und Campe, 1975), pp. 80-81, 84, 89, 94, 113.
136. Eduard Bernstein, Die deutsche Revolution von 1918-1919 (Bonn: Dietz, 1998), pp. 237-46, 268;
137. Ebert, vol. 2, pp. 120-24, 133;
138. Müller-Franken, pp. 13, 75-78;
139. Scheidemann, vol. 2, pp. 107, 124, 247, 262.
140. Scheidemann, vol. 2, ch. 6;
141. Liebknecht, pp. 643, 646, 662, 677-79, 681.
142. Kai Merz, Das Schreckbild (Berlin: Propyläen, 1995).
143. Cf. Geyer, pp. 81, 94;
144. Dittmann, p. 475.
145. Richard Müller, Der Bürgerkrieg in Deutschland (Wien: Malik, 1925), pp. 35-36.
146. Cited in J.P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg (New York: Schocken, 1969), p. 475.
147. Ernst Toller, Eine Jugend in Deutschland (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1963), p. 86.
148. Liebknecht, pp. 588-89.
149. Scheidemann, vol. 2, pp. 225, 243-46, 262-63, 279-84, 291-93;
150. cf. Baden, p. 580;
151. Hoegner, p. 36;
152. Dittmann, p. 557.
153. Documented exhaustively by Merz; see also Alexander Gallus, "Die vergessene Revolution," in Gallus, ed. Die vergessene Revolution von 1918-1919 (Góttingen: Vandenhoeck, 2010), pp. 27-30;
154. Wehler, pp. 206-09, 398.
155. David Rock and Mario dos Santos, "Lucha Civil en la Argentina," Desarrollo Económico 11 (July 1971), pp. 178-83, 213.
156. Exception: David Strang and Sarah Soule, "Diffusion in Organizations and Social Movements," Annual Review of Sociology, 24 (1998), especially pp. 280-83.